Rigidifying Effect Research Articles

Exploring the mechanism underlying the antifungal activity of chitosan-based ZnO, CuO, and SiO2 nanocomposites as nanopesticides against Fusarium solani and Alternaria solani

Chitosan-based nanocomposites (CS NCs) are gaining considerable attention as multifaceted antifungal agents. This study investigated the antifungal activity of NCs against two phytopathogenic strains: Fusarium solani (F. solani) and Alternaria solani (A. solani). Moreover, it sheds light on their underlying mechanisms of action. The NCs, CS-ZnO, CS-CuO, and CS-SiO2, were characterized using advanced methods. Dynamic and electrophoretic light scattering techniques revealed their size range (60–170 nm) and cationic nature, as indicated by the positive zeta potential values (from +16 to +22 mV). Transmission electron microscopy revealed the morphology of the NCs as agglomerates formed between the chitosan and oxide components. X-ray diffraction patterns confirmed crystalline structures with specific peaks indicating their constituents. Antifungal assessments using the agar diffusion technique demonstrated significant inhibitory effects of the NCs on both fungal strains (1.5 to 4-fold), surpassing the performance of the positive control, nystatin. Notably, the NCs exhibited superior antifungal potency, with CS-ZnO NCs being the most effective. A. solani was the most sensitive strain to the studied agents. Furthermore, the tested NCs induced oxidative stress in fungal cells, which elevated stress biomarker levels, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and protein carbonyl content (PCC), 2.5 and 6-fold for the most active CS-CuO in F. solani respectively. Additionally, they triggered membrane lipid peroxidation up to 3-fold higher compared to control, a process that potentially compromises membrane integrity. Laurdan fluorescence spectroscopy highlighted alterations in the molecular organization of fungal cell membranes induced by the NCs. CS-CuO NCs induced a membrane rigidifying effect, while CS-SiO2 and CS-ZnO could rigidify membranes in A. solani and fluidize them in F. solani. In summary, this study provides an in-depth understanding of the interactions of CS-based NCs with two fungal strains, showing their antifungal activity and offering insights into their mechanisms of action. These findings emphasize the potential of these NCs as effective and versatile antifungal agents.

Nanoparticles traversing the extracellular matrix induce biophysical perturbation of fibronectin depicted by surface chemistry.

While the filtering and accumulation effects of the extracellular matrix (ECM) on nanoparticles (NPs) have been experimentally observed, the detailed interactions between NPs and specific biomolecules within the ECM remain poorly understood and pose challenges for in vivo molecular-level investigations. Herein, we adopt molecular dynamics simulations to elucidate the impacts of methyl-, hydroxy-, amine-, and carboxyl-modified gold NPs on the cell-binding domains of fibronectin (Fn), an indispensable component of the ECM for cell attachment and signaling. Simulation results show that NPs can specifically bind to distinct Fn domains, and the strength of these interactions depends on the physicochemical properties of NPs. NP-NH3+ exhibits the highest affinity to domains rich in acidic residues, leading to strong electrostatic interactions that induce severe deformation, potentially disrupting the normal functioning of Fn. NP-CH3 and NP-COO- selectively occupy the RGD/PHSRN motifs, which may hinder their recognition by integrins on the cell surface. Additionally, NPs can disrupt the dimerization of Fn through competing for residues at the dimer interface or by diminishing the shape complementarity between dimerized proteins. The mechanical stretching of Fn, crucial for ECM fibrillogenesis, is suppressed by NPs due to their local rigidifying effect. These results provide valuable molecular-level insights into the impacts of various NPs on the ECM, holding significant implications for advancing nanomedicine and nanosafety evaluation.

Membrane manipulation by free fatty acids improves microbial plant polyphenol synthesis

Microbial synthesis of nutraceutically and pharmaceutically interesting plant polyphenols represents a more environmentally friendly alternative to chemical synthesis or plant extraction. However, most polyphenols are cytotoxic for microorganisms as they are believed to negatively affect cell integrity and transport processes. To increase the production performance of engineered cell factories, strategies have to be developed to mitigate these detrimental effects. Here, we examine the accumulation of the stilbenoid resveratrol in the cell membrane and cell wall during its production using Corynebacterium glutamicum and uncover the membrane rigidifying effect of this stilbenoid experimentally and with molecular dynamics simulations. A screen of free fatty acid supplements identifies palmitelaidic acid and linoleic acid as suitable additives to attenuate resveratrol’s cytotoxic effects resulting in a three-fold higher product titer. This cost-effective approach to counteract membrane-damaging effects of product accumulation is transferable to the microbial production of other polyphenols and may represent an engineering target for other membrane-active bioproducts.

Cross-linking disulfide bonds govern solution structures of diabodies.

In the last years, antibodies have emerged as a promising new class of therapeutics, due to their combination of high specificity with long serum half-life and low risk of side-effects. Diabodies are a popular novel antibody format, consisting of two Fv domains connected with short linkers. Like IgG antibodies, they simultaneously bind two target proteins. However, they offer altered properties, given their smaller size and higher rigidity. In this study, we conducted the-to our knowledge-first molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of diabodies and find a surprisingly high conformational flexibility in the relative orientation of the two Fv domains. We observe rigidifying effects through the introduction of disulfide bonds in the Fv -Fv interface and characterize the effect of different disulfide bond locations on the conformation. Additionally, we compare VH -VL orientations and paratope dynamics between diabodies and an antigen binding fragment (Fab) of the same sequence. We find mostly consistent structures and dynamics, indicating similar antigen binding properties. The most significant differences can be found within the CDR-H2 loop dynamics. Of all CDR loops, the CDR-H2 is located closest to the artificial Fv -Fv interface. All examined diabodies show similar VH -VL orientations, Fv -Fv packing and CDR loop conformations. However, the variant with a P14C-K64C disulfide bond differs most from the Fab in our measures, including the CDR-H3 loop conformational ensemble. This suggests altered antigen binding properties and underlines the need for careful validation of the disulfide bond locations in diabodies.

Enhanced chemodynamic and photoluminescence efficiencies of Fe-O4 coordinated carbon dots via the core-shell synergistic effect.

In natural systems like photosynthetic organisms and photo-active enzymes, the spatial organization of chromophores is critical for efficient light harvesting and bio-catalysis. Inspired by nature, a novel modular nanoplatform with both biological imaging and therapeutic functions is constructed by taking advantage of the intrinsic core-shell structure of Fe-decorated carbon dots. Light-harvesting chromophores with deep-red photoluminescence are densely packed into the carbon core. Simultaneously, the atomically dispersed Fe3+ catalytic sites accounting for efficient conversion of H2O2 to ˙OH are discretely distributed on the shell. Precise control over their spatial distribution leads to the elegant integration and exciting interplay of the functional moieties. On the one hand, incorporating a catalysis shell enhances the emission of chromophores via synergistic shielding and rigidifying effects. On the other hand, visible light excitation of the chromophores significantly increases the catalytic activity and cytotoxicity against cancer cells, ascribed to the promotion of the charge transfer process. This nanoplatform exhibits excellent biocompatibility, bright red fluorescence, and light-regulated cytotoxicity for anti-cancer treatment, promising its applications in smart nanocatalytic medicines and efficient chemodynamic therapy.

Tunable aggregation-induced fluorescent and pressure-responsive luminescence supramolecular cages achieved by subcomponent self-assembly

Three discrete tetrahedral metallo-supramolecular cages were designed and constructed using truxene-pended base ligands. Owing to the synergistic rigidifying effect of unsymmetric cyano-substituted oligo(p-phenylene-vinylene) (u-COPV) suspended by the truxene skeleton, the resulting supramolecular cages were confirmed to exhibit significant aggregation-induced emission (AIE) accompanied by an interesting solvatochromic fluorescent behavior as well as a porous honeycomb-like state during aggregation. In particular, the anti-counterfeiting performance and emission behaviors of the cages in the solid state under external hydrostatic pressure were investigated.

Dysmyelination and glycolipid interference caused by phenylalanine in phenylketonuria

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a metabolic disorder connected to an excess of phenylalanine (Phe) in the blood and tissues, with neurological consequences. The disease's molecular bases seem to be related to the accumulation of Phe at the cell membrane surface. Radiological outcomes in the brain demonstrate decreased water diffusivity in white matter, involving axon dysmyelination of not yet understood origin. We used a biophysical approach and model membranes to extend our knowledge of Phe–membrane interaction by clarifying Phe's propensity to affect membrane structure and dynamics based on lipid composition, with emphasis on modulating cholesterol and glycolipid components to mimic raft domains and myelin sheath membranes. Phe showed affinity for the investigated membrane mimics, mainly affecting the Phe-facing membrane leaflet. The surfaces of our neuronal membrane raft mimics were strong anchoring sites for Phe, showing rigidifying effects. From a therapeutic perspective, we further investigated the role of doxycycline, known to disturb Phe packing, unveiling its action as a competitor in Phe interactions with the membrane, suggesting its potential for treatment in the early stages of PKU. Our results suggest how Phe accumulation in extracellular fluids can impede normal growth of myelin sheaths by interfering with membrane slipping and by remodulating free water and myelin-associated water contents.

Filling the gap between molecular and aggregate states: how does molecular packing affect photophysical properties?

Current research shows that photophysical behaviors of fluorescent materials are used to be regulated by molecular design, but in fact it remains elusive to directly correlate molecular structures with the macroscopic properties at aggregate state. Herein, a series of natural alicycle-incorporated salicylideneanilines with aggregation-induced emission activity as well as their corresponding simple ones have been synthesized to fill the gap between molecular and aggregate level. Unexpectedly, the largely stronger emission of the simple salicylideneaniline with Br substituent over its alicycle-fused compound contrasts the previous molecular design strategy of rigidification effect via structural incorporation of alicycles, suggesting the influential effect of packing, which can be further verified by quenched emission of the simple Cl-substituted salicylideneaniline due to its compact packing. Moreover, comprehensive stimuli-responsive chromic investigations prove that the packing modes correlate well with the excited-state intramolecular proton transfer and cis to trans isomerization processes, enabling the Me-substituted simple salicylideneaniline with loosest packing photochromic, while the one (Cl group) with most compact packing mechanochromic. Hence, this work helps to bridge the gap between molecular structures and macroscopic properties via molecular packing.

Role of surfactant-induced Marangoni stresses in drop-interface coalescence

We study the effect of surfactants on the dynamics of a drop-interface coalescence using full three-dimensional direct numerical simulations. We employ a hybrid interface-tracking/level-set method, which takes into account Marangoni stresses that arise from surface-tension gradients, interfacial and bulk diffusion and sorption kinetic effects. We validate our predictions against the experimental data of Blanchette and Bigioni (Nat. Phys., vol. 2, issue 4, 2006, pp. 254–257) and perform a parametric study that demonstrates the delicate interplay between the flow fields and those associated with the surfactant bulk and interfacial concentrations. The results of this work unravel the crucial role of the Marangoni stresses in the flow physics of coalescence, with particular attention paid to their influence on the neck reopening dynamics in terms of stagnation-point inhibition, and near-neck vorticity generation. We demonstrate that surfactant-laden cases feature a rigidifying effect on the interface compared with the surfactant-free case, a mechanism that underpins the observed surfactant-induced phenomena.

Unraveling the Allosteric Communication Mechanisms in T-Cell Receptor-Peptide-Loaded Major Histocompatibility Complex Dynamics Using Molecular Dynamics Simulations: An Approach Based on Dynamic Cross Correlation Maps and Residue Interaction Energy Calculations.

Antigen presentation by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins to T-cell receptors (TCRs) plays a crucial role in triggering the adaptive immune response. Most of our knowledge on TCR-peptide-loaded major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) interaction stemmed from experiments yielding static structures, yet the dynamic aspects of this molecular interaction are equally important to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms and to develop treatment strategies against diseases such as cancer and autoimmune diseases. To this end, computational biophysics studies including all-atom molecular dynamics simulations have provided useful insights; however, we still lack a basic understanding of an overall allosteric mechanism that results in conformational changes in the TCR and subsequent T-cell activation. Previous hydrogen-deuterium exchange and nuclear magnetic resonance studies provided clues regarding these molecular mechanisms, including global rigidification and allosteric effects on the constant domain of TCRs away from the pMHC interaction site. Here, we show that molecular dynamics simulations can be used to identify how this overall rigidification may be related to the allosteric communication within TCRs upon pMHC interaction via essential dynamics and nonbonded residue-residue interaction energy analyses. The residues taking part in the rigidification effect are highlighted with an intricate analysis on residue interaction changes, which lead to a detailed outline of the complex formation event. Our results indicate that residues of the Cβ domain of TCRs show significant differences in their nonbonded interactions upon complex formation. Moreover, the dynamic cross correlations between these residues are also increased, in line with their nonbonded interaction energy changes. Altogether, our approach may be valuable for elucidating intramolecular allosteric changes in the TCR structure upon pMHC interaction in molecular dynamics simulations.

New tetrahydroisoquinoline-based D3R ligands with an o-xylenyl linker motif

The effect of rigidification of the n-butyl linker region of tetrahydroisoquinoline-containing D3R ligands via inclusion of an o-xylenyl motif was examined in this study. Generally, rigidification with an o-xylenyl linker group reduces D3R affinity and negatively impacts selectivity versus D2R for compounds possessing a 6-methoxy-1,2,3,4,-tetrahydroisoquinolin-7-ol primary pharmacophore group. However, D3R affinity appears to be regulated by the primary pharmacophore group and high affinity D3R ligands with 6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline and 6,7-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline primary pharmacophore groups were identified. The results of this study also indicate that D3R selectivity versus the σ2R is dictated by the benzamide secondary pharmacophore group, this being facilitated with 4-substituted benzamides. Compounds 5s and 5t were identified as high affinity (Ki < 4 nM) D3R ligands. Docking studies revealed that the added phenyl ring moiety interacts with the Cys181 in D3R which partially accounts for the strong D3R affinity of the ligands.

Bright and Robust Phosphorescence Achieved by Non-Covalent Clipping.

Phosphorescent materials with bright emission in versatile media are important for their practical applications, which require to lower the susceptibility of triplet excitons to surroundings. Herein a non-covalent clipping strategy has been developed to attain this objective, by designing a tweezer receptor to encapsulate PtII -based triplet emitters through two-fold π-stacking interactions. The PtII emitters display robust phosphorescence by virtue of synergistic rigidifying and shielding effects, which are hardly influenced by emitter concentration, oxygen content, and solvent polarity changes. The phosphorescent colors are elaborately modulated by varying ligand substitutes on PtII emitters. Circularly polarized phosphorescence is further amplified for chiral PtII emitters, by taking advantage of dual phosphorescence and chirality enhancement upon non-covalent tweezer complexation. Overall, the clipping approach paves the way for the development of high-performance phosphorescent materials with bright emission, environmental robustness, and facile color tunability.

Bright and Robust Phosphorescence Achieved by Non‐Covalent Clipping

AbstractPhosphorescent materials with bright emission in versatile media are important for their practical applications, which require to lower the susceptibility of triplet excitons to surroundings. Herein a non‐covalent clipping strategy has been developed to attain this objective, by designing a tweezer receptor to encapsulate PtII‐based triplet emitters through two‐fold π‐stacking interactions. The PtII emitters display robust phosphorescence by virtue of synergistic rigidifying and shielding effects, which are hardly influenced by emitter concentration, oxygen content, and solvent polarity changes. The phosphorescent colors are elaborately modulated by varying ligand substitutes on PtII emitters. Circularly polarized phosphorescence is further amplified for chiral PtII emitters, by taking advantage of dual phosphorescence and chirality enhancement upon non‐covalent tweezer complexation. Overall, the clipping approach paves the way for the development of high‐performance phosphorescent materials with bright emission, environmental robustness, and facile color tunability.

Thermodynamic quantification of sodium dodecyl sulfate penetration in cholesterol and phospholipid monolayers

Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is one of the extensively used surfactants in bioprocesses. Present work analyzes the penetration of SDS in pure and mixed Langmuir monolayers consisting of 1,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC), 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) and cholesterol. A series of isotherms are obtained by compressing the monolayers over subphase containing varying concentrations of SDS. The extent of penetration of SDS is quantified in terms of its mole percentage in the monolayer by applying various thermodynamic equations derived from Gibbs adsorption equation. Analysis of pure monolayers shows that SDS penetration is directly correlated with the monolayer fluidity and the lipid packing density. We find that POPC monolayers, which do not pack closely on compression due to a kink in one of the acyl chains, exhibit higher SDS penetration than DPPC monolayers which are more rigid due to two saturated acyl chains that pack very efficiently. The SDS penetration is also analyzed in mixed lipid monolayers in which the lipids are present in molar proportions similar to that in the plasma membranes of mammalian cells. Thermodynamic quantification shows that mixed monolayers of DPPC with POPC (in 2:1 molar ratio) exhibit penetration similar to pure POPC monolayers indicating dominating effect of unsaturated phospholipids on membrane packing. We find lower SDS penetration in mixed cholesterol-POPC monolayers than pure POPC monolayers at all surface pressures and for all SDS subphase concentrations used. This confirms with the well-known condensation effect of cholesterol on POPC monolayers. Cholesterol is known to have a rigidifying effect on DPPC monolayers at low surface pressures and a fluidizing effect at high surface pressures. Consistent with these experimental observations, our thermodynamic quantification predicts lower SDS penetration at low pressures and higher penetration at high pressures when compared to pure DPPC monolayers. Thus, thermodynamic theories are able to accurately predict the experimentally observed trends for penetration in mixed monolayers of cholesterol with POPC and DPPC. Our work demonstrates that thermodynamic quantification is a reliable technique to estimate extent of penetration of various additives in pure and mixed lipid monolayers.

Achieving room temperature phosphorescence from organic small molecules on amino acid skeleton

Room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) generated by small molecules has attracted great attention due to their unique potentials for biosensor, bioimaging and security protection. While, the design of RTP materials is extremely challenging for organic small molecules in non-crystalline solid state. Herein, we report a new strategy for achieving non-crystalline organic small molecules with RTP emission by modifying different phosphors onto diphenylalanine or phenylalanine derivatives. Benefiting from the skeletal structure of the amino acid derivatives, there are intermolecular hydrogen bond formation and rigidification effect, thereby minimizing the intermolecular motions and enhancing their RTP performance

Evolutionarily conserved long-chain Acyl-CoA synthetases regulate membrane composition and fluidity.

The human AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 proteins, as well as their C. elegans homolog PAQR-2, protect against cell membrane rigidification by exogenous saturated fatty acids by regulating phospholipid composition. Here, we show that mutations in the C. elegans gene acs-13 help to suppress the phenotypes of paqr-2 mutant worms, including their characteristic membrane fluidity defects. acs-13 encodes a homolog of the human acyl-CoA synthetase ACSL1, and localizes to the mitochondrial membrane where it likely activates long chains fatty acids for import and degradation. Using siRNA combined with lipidomics and membrane fluidity assays (FRAP and Laurdan dye staining) we further show that the human ACSL1 potentiates lipotoxicity by the saturated fatty acid palmitate: silencing ACSL1 protects against the membrane rigidifying effects of palmitate and acts as a suppressor of AdipoR2 knockdown, thus echoing the C. elegans findings. We conclude that acs-13 mutations in C. elegans and ACSL1 knockdown in human cells prevent lipotoxicity by promoting increased levels of polyunsaturated fatty acid-containing phospholipids.

Real-time measurements of milk fat globule membrane modulation during simulated intestinal digestion using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy

Milk Fat Globules with their unique interfacial structure and membrane composition are a key nutritional source for mammalian infants, however, there is a limited understanding of the dynamics of fat digestion in these structures. Lipid digestion is an interfacial process involving interactions of enzymes and bile salts with the interface of suspended lipid droplets in an aqueous environment. In this study, we have developed an electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy approach to evaluate real time dynamics of milk fat globules interfacial structure during simulated intestinal digestion. To measure these dynamics, natural milk fat globule membrane was labeled with EPR-active probe, partitioning of EPR probes into MFGs membrane was validated using saturation-recovery measurements and calculation of the depth parameter Φ. After validation, the selected spin probe was used to evaluate the membrane’s fluidity as a measure of the interface’s modulation in the presence of bile salts and pancreatic lipase. Independently, bile salts were found to have a rigidifying effect on the spin probed MFGM, while pancreatic lipase resulted in an increase in membrane fluidity. When combined, the effect of lipase appears to be diminished in the presence of bile salts. These results indicate the efficacy of EPR in providing an insight into small time scale molecular dynamics of phospholipid interfaces in milk fat globules. Understanding interfacial dynamics of naturally occurring complex structures can significantly aid in understanding the role of interfacial composition and structural complexity in delivery of nutrients during digestion.

Compartmentalization-induced phosphorescent emission enhancement and triplet energy transfer in aqueous medium

Triplet energy transfer occurs frequently in natural photosynthetic organisms to protect against photo-oxidative stress. For artificial light-harvesting systems, several challenges need to be addressed to realize triplet energy transfer especially in aqueous medium. Specifically, the phosphors should be shielded from water and molecular oxygen, which facilitate to maintain intense emission intensity. Moreover, the donor‒acceptor phosphors should be organized in close proximity, yet simultaneously avoiding direct homo- and hetero-interactions to minimize the potential energy losses. Herein an effective strategy has been developed to meet these requirements, by employing a rod−coil amphiphile as the compartmentalized agent. It renders synergistic rigidifying and hydrophobic shielding effects, giving rise to enhanced phosphorescent emission of the platinum(II) complexes in aqueous environment. More importantly, the donor‒acceptor platinum(II) phosphors feature ordered spatial organization in the ternary co-assembled system, resulting in high light-harvesting efficiency. Therefore, the compartmentalization strategy represents an efficient approach toward color-tunable phosphorescent nanomaterials.

Interactions Between Natural Herbicides and Lipid Bilayers Mimicking the Plant Plasma Membrane.

Natural phytotoxic compounds could become an alternative to traditional herbicides in the framework of sustainable agriculture. Nonanoic acid, sarmentine and sorgoleone are such molecules extracted from plants and able to inhibit the growth of various plant species. However, their mode of action is not fully understood and despite clues indicating that they could affect the plant plasma membrane, molecular details of such phenomenon are lacking. In this paper, we investigate the interactions between those natural herbicides and artificial bilayers mimicking the plant plasma membrane. First, their ability to affect lipid order and fluidity is evaluated by means of fluorescence measurements. It appears that sorgoleone has a clear ordering effect on lipid bilayers, while nonanoic acid and sarmentine induce no or little change to these parameters. Then, a thermodynamic characterization of interactions of each compound with lipid vesicles is obtained with isothermal titration calorimetry, and their respective affinity for bilayers is found to be ranked as follows: sorgoleone > sarmentine > nonanoic acid. Finally, molecular dynamics simulations give molecular details about the location of each compound within a lipid bilayer and confirm the rigidifying effect of sorgoleone. Data also suggest that mismatch in alkyl chain length between nonanoic acid or sarmentine and lipid hydrophobic tails could be responsible for bilayer destabilization. Results are discussed regarding their implications for the phytotoxicity of these compounds.

Antifungal properties of phosphatidylcholine-oleic acid liposomes encapsulating garlic against environmental fungal in wheat bread

Liposomes have gained great interest in the food and pharmaceutical industry as colloidal carriers of bioactive compounds. In this work, liposomes of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and oleic acid (OA) encapsulating garlic extract (GE) were developed to determine its aptitude as antifungal agent in wheat bread. The influence of GE on the properties of liposomes were followed by determination of size, Zeta potential, Fourier transform infrared patterns (FTIR), morphology, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric (TGA) techniques. The produced PC-OA-GE liposomes showed spherical morphology with narrow size distribution, entrapment efficiency of 79.7% and zeta potential of −27.9 mV. In vitro antifungal test showed noticeable inhibitory activities for free and encapsulated GE against selected fungal strains. TGA analysis revealed that the presence of OA and GE in the formulation retards the liposomal thermal decomposition, as compared with the pure PC liposomes and the DSC enthalpy and main transition temperature variation in PC-OA-GE liposomes suggested a strong heat-induced rigidifying effect that could be attributed to the presence of garlic polysaccharides in the liposome surface, observed by FTIR. In the in situ test, the bread formulations with free or liposome-encapsulated GE (0.65 mL/100 g of dough) were microbiologically more stable as compared with the controls, showing mold inhibition for five days. Therefore, liposomes formulated with OA and GE showed potential as natural antifungal agent in bakery products.