Indices Of Right Ventricular Performance Research Articles

Right Ventricular Global Longitudinal Strain and Short-Term Prognosis in Patients With First Acute Myocardial Infarction

Right ventricular (RV) dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a recognized predictor of dismal prognosis. However, the most reliable RV index to predict mortality early after revascularization remains undetermined. This study aimed to explore the ability of RV global longitudinal strain (GLS) to predict inhospital mortality in patients with first AMI. All consecutive patients with first AMI were prospectively enrolled from March 2022 until February 2023. An echocardiogram was performed 24 hours after successful revascularization and RV GLS alongside conventional echocardiographic indexes were measured. Inhospital mortality was recorded. A total of 300 patients (age 61.2 ± 11.8 years, 74% male) were included in the study. RV GLS was the only RV performance index that differed significantly between anterior and inferior ST-segment-elevation patients with AMI (14.5 ± 5.2% vs 17.4 ± 5.1% respectively, p <0.001). After revascularization, 23 patients (7.7%) died in hospital. The model of Global Registry of Acute Coronary Event risk score and left ventricular ejection fraction, built for predicting inhospital mortality, significantly improved its prognostic performance only by the addition of RV GLS (chi-square value increase by 7.485, p=0.006) compared with the other RV function indexes. RV GLS was independently associated with inhospital mortality (odds ratio 0.83, 95% confidence interval 0.71 to 0.97, p=0.017) after adjustment for Global Registry of Acute Coronary Event risk score and left ventricular ejection fraction. Echocardiographic RV GLS measured 24 hours after revascularization in patients with first AMI outperformed conventional RV function indexes in predicting inhospital mortality.

Balloon Pulmonary Angioplasty for Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension

Balloon pulmonary angioplasty (BPA) is a rapidly emerging and developing therapy for inoperable chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). BPA is associated with improvements in functional and hemodynamic status, imaging indices of right ventricular performance, and survival. However, BPA should only be undertaken at a CTEPH referral center with pulmonary thromboendarterectomy capability, and only after multidisciplinary discussion determines the patient is a poor candidate for pulmonary endarterectomy. Meticulous attention to procedural technique is critical to ensure procedural success and to limit the risk of complications. Randomized controlled trials are also needed to further refine BPA’s role in comprehensive CTEPH care. Nonetheless, BPA is an increasingly effective and safe therapy for CTEPH that is associated with clinical improvements and is rapidly becoming a cornerstone of referral center CTEPH care.

Echocardiographic, Biochemical, and Electrocardiographic Correlates Associated With Progressive Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension.

Background: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive proliferative vasculopathy associated with mechanical and electrical changes, culminating in increased vascular resistance, right ventricular (RV) failure, and death. With a main focus on invasive tools, there has been an underutilization of echocardiography, electrocardiography, and biomarkers to non-invasively assess the changes in myocardial and pulmonary vascular structure and function during the course of PAH.Methods: A SU5416-hypoxia rat model was used for inducing PAH. Biventricular functions were measured using transthoracic two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography/Doppler (echo/Doppler) at disease onset (0 week), during progression (3 weeks), and establishment (5 weeks). Similarly, electrocardiography was performed at 0, 3, and 5 weeks. Invasive hemodynamic measurements and markers of cardiac injury in plasma were assessed at 0, 3, and 5 weeks.Results: Increased RV systolic pressure (RVSP) and rate of isovolumic pressure rise and decline were observed at 0, 3, and 5 weeks in PAH animals. EKG showed a steady increase in QT-interval with progression of PAH, whereas P-wave height and RS width were increased only during the initial stages of PAH progression. Echocardiographic markers of PAH progression and severity were also identified. Three echocardiographic patterns were observed: a steady pattern (0–5 weeks) in which echo parameter changed progressively with severity [inferior vena cava (IVC) expiratory diameter and pulmonary artery acceleration time (PAAT)], an early pattern (0–3 weeks) where there is an early change in parameters [RV fractional area change (RV-FAC), transmitral flow, left ventricle (LV) output, estimated mean PA pressure, RV performance index, and LV systolic eccentricity index], and a late pattern (3–5 weeks) in which there is only a late rise at advanced stages of PAH (LV diastolic eccentricity index). RVSP correlated with PAAT, PAAT/PA ejection times, IVC diameters, RV-FAC, tricuspid systolic excursion, LV systolic eccentricity and output, and transmitral flow. Plasma myosin light chain (Myl-3) and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) increased progressively across the three time points. Cardiac troponin T (cTnT) and fatty acid-binding protein-3 (FABP-3) were significantly elevated only at the 5-week time point.Conclusion: Distinct electrocardiographic and echocardiographic patterns along with plasma biomarkers were identified as useful non-invasive tools for monitoring PAH progression.

Novel quantitative echocardiographic parameters in acute PE

The tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) and the right ventricular performance index (RVPI) are quantitative measurements that are valid predictors of clinical outcomes in CHF, MI, PAH, and chronic pulmonary disease. We sought to measure TAPSE and RVPI in patients diagnosed with acute pulmonary embolism (APE) to assess for correlation with known predictors of clinical outcomes. Patients admitted with APE had echocardiograms performed within 24 h of diagnosis and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) drawn on admission. Serial troponins were measured for the first 48 h of the hospital stay, and clinical course was followed until discharge. A total of 29 patients were enrolled in the study. Compared to those with a normal study, significantly more patients with an abnormal TAPSE had an elevated BNP (60% vs. 5%; P = 0.004) and troponin (50% vs. 11.1%; P = 0.042). The mean TAPSE was 22.3 mm when BNP was normal and 17.4 mm when elevated (P = 0.003). TAPSE values were significantly lower in patients with abnormal RV function by echocardiogram graded by a blinded cardiologist (17.6 mm vs. 21.7 mm; P = 0.03). Both TAPSE and RVPI correlated significantly with septal flattening, RVEDD, and RVEDD/LVEDD by echo. TAPSE has good correlation with surrogate markers for morbidity and mortality in APE, and both TAPSE and RVPI seem to perform as well as the standard echo parameters used to assess RV function. Both are objective and easy to measure, and therefore warrant prospective study in larger patient groups, with assessment of clinical outcomes.

NOVEL QUANTITATIVE ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC PARAMETERS IN ACUTE PULMONARY EMBOLISM

PURPOSE: Management of acute pulmonary embolism (PE) frequently depends on assessment of right ventricular (RV) function (Fx) by various qualitative measures on echocardiogram, with current quantitative methods limited by image quality and complex RV geometry. Measurement of the tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) has been shown to correlate with RV ejection fraction (EF) by radionuclide testing. The RV performance index (RVPI) is a quantitative measure of RV Fx, independent of changes in preload and afterload.

Validation of a new intraoperative technique to evaluate load-independent indices of right ventricular performance in patients undergoing cardiac operations

Background: Assessment of right ventricular performance in the perioperative period is difficult because there is no generally accepted method of measuring right ventricular volume. We set out to determine whether conductance technology could provide a valuable technique for the investigation of intraoperative right ventricular function. Methods and results: Three validating studies were performed in 25 patients undergoing routine coronary revascularization. Study 1: The influence of conductance catheter position in the right ventricle was examined in 10 patients. Insertion of the conductance catheter through the outflow tract was associated with a larger gain constant and a smaller parallel conductance compared with insertion through the tricuspid valve. Study 2: The reproducibility of contractility measurements with the use of a conductance catheter was examined in 7 additional patients. Removal and reinsertion of the conductance catheter was not associated with any significant difference in right ventricular volume or contractile function. Study 3: Right ventricular performance before and after cardiopulmonary bypass was compared in 8 additional patients. There was a fall in the slope of the right ventricular preload recruitable stroke work from 15.6 (3.8) to 11.0 (5.1) mm Hg ( P = .01) and an increase in the slope of the end-diastolic pressure-volume relations from 0.05 (0.02) to 0.11 (0.05) mm Hg/mL ( P = .001). Conclusions: The conductance technique can be used to study perioperative changes in right ventricular performance. Insertion of the conductance catheter through the outflow tract provides stable and reproducible data. There is significant impairment of right ventricular contractility in the early postoperative period. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998;116:468-76)

Assessment of the Response of Right Ventricular Performance to Decreasing Levels of Mechanical Assistance by On-Line

The rapid assessment of the response of right ventricular (RV) performance to decreasing levels of mechanical assistance may be an important adjunct in determining if a patient can tolerate the removal of such a device. This report describes the use of on-line pressure area relationships to assess RV function in a patient supported with an RV assist device (RVAD). Mid RV short axis cross-sectional area was measured on-line by transesophageal echocardiography with an automated endocardial border detection feature. RV pressure was measured with a high fidelity catheter. Pressure and area were plotted simultaneously on a computer workstation interfaced with the pressure and echo systems to yield on-line pressure area loops. The following indices of RV performance were calculated while RVAD flow was decreased in 1 L/min increments: stroke work' (SW′ = ∫PdA)[mmHg*cm2], stroke area (SA = Maximum Area-Minimum Area)[cm2], and fractional area change (FAC = SA/Maximum Area*100)[%]. SW', SA, and FAC significantly increased with decreasing RVAD flow: SW'(from 32 to 61 mmHg*cm2), SA (from 2.58 to 4.37 cm2), and FAC (from 20 to 32%). In conclusion, the increase in these parameters of RV performance with decreasing mechanical assistance suggested that this patient would tolerate removal of the RVAD, which was subsequently successful. This method of on-line pressure area relationships may be useful to predict the need for further mechanical assistance.ASAIO Journal1994; 40:1032-1035.

Assessment of the Response of Right Ventricular Performance to Decreasing Levels of Mechanical Assistance by On-Line Pressure Area Relationships

The rapid assessment of the response of right ventricular (RV) performance to decreasing levels of mechanical assistance may be an important adjunct in determining if a patient can tolerate the removal of such a device. This report describes the use of on-line pressure area relationships to assess RV function in a patient supported with an RV assist device (RVAD). Mid RV short axis cross-sectional area was measured on-line by transesophageal echocardiography with an automated endocardial border detection feature. RV pressure was measured with a high fidelity catheter. Pressure and area were plotted simultaneously on a computer workstation interfaced with the pressure and echo systems to yield on-line pressure area loops. The following indices of RV performance were calculated while RVAD flow was decreased in 1 L/min increments: stroke work' (SW' = integral of PdA)[mmHg*cm2], stroke area (SA = Maximum Area-Minimum Area)[cm2], and fractional area change (FAC = SA/Maximum Area*100)[%]. SW', SA, and FAC significantly increased with decreasing RVAD flow: SW'(from 32 to 61 mmHg*cm2), SA (from 2.58 to 4.37 cm2), and FAC (from 20 to 32%). In conclusion, the increase in these parameters of RV performance with decreasing mechanical assistance suggested that this patient would tolerate removal of the RVAD, which was subsequently successful. This method of on-line pressure area relationships may be useful to predict the need for further mechanical assistance.