Edge Of Ring Research Articles

Subscapularis Tendon Augmentation in Patients With Anterior Shoulder Instability Associated With Capsule-Labral Deficit

Shoulder instability is a common problem in young adults. Without surgical treatment, the recurrence rate is unacceptably high. While arthroscopic capsulolabral repair is popular for anterior glenohumeral instability, it still faces limitations. Surgical failures may arise from technical errors, soft tissue insufficiency, bone loss, or rehabilitation challenges. In cases with less than 15% glenoid bone loss and no external rotation deficit, subscapular augmentation provides an option without necessitating bone grafts or additional surgery. An arthroscopic technique is presented that utilizes the subscapularis tendon for tenodesis at the anterior edge of the glenoid ring in patients with the absence of capsulolabral tissue to provide both protection of the anterior glenohumeral aspect and a safer return to functional activities.

Expansion Properties of the Young Supernova Type Iax Remnant Pa 30 Revealed

The recently discovered Pa 30 nebula, the putative type Iax supernova remnant associated with the historical supernova of 1181 AD, shows puzzling characteristics that make it unique among known supernova remnants. In particular, Pa 30 exhibits a complex morphology, with a unique radial and filamentary structure, and it hosts a hot stellar remnant at its center, which displays oxygen-dominated, ultrafast winds. Because of the surviving stellar remnant and the lack of hydrogen and helium in its filaments, it has been suggested that Pa 30 is the product of a failed thermonuclear explosion in a near- or super-Chandrasekhar white dwarf, which created a subluminous transient, a rare subtype of the Ia class of supernovae called type Iax. We present here a detailed study of the 3D structure and velocities of a full radial section of the remnant. The Integral Field Unit observations, obtained with the new red channel of the Keck Cosmic Web Imager spectrograph, reveal that the ejecta are consistent with being ballistic, with velocities close to the free-expansion velocity. Additionally, we detect a large cavity inside the supernova remnant and a sharp inner edge to the filamentary structure, which coincides with the outer edge of a bright ring detected in infrared images. Finally, we detect a strong asymmetry in the amount of ejecta along the line of sight, which might hint at an asymmetric explosion. Our analysis provides strong confirmation that the explosion originated from SN 1181.

A membrane-associated conveyor belt controls the rotational direction of the bacterial type 9 secretion system.

Many bacteria utilize the type 9 secretion system (T9SS) for gliding motility, surface colonization, and pathogenesis. This dual-function motor supports both gliding motility and protein secretion, where rotation of the T9SS plays a central role. Fueled by the energy of the stored proton motive force and transmitted through the torque of membrane-anchored stator units, the rotary T9SS propels an adhesin-coated conveyor belt along the bacterial outer membrane like a molecular snowmobile, thereby enabling gliding motion. However, the mechanisms controlling the rotational direction and gliding motility of T9SS remain elusive. Shedding light on this mechanism, we find that in the gliding bacterium Flavobacterium johnsoniae , deletion of the C-terminus of a conveyor belt protein controls, and in fact, reverses the rotational direction of T9SS from counterclockwise (CCW) to clockwise (CW). Largescale conformational changes at the interface of the T9SS ring with the C-terminus of the conveyer belt, as well as those of the ring protein themselves, in concert with a CW bias of the stators general rotation brings forth a 'tri-component gearset' model: the conveyor belt controls the conformation of the T9SS ring, and thereby its rotational direction. Consequently, the CW rotating stator either push the outer edge of the T9SS rings, causing its CCW rotation or press against the inner surface of the rings, resulting in CW rotation. This regulatory mechanism exemplifies how an outer membrane associated conveyor belt adjusts the rotational direction of its driver, the T9SS, thus providing adaptive sensory feedback to control the motility of a molecular snowmobile.

Unveiling the photoexcitation mechanism of COF-2CN material: From the perspective of molecular structure

Covalent organic frameworks (D-A COFs) with electron donor–acceptor structures possess electron transfer channels between the donor and acceptor components, making them potential candidates for applications requiring high photocatalytic activity. In this paper, COF-2CN is selected as a representative material, and computational studies are conducted based on density functional theory (DFT) to gain further insight into its excitation mechanism. First, we used first-principles calculations to determine the molecular structure of COF-2CN. The results reveal that the material has a hexagonal pore shape with a pore size of 25.81 Å, and all atoms in the monolayer structure lie in the same plane. Next, we plotted the density of states (DOS) for COF-2CN and determined that the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level is −0.22 eV. Additionally, we calculated the oscillator strengths for the first 100 excited states and selected 8 states with values greater than 0.2 for further analysis. Subsequently, we analyzed the distribution of electron holes in these excited states and found that, in most cases, the electrons and holes are distributed along the edges of the six-membered rings, with the holes having a broader distribution than the electrons. Finally, we simulated the UV–visible absorption spectrum of COF-2CN, finding that maximum light absorption occurs at a wavelength of 466.1 nm, with an intensity of approximately 454,057 L mol−1 cm−1.

Mixing Of A Starting Turbulent Jet In Homogeneous And Isotropic Turbulence

The mixing of a starting turbulent jet, injected with an injection velocity of U = 18.8 m/s from a tube with a diameter of D = 4mm (Reynolds number Re = 4800, characteristic time scale t* = D/U = 0.21 ms at the nozzle exit), is experimentally investigated in the presence of homogenous and isotropic turbulence (HIT) using Planar Laser-induced Fluorescence (PLIF). The root-mean-square (RMS) velocity of the ambient HIT is 0.38 and 0.63 m/s, corresponding to turbulent Reynolds numbers of Reλ = 190 and 250, respectively. Spatial distributions of mixture fraction and scalar dissipate rate (SDR) were measured within an axial range of y = 0 – 10 D and at different times after the start of injection (ASIs) up to 21.4 t*. Ambient HIT did not alter the location or size of the leading vortex ring in the initial formation stage. However, it was able to enhance the entrainment of ambient fluids in this stage and deform/transport both the leading and the trailing vortex rings at later stages, despite that the ASIs examined were only comparable to its Kolmogorov timescale. Ambient HIT also introduced a significant increase to the fluctuations of the jet penetrations length but only a marginal reduction (less than 10%) to the averaged jet penetration speed. PDFs of the ensemble averaged mixture fraction within the whole jet region showed increased probability of low mixture fraction values – and therefore indicating enhanced entrainment and mixing – in the presence of ambient HIT. Ensemble averaged distributions of the SDR showed no significant alterations by the ambient HIT in the initial formation stage of the leading vortex ring. At later stages, while the high SDRs in the leading vortex ring remained concentrated in a layer along the edge of the vortex ring for Reλ = 0, it became increasingly uniformly distributed with a lower maximum value as the ambient HIT increased. Similar, but less significant, impact of the ambient HIT on the SDR fields was observed in the trailing vortex rings, while no noticeable impact was found in the shear layer close to the nozzle exit.

Discovery and Characterization of Four Aphelenchid Species from Cultivated Regions of Southern Alberta, Canada.

The nematode family Aphelenchoididiae is considered fungal-feeding, predatory, or root hair feeders. Some members of this family are universally present in agricultural landscapes and are an integral part of soil health and conservation studies. In the present soil nematode biodiversity survey, we detected four species of the genera Aphelenchus, Aphelenchoides, and Robustodorus. Because fungal-feeding nematodes from southern Alberta have not previously been reported, we conducted a detailed morphological and molecular investigation, identifying these species as Aphelenchus avenae, Aphelenchoides limberi, Aphelenchoides prairiensis n. sp. and Robustodorus paramegadorus n. sp. The first two species we document as new records from southern Alberta, whereas A. prairiensis n. sp. and R. paramegadorus n. sp. we describe in detail as new taxa. Briefly, A. prairiensis n. sp. is an amphimictic species having 4 lateral lines; hemispherical anteriorly flattened lip region; delicate stylet and swelling-like stylet knobs; excretory pore at the posterior edge of nerve ring. Female tail conical, gradually tapering towards a truncated end with single mucro. Spicule 23.0 (20.0-25.0) µm long having elongated rounded condylus, small, blunt conical rostrum, and lamina that gradually tapers towards the rounded distal end; three pairs of caudal papillae were present on the male tail. Robustodorus paramegadorus n. sp., is a parthenogenetic species with 3 lines in the lateral fields; lip region rounded, anteriorly flattened; stylet robust, with knobs rounded to bean-shaped; excretory pore located posterior to nerve ring; reproductive components were quite indiscernible with a short 24.0 (18.0-27.0) µm post-vulval uterine sac; tail conical, ending with pointed to wedge-shaped tip. We performed molecular characterizations for each species and constructed phylogenetic trees to study the phylogenetic relationship of these aphelenchid species. The discovery of A. prairiensis n. sp. and R. paramegadorus n. sp. indicates that soil nematode diversity is relatively unexplored in southern Alberta. The findings of this study will significantly enhance the identification processes and may contribute towards future soil health and biodiversity efforts.

Forming localized dust concentrations in a dust ring: DM Tau case study

Context. Previous high-angular-resolution 225 GHz (~1.3 mm) continuum observations of the transitional disk DM Tau have resolved an outer ring at 20–120 au radii that is weakly azimuthally asymmetric. Aims. We aim to examine dust growth and filtration in the outer ring of DM Tau. Methods. We performed ~0″.06 (~8.7 au) resolution Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (JVLA) 40–48 GHz (~7 mm; Q band) continuum observations, along with complementary observations at lower frequencies. In addition, we analyzed the archival JVLA observations undertaken since 2010. Results. Intriguingly, the Q band image resolved the azimuthally highly asymmetric, knotty dust emission sources close to the inner edge of the outer ring. Fitting the 8–700 GHz spectral energy distribution (SED) with two dust components indicates that the maximum grain size (amax) in these knotty dust emission sources is likely ≳300 µm, whereas it is ≳50 µm in the rest of the ring. These results may be explained by a trapping of inwardly migrating “grown” dust close to the ring inner edge. The exact mechanism for developing the azimuthal asymmetry has not yet been identified, which may be due to planet-disk interaction that might also be responsible for the creation of the dust cavity and pressure bump. Otherwise, it may be due to the fluid instabilities and vortex formation as a result of shear motions. Finally, we remark that the asymmetries in DM Tau are difficult to diagnose from the ≳225 GHz observations, owing to a high optical depth at the ring. In other words, the apparent symmetric or asymmetric morphology of the transitional disks may be related to the optical depths of those disks at the observing frequency.

Edge-Triggered Three-Dimensional Object Detection Using a LiDAR Ring.

Autonomous driving recognition technology that can quickly and accurately recognize even small objects must be developed in high-speed situations. This study proposes an object point extraction method using rule-based LiDAR ring data and edge triggers to increase both speed and performance. The LiDAR's ring information is interpreted as a digital pulse to remove the ground, and object points are extracted by detecting discontinuous edges of the z value aligned with the ring ID and azimuth. A bounding box was simply created using DBSCAN and PCA to check recognition performance from the extracted object points. Verification of the results of removing the ground and extracting points through Ring Edge was conducted using SemanticKITTI and Waymo Open Dataset, and it was confirmed that both F1 scores were superior to RANSAC. In addition, extracting bounding boxes of objects also showed higher PDR index performance when verified in open datasets, virtual driving environments, and actual driving environments.

Global N-body simulation of gap edge structures created by perturbations from a small satellite embedded in Saturn’s rings

Small satellites embedded in Saturn’s ring – Daphnis and Pan – open a clear gap. Observations by the Voyager and Cassini spacecrafts have revealed various striking features of the gap structure, such as the density waves, sharp edge, and vertical wall structure. In order to explain these features in a single simulation, we perform a high-resolution (N∼106−107) global full N-body simulation of gap formation by an embedded satellite considering gravitational interactions and inelastic collisions among all ring particles and the satellite, while these features have been mostly investigated separately with different theoretical approaches: the streamline models, 1D diffusion models, and local N-body simulation. As a first attempt of a series of papers, we here focus on the gap formation by separating satellite migration with fixing the satellite orbit in a Keplerian circular orbit. We reveal how the striking gap features – the density waves, sharp edge, and vertical wall structure – are simultaneously formed by an interplay of the satellite-ring and ring particle–particle interactions. In particular, we propose a new mechanism to quantitatively explain the creation of the vertical wall structure at the gap edge. Inelastic collisions between ring particles damp their eccentricity excited by the satellite’s perturbations to enhance the surface density at the gap edge, making its sharp edges more pronounced. We find the eccentricity damping process inevitably raises the vertical wall structures the most effectively in the second epicycle waves. Particle–particle collisions generally convert their lateral epicyclic motion into vertical motion. Because the excited epicyclic motion is the greatest near the ring edge and the epicycle motions are aligned in the first waves, the conversion is the most efficient in the gap edge of the second waves and the wall height is scaled by the satellite Hill radius, which are consistent with the observations.

An Experimental Analysis of the Seed-Filling Mechanism of Maize-Precision Hole-Planter Clamping

Because the operating speed of current mechanical maize hole seeders is low and their ability to adapt to the seed is poor, an active clamping-type precision hole planter for corn was designed. Here, we explain its structural composition and working principle. According to the maize kernel size, the combination of hole parameters is based on the principle of virtual work on analyzing the seed extraction disc assembly’s static mechanical model. The model was imported into the ADAMS simulation for validation and the parameters and ranges affecting the seed-filling performance were identified. By further analyzing the results of the coupled ADAMS–EDEM simulation, the “arching” process of the seeds during leakage charging was revealed, and an arch-breaking method was proposed with the help of a swinging seed-collecting slider. The speed of the hole planter, the diameter of the outer edge of the gravity ring, and the angle of the block installation were used as test factors. The Box–Behnken center-combination simulation test was conducted using the sowing pass index, re-seeding index, and missed sowing index as evaluation indices. The experimental results show that the optimal parameter combination was as follows: gravity ring = 174.3 mm, stopper installation angle = 131.9°, and hole seeder speed = 85.2 rpm. At this time, the qualified seeding index was 94.53%, the multiple indices were 4.30%, and the leakage index was 1.18%. Under these conditions, the row seeding performance bench test was conducted to obtain the qualified seeding index of the hole seeder, which was 93.36%, while the multiple indices were 5.20% and the leakage index was 1.44%, which satisfied the agronomic requirements of precision seeding. This provides a theoretical reference for mechanical seeding methods for irregular seeds, as well as a basis for the research and development of maize precision sowing machinery and equipment.

Exploring drying-induced separation of main constituents in melamine-blended milk infant formula using DCDR spectroscopy

Drop coating deposition Raman (DCDR) spectroscopy was employed to investigate the melamine compound susceptibility to milk infant formula main constituents as lactose and lipids (specifically 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC), and 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE)). DCDR approach is based on the deposition and drying of a small droplet (a few µl) of liquid sample on a hydrophobic substrate. After complete evaporation, the analyte is preconcentrated into the dried pattern from which the classical Raman spectra are acquired. A simple melamine-blended model reactions were tested (melamine-blended lactose, DOPC, and DOPE). From these, lactose was shown to be the most potent reaction partner for melamine, where a significant difference in dried pattern between pure and blended lactose was noticed, and the relevant Raman spectral changes were observed. Pure and melamine-blended infant formula solutions from two kinds of powdered infant formula purchased in the local market were then studied. For pure milk solutions, the drying process, as an integral part of the DCDR approach, led to the spatial separation of lipids and carbohydrates in the resulting pattern. Acquired Raman spectra revealed that the ring edge of the dried pattern was composed mainly of lipids, while the thin film in the central part contained mainly carbohydrates, especially lactose. For the melamine-blended formula, the DCDR approach identified that melamine was present only in the central part of the dried pattern together with carbohydrates. As a result, it was assumed that melamine has a higher susceptibility for carbohydrates than for lipid molecules, even in milk infant formula.

Stationary dynamics of planetary ring edge modes at Saturn’s B ring edge

Recent analyses of the structure of the B ring edge have revealed the existence of a rather large number of mode-like features11In this work the expression mode-like features refers to sinusoidal in azimuth (at least in first approximation), variations of the edge shape. of azimuthal wavenumber ranging from m=1 to m=5. Several such mode-like features are associated with each m. The presence of so many features is a puzzle in itself.The present work investigates whether these features can all be associated with independent edge modes and develops to this effect a formal extension of the still embryonic theory of edge modes as trapped waves. Based on this formal extension, forced and free edge modes are explored in some detail. The analysis explicitly shows how edge mode properties such as their resonance location (for free modes) and edge amplitude (for the m=2 forced mode) are related to the ring surface density. Furthermore, the apsidal misalignment of the forced m=2 mode has been known for some time to be related to the ring viscous dissipation in the edge region.This investigation leads to a number of conclusions:i/ Only one mode-like structure associated with a given m can be associated with an edge mode, except possibly for m=1 modes where each of the three detected features can be interpreted as an independent edge mode.ii/ The ring surface density at the edge is in the 200 g/cm2 range under the assumption of dynamically independent edge modes, but a preliminary crude account of collective mode effects brings this down to a more realistic value of ∼100 g/cm2. This applies in the last 20 or 30 kilometers to the edge (m≠1). Further inside (one to two hundred kilometers), the surface density is somewhat more modest, ∼60 g/cm2 (m=1).iii/ The viscous dissipation at the edge is constrained by the observed misalignment between the mean longitude of Mimas and the forced edge mode. The implied level of dissipation at the edge is consistent with the now predominant idea that transport in the B ring, away from the edge, is dominated by self-gravity wakes.iv/ The m=2 mode forced by Mimas is never nonlinear enough by itself to produce the viscous angular flux momentum reversal required to make the edge effectively confined by the associated satellite torque. This explains the failure of Hahn et al. (2009) to explain the confinement of the edge by Mimas except for unrealistic stress tensor properties. It is argued that the presence of so many modes and mode-like features provides a way to restore in a somewhat different form the edge confinement process of Borderies et al. (1982), thereby resolving the conundrum raised by Hahn et al. (2009).

Ring Co-XOR encryption based reversible data hiding for 3D mesh model

Reversible data hiding in encrypted domain (RDH-ED) is widely used for ensuring the security of content, protecting privacy, and facilitating the management of digital media stored in the cloud. However, research on the application of RDH-ED technology in 3D mesh model carriers is still in its infancy. This paper proposes a reversible data hiding scheme based on Ring Co-XOR encryption (RCXOR) to address the challenges with the existing RDH-ED algorithms for 3D mesh models. Specifically, the proposed scheme eliminates the need to transmit auxiliary information to a third party and increases the embedding capacity. First, the original 3D mesh model is divided into m non-overlapping rings, where different rings do not share vertices. Next, m sets of random bitstreams are generated based on the encryption key. Within each ring, the vertices are encrypted using bitwise XOR with the same random bitstream. This preserves redundancy between adjacent vertices within the same ring in the encrypted data. Finally, a multi-MSB prediction method based on the ring vertex is proposed using the RCXOR encryption technique. To this end, the ring center vertex (RCV) serves as the reference vertex for predicting the multi-MSB of the ring edge vertex (REV), creating space for data hiding. The Canonical Huffman Coding method is used to compress the label and obtain the optimal embedding capacity for data hiding. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm surpasses the current vacating room after encryption (VRAE)-based methods in terms of embedding ability, achieving an average embedding rate of 25.63bits per voxel (bpv) on the dataset, compared to 6bpv for the state-of-the-art approach.

Conversion of biochar into sulfonate-bearing solid acids used for the hydrolysis of tylosin: the effect of aromaticity and degree of condensation

In the last few decades, sulfonated carbon materials have garnered significant attention as Brønsted solid acid catalysts. The sulfonation process and catalytic activity of sulfonated biochar can be influenced by the aromaticity and degree of condensation exhibited by biochar. However, the relationships between the aromaticity, sulfonating ability, and resultant catalytic activity are not fully understood. In this study, biochar samples pyrolyzed at 300–650 °C exhibiting different aromaticity and degrees of condensation were sulfonated and employed as sulfonate-bearing solid catalysts for hydrolytically removing tylosin. They exhibited excellent hydrolytic performance and their kinetic constants were positively correlated with the total acidity and negatively correlated with their aromaticity. This study has uncovered the relationship between the structure, properties, sulfonating ability, and subsequent hydrolytic performance of biochar samples. It was observed that the aromaticity of biochar decreased as the pyrolysis temperature increased. Lower pyrolysis temperatures resulted in a reduced degree of condensation, smaller ring size, and an increased number of ring edge sites available for sulfonation, ultimately leading to enhanced catalytic performance. These findings provide valuable insights into the fundamental chemistry behind sulfonation upgrading of biochar, with the aim of developing functional catalysts for mitigating antibiotics in contaminated water.Graphical

A novel graphitic carbon nitride photocatalyst with ultramicro amounts of intramolecular donor-acceptor structures for excellent photocatalytic hydrogen production

In this study, facile supramolecular thermal polymerization was employed for an attempt to modify graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) using ultramicro amounts of diphenylamino-4-benzaldehyde as the dopant, and melamine and cyanuric chloride as the raw materials. The reaction of aldehyde-amine achieved diphenylamino-4-benzaldehyde grafting onto the edge of the heptazine ring of g-C3N4, resulting in the formation of a novel g-C3N4 with intramolecular twisted donor–acceptor (D-A) structures known as CN-Dxmg. It was confirmed that addition of 2 mg (0.67 wt‰) of diphenylamine-4-benzaldehyde as the donor regulated the energy level distribution of CN-D2mg, and as-obtained intramolecular D-A structures can promote the photogenerated carrier separation and migration of CN-D2mg through a directional channel for electron transfer from diphenylamine-4-benzaldehyde to heptazine. The results indicate that CN-D2mg photocatalyst has a high hydrogen production rate of 14581.1 μmol·h−1·g−1 at 420 nm under visible light irradiation, which is 1.6 times higher than that of pristine g-C3N4. The study presents an effective approach for large-scale applications involving g-C3N4 photocatalyst in clean energy production.

Linking Topographical Ring Features to Geochemical and Geophysical Anomalies

Circular features in forests seen from air have been studied for several decades at different locations around the world. Forest rings, as they are called in Canada’s boreal forests, express several geochemical (pH, carbonate content) and geophysical (surface potential) anomalies on their 20–30 m wide ring edges. Although it has been proposed that microbial processes may cause these anomalies, the exact mechanisms of ring formation are still unknown. We focused on the Thorn North forest ring in Ontario, Canada to correlate the surface potential anomaly to soil gas concentrations. Field measurements showed that the surface potential drop at the ring edge center is framed by peaks in CO2 production, which is linked to O2 depletion and methane generation. Carbon isotope signatures were found to drop to lighter values (down to −20‰), suggesting increased respiration. Higher concentrations of uronic acids bound to extracellular polymeric substances were found, indicating that the surface potential anomaly is linked to respiration. 16S rRNA gene sequencing of shallow soil did not indicate a dominant microbial group on the edges; instead, principal component analysis showed that the microbial composition was controlled by the substrate (clayey vs. sandy soil), therefore future studies should focus on deeper ground layers.

Tree-Invent: A Novel Multipurpose Molecular Generative Model Constrained with a Topological Tree.

De novo molecular design plays an important role in drug discovery. Here, a novel generative model, Tree-Invent, was proposed to integrate topological constraints in the generation of a molecular graph. In this model, a molecular graph is represented as a topological tree in which a ring system, a nonring atom, and a chemical bond are regarded as the ring node, single node, and edge, respectively. The molecule generation is driven by three independent submodels for carrying out operations of node addition, ring generation, and node connection. One unique feature of the generative model is that the topological tree structure can be specified as a constraint for structure generation, which provides more precise control of structure generation. Combined with reinforcement learning, the Tree-Invent model could efficiently explore targeted chemical space. Moreover, the Tree-Invent model is flexible enough to be used in versatile molecule design settings such as scaffold decoration, scaffold hopping, and linker generation.

Some novel concepts of interval-valued picture fuzzy graphs with applications toward the Transmission Control Protocol and social networks

The Transmission Control Protocol usually involves incomplete and imperfect network states for which sophisticated analysis is needed. Fuzzy logic could be more helpful for the analysis of network state more accurately. The interval-valued picture fuzzy set being the most generalized form of fuzzy set has more capacity to analyze the network state more intelligently. In this manuscript, we present the concepts of interval-valued picture fuzzy graphs (IVPFGs) as an extension of interval-valued fuzzy graphs and picture fuzzy graphs. Since interval-valued picture fuzzy sets are the most advanced form of fuzzy sets, IVPFGs would be a more efficient tool for handling data containing uncertainties. First, basic concepts such as degree, order, and size are discussed, followed by operations such as union, intersection, Cartesian product, composition, and the ring sum of IVPFGs. Then, we provide a few relationships between the ring sum and edge deletion of IVPFGs. Special types of IVPFGs including complete IVPFGs, regular IVPFGs, complement IVPFGs, and strong IVPFGs are introduced. Concepts such as the strength of arcs, path sequence, strength of the path, and connectedness are explored in IVPFGs. Different types of strengths of connectedness are discussed based on specific types of arcs. We also provide a few structural properties of IVPFGs through these arcs. Finally, we give a clue about the potential implementation of IVPFGs, an extension of the fuzzy logic-based Transmission Control Protocol and toward social networking.

Alteration in the callogenesis, tropane alkaloid formation, and gene expression in Hyoscyamus niger under clinorotation.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of clinorotation induced by 2-D clinostat on the growth, tropane alkaloid production, gene expression, antioxidant capacity, and cellular defense responses in the callus tissue of Hyoscyamus niger. Callus induction was conducted by putting hypocotyl explants in the MS culture medium supplemented with 1 mgL-1 2,4-D and 1 mgL-1 BAP growth regulators. The sub-cultured calli were placed on a clinostat for 0, 3, 7, and 10 days (2.24 × 10-5 g on the edge of the callus ring). Clinorotation significantly increased callus fresh weight, dry weight, protein, carbohydrate, and proline contents compared to the control, and their maximum contents were obtained after 7 and 10 days. H2O2 level enhanced under clinorotation with a 76.3% rise after 10 days compared to control and positively affected the atropine (77.1%) and scopolamine (69.2%) productions. Hyoscyamine 6-beta hydroxylase and putrescine N-methyltransferase gene expression involved in the tropane alkaloid biosynthesis were upregulated markedly with 14.2 and 17.1-folds increase after 10 days of clinorotation, respectively. The expressions of jasmonic acid, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and ethylene-responsive element-binding transcription factor were upregulated, and the activity of peroxidase and catalase showed a 72.7 and 80% rise after 10 days. These findings suggest that microgravity can enhance callogenesis by stimulating the ROS level, which can impact the antioxidant enzymes, tropane alkaloid formation, and gene expression.

Conical diffraction in atomic vapor: Mathematical models and numerical calculations

This study investigated the conical diffraction characteristics in the honeycomb lattice of a Λ-type three-level energy system for rubidium atomic configuration. Its band structure incorporates Dirac cones in accordance with the plane wave expansion method. We determined that the rotation angle θ of the three vectors strongly impacted the cone diffraction profile. For θ=0° and 60°, in the reciprocal lattice space, the Dirac cone states were excited, and symmetric cone diffraction was supported. When 0<θ<60°, an asymmetric cone diffraction with a dark notch appeared on the outer edge of the conical ring. The results indicate that the frequency detuning of the coupling field and high-order nonlinear susceptibilities in the medium are effective and concise approaches to manipulate the occurrence of cone diffraction. The findings of this study enhance the understanding of the cone diffraction phenomena and broaden the practical applicability of atomic configuration.