Right Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction Research Articles

Prognostic Implication of Right Ventricular Free Wall Longitudinal Strain and Right Atrial Pressure Estimated By Echocardiography in Patients With Severe Functional Tricuspid Regurgitation.

The interaction between right ventricular (RV) function and pulmonary hypertension is crucial for prognosis of patients with severe functional tricuspid regurgitation. RV free wall longitudinal strain (RVFWLS) has been reported to detect RV systolic dysfunction earlier than other conventional parameters. Although pulmonary artery systolic pressure measured by Doppler echocardiography is often underestimated in severe functional tricuspid regurgitation, right atrial pressure (RAP) estimated by echocardiography may be viewed as a prognostic factor. Impact of RAP and RVFWLS on outcome in patients with severe functional tricuspid regurgitation remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate prognostic implication of RAP, RVFWLS, and their combination in this population. We retrospectively examined 377 patients with severe functional tricuspid regurgitation. RAP, pulmonary artery systolic pressure, RV fractional area change, and RVFWLS were analyzed. RAP of 15 mm Hg was classified as elevated RAP. All-cause death at 2-year follow-up was defined as the primary end point. RVFWLS provided better prognostic information than RV fractional area change by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. In the multivariable Cox regression analysis, elevated RAP and RVFWLS of ≤18% were independent predictors of clinical outcome. Patients with RVFWLS of ≤18% had higher risk of all-cause death than those without by Kaplan-Meier curve analysis. Furthermore, when patients were stratified into 4 groups by RAP and RVFWLS, the group with elevated RAP and RVFWLS of ≤18% had the worst outcome. Elevated RAP and RVFWLS of ≤18% were independent predictors of all-cause death. The combination of elevated RAP and RVFWLS effectively stratified the all-cause death.

Septic cardiomyopathy phenotype in the critically ill may depend on antimicrobial resistance

BackgroundSepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction, and septic cardiomyopathy (SCM) may complicate the course of the disease. Infection with multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens has been linked with worse outcomes. This study aims to evaluate SCM in patients with infections caused by different antimicrobial-resistant phenotypes. MethodThis retrospective study included patients with sepsis/septic shock, hospitalized, and intubated in the intensive care unit of the University Hospital of Larissa between January 2022 and September 2023 with echocardiographic data during the first two days after infection onset. The patients were divided into two groups: non-MDR-SCM group and MDR-SCM group. The cardiac function was compared between the two groups. ResultA total of 62 patients were included in the study. Forty-four patients comprised the MDR-SCM and 18 the non-MDR-SCM group. Twenty-six patients (41.9%) presented with left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction, and ≤35% right ventricular fractional area change (RVFAC) was present in 56.4%. LV systolic function was more severely impaired in the non-MDR-SCM group (left ventricular ejection fraction, 35.8% ±4.9% vs. 45.6%±2.4%, P=0.049; LV outflow tract velocity time integral, [10.1±1.4] cm vs. [15.3±0.74] cm, P=0.001; LV-Strain, –9.02%±0.9% vs. –14.02%±0.7%, P=0.001). The MDR-SCM group presented with more severe right ventricular (RV) dilatation (right ventricular end-diastolic area/left ventricular end-diastolic area, 0.81±0.03 vs. 0.7±0.05, P=0.042) and worse RV systolic function (RVFAC, 32.3%±1.9% vs. 39.6%±2.7%, P=0.035; tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, [15.9±0.9] mm vs. [18.1±0.9] mm, P=0.165; systolic tissue Doppler velocity measured at the lateral tricuspid annulus, [9.9±0.5] cm/s vs. [13.1±0.8] cm/s, P=0.002; RV-strain, –11.1%±0.7% vs. –15.1%±0.9%, P=0.002). ConclusionSCM related to MDR infection presents with RV systolic dysfunction predominance, while non-MDR-SCM is mainly depicted with LV systolic dysfunction impairment.

Echocardiographic features of right ventricle in septic patients with elevated central venous pressure

BackgroundElevated central venous pressure (CVP) is deemed as a sign of right ventricular (RV) dysfunction. We aimed to characterize the echocardiographic features of RV in septic patients with elevated CVP, and quantify associations between RV function parameters and 30-day mortality.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed a cohort of septic patients with CVP ≥ 8 mmHg in a tertiary hospital intensive care unit. General characteristics and echocardiographic parameters including tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) as well as prognostic data were collected. Associations between RV function parameters and 30-day mortality were assessed using Cox regression models.ResultsEchocardiography was performed in 244 septic patients with CVP ≥ 8 mmHg. Echocardiographic findings revealed that various types of abnormal RV function can occur individually or collectively. Prevalence of RV systolic dysfunction was 46%, prevalence of RV enlargement was 34%, and prevalence of PVR increase was 14%. In addition, we collected haemodynamic consequences and found that prevalence of systemic venous congestion was 16%, prevalence of RV-pulmonary artery decoupling was 34%, and prevalence of low cardiac index (CI) was 23%. The 30-day mortality of the enrolled population was 24.2%. In a Cox regression analysis, TAPSE (HR:0.542, 95% CI:0.302–0.972, p = 0.040) and PVR (HR:1.384, 95% CI:1.007–1.903, p = 0.045) were independently associated with 30-day mortality.ConclusionsEchocardiographic findings demonstrated a high prevalence of RV-related abnormalities (RV enlargement, RV systolic dysfunction and PVR increase) in septic patients with elevated CVP. Among those echocardiographic parameters, TAPSE and PVR were independently associated with 30-day mortality in these patients.

Types of Septic Cardiomyopathy: Prognosis and Influencing Factors - A Clinical Study.

To explore the prognostic outcomes associated with different types of septic cardiomyopathy and analyze the factors that exert an influence on these outcomes. The data collected within 24 hours of ICU admission included cardiac troponin I (cTnI), N-terminal pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide (NT-proBNP); SOFA (sequential organ failure assessment) scores, and the proportion of vasopressor use. Based on echocardiographic outcomes, septic cardiomyopathy was categorized into left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction, LV diastolic dysfunction, and right ventricular (RV) systolic dysfunction. Differences between the mortality and survival groups, as well as between each cardiomyopathy subgroup and the non-cardiomyopathy group were compared, to explore the influencing factors of cardiomyopathy. A cohort of 184 patients were included in this study, with LV diastolic dysfunction having the highest incidence rate (43.5%). The mortality group had significantly higher SOFA scores, vasopressor use, and cTnI levels compared to the survival group; the survival group had better LV diastolic function than the mortality group (p < 0.05 for all). In contrast to the non-cardiomyopathy group, each subgroup within the cardiomyopathy category exhibited elevated levels of cTnI. The subgroup with left ventricular diastolic dysfunction demonstrated a higher prevalence of advanced age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, and an increased mortality rate; the RV systolic dysfunction subgroup had higher SOFA scores and NT-proBNP levels, and a higher mortality rate (P < 0.05 for all); the LV systolic dysfunction subgroup had a similar mortality rate (P > 0.05). Patients with advanced age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or coronary artery disease are more prone to develop LV diastolic dysfunction type of cardiomyopathy; cardiomyopathy subgroups had higher levels of cTnI. The RV systolic dysfunction cardiomyopathy subgroup had higher SOFA scores and NT-proBNP levels. The occurrence of RV systolic dysfunction in patients with sepsis significantly increased the mortality rate.

Deep learning to assess right ventricular ejection fraction from two-dimensional echocardiograms in precapillary pulmonary hypertension.

Precapillary pulmonary hypertension (PH) is characterized by a sustained increase in right ventricular (RV) afterload, impairing systolic function. Two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography is the most performed cardiac imaging tool to assess RV systolic function; however, an accurate evaluation requires expertise. We aimed to develop a fully automated deep learning (DL)-based tool to estimate the RV ejection fraction (RVEF) from 2D echocardiographic videos of apical four-chamber views in patients with precapillary PH. We identified 85 patients with suspected precapillary PH who underwent cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and echocardiography. The data was divided into training (80%) and testing (20%) datasets, and a regression model was constructed using 3D-ResNet50. Accuracy was assessed using five-fold cross validation. The DL model predicted the cardiac MRI-derived RVEF with a mean absolute error of 7.67%. The DL model identified severe RV systolic dysfunction (defined as cardiac MRI-derived RVEF<37%) with an area under the curve (AUC) of.84, which was comparable to the AUC of RV fractional area change (FAC) and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) measured by experienced sonographers (.87 and.72, respectively). To detect mild RV systolic dysfunction (defined as RVEF ≤ 45%), the AUC from the DL-predicted RVEF also demonstrated a high discriminatory power of.87, comparable to that of FAC (.90), and significantly higher than that of TAPSE (.67). The fully automated DL-based tool using 2D echocardiography could accurately estimate RVEF and exhibited a diagnostic performance for RV systolic dysfunction comparable to that of human readers.

Utility of the Venous Excess Ultrasound (VEXUS) score to track dynamic change in volume status in patients undergoing fluid removal during haemodialysis – the ACUVEX study

BackgroundThe use of ultrasound assessment, including the Venous Excess Ultrasound (VEXUS) score, is increasingly being utilised as part of fluid status assessment in clinical practice. We aimed to evaluate the ability of the VEXUS score to track fluid removal during the course of the dialysis session and explore the relationship between traditional measures of fluid status and venous congestion.MethodsSingle-centre, observational study in patients undergoing intermittent haemodialysis, who presented above their target dry weight. Patients had serial assessment using VEXUS, lung ultrasound and selected echocardiographic measures, before, during and after fluid removal.ResultsAmongst 33 patients analysed, 5 (15%) had an elevated VEXUS score (> 0). There was no difference in starting weight, dry weight or amount of fluid removed in patients with a normal VEXUS score and those with an elevated VEXUS score. In all patients with elevated VEXUS scores, the degree of venous congestion improved during the course of fluid removal. All patients with an elevated VEXUS score had evidence of both right and left ventricular systolic impairment.ConclusionIn patients with ESRF undergoing haemodialysis, the incidence of venous congestion as measured by the VEXUS is low. In patients with elevated VEXUS scores, removal of fluid through haemodialysis improves the venous congestion score. The pattern of LV and RV systolic dysfunction suggests that VEXUS may be a reflection of cardiac failure rather than venous volume status.Trial registrationEthical approval was provided by South Central-Berkshire Research and Ethics Committee and registered on clinicaltrials.org (IRAS305720). Trial registration: ISRCTN14351189 – Retrospectively registered on 30/11/2023.

Prevalence and clinical outcomes of isolated or combined moderate to severe mitral and tricuspid regurgitation in patients with cardiac amyloidosis.

Evidence on the epidemiology and prognostic significance of mitral regurgitation (MR) and tricuspid regurgitation (TR) in patients with cardiac amyloidosis (CA) is scarce. Overall, 538 patients with either transthyretin (ATTR, n = 359) or immunoglobulin light-chain (AL, n = 179) CA were included at three Italian referral centres. Patients were stratified according to isolated or combined moderate/severe MR and TR. Overall, 240 patients (44.6%) had no significant MR/TR, 112 (20.8%) isolated MR, 66 (12.3%) isolated TR, and 120 (22.3%) combined MR/TR. The most common aetiologies were atrial functional MR, followed by primary infiltrative MR, and secondary TR due to right ventricular (RV) overload followed by atrial functional TR. Patients with isolated or combined MR/TR had a more frequent history of heart failure (HF) hospitalization and atrial fibrillation, worse symptoms, and higher levels of NT-proBNP as compared to those without MR/TR. They also presented more severe atrial enlargement, atrial peak longitudinal strain impairment, left ventricular (LV) and RV systolic dysfunction, and higher pulmonary artery systolic pressures. TR carried the most advanced features. After adjustment for age, sex, CA subtypes, laboratory, and echocardiographic markers of CA severity, isolated TR and combined MR/TR were independently associated with an increased risk of all-cause death or worsening HF events, compared to no significant MR/TR [adjusted HR 2.75 (1.78-4.24) and 2.31 (1.44-3.70), respectively]. In a large cohort of patients with CA, MR, and TR were common. Isolated TR and combined MR/TR were associated with worse prognosis regardless of CA aetiology, LV, and RV function, with TR carrying the highest risk.

Two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography in chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity in females with breast cancer

BackgroundCancer and cardiovascular diseases are the main causes of mortality worldwide. Although the incidence of cancer is rising, modern comprehensive management including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy led to decreased mortality, but also different cardiovascular complications. Conventional EF measurement fails to detect subtle changes in LV function, so a more sensitive tool is needed.MethodsThe study included 101 asymptomatic female patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer who received anthracycline ± trastuzumab-based chemotherapy regimen. A comprehensive echocardiographic examination was performed before receiving the chemotherapy (T0), at 3 months (T1), and at 6 months after (T2). All patients had pre-treatment normal LV EF. Asymptomatic CTRCD is defined as: severe if new LVEF reduction to < 40%, moderate if new LVEF reduction by ≥ 10 percentage points to an LVEF of 40–49% or new LVEF reduction by, 10 percentage points to an LVEF of 40– 49% and either new relative decline in GLS by .15% from baseline or new rise in cardiac biomarkers and mild if LVEF ≥ 50% and new relative decline in GLS by .15% from baseline and/or new rise in cardiac biomarkers. Symptomatic CTRCD is defined as: very severe if HF requiring inotropic support, mechanical circulatory support, or consideration of transplantation, severe if required hospitalization, moderate if required outpatient intensification of diuretic and HF therapy and mild if there are mild HF symptoms and no intensification of therapy required according to the latest ESC cardio oncology guidelines. The Lower reference value set for RV S’ was less than 10cm/s to define RV systolic dysfunction according to ASE guidelines.ResultsCTRCD occurred in 24 patients (25.5%) while RV systolic dysfunction was more common occurring in 37 patients (39.4%). LV GLS at (T1) (cut-off value < -15% with relative 12.5% reduction from the baseline value) was a strong predictor of CTRCD, but combining LV GLS with RV GLS & RV FWLS was the strongest (AUC = 0.947, sensitivity = 91.67%, specificity = 90%).ConclusionChemotherapy induces biventricular changes with more prevalent deterioration in RV values. Low LV & RV strain values at baseline together with reduction of these values after chemotherapy treatment can predict later CTRCD development. Combining LV GLS with RV GLS & FWLS values at (T1) is the strongest predictor of subsequent CTRCD.

Prognostic value of right ventricular free wall strain in patients with sepsis.

Right ventricular systolic dysfunction (RVSD) in patients with sepsis is an area of growing interest, but its prognostic significance remains unclear and additional tools are needed to improve our understanding. Right ventricular free wall strain (RV-FWS) is a relatively new parameter to assess RV function. This study aimed to investigate the potential correlation between impaired RV-FWS and prognostic outcomes in patients with sepsis. We prospectively assessed right ventricular function in patients with sepsis within the initial 24 h of their hospital admission. RV-FWS, right ventricular global strain (RV-GS), fractional area change (FAC), and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) were examined. RVSD was defined as impaired RV-FWS. Moreover, the association between RVSD and 30-day mortality rate was assessed. This study included 89 patients. Among them, 27 (30.3%) succumbed to their illness within 30 days. The nonsurviving patients demonstrated significantly lower absolute RV-FWS (-19.7% ± 2.4% vs. -21.1% ± 2.1%, P = 0.008) and RV-GS (-17.7% ± 1.2% vs. -18.4% ± 1.4%, P = 0.032) values than the surviving patients. However, TAPSE and FAC values were not significantly different between the two groups. The optimal cutoff values for RV-FWS, RV-GS, FAC, and TAPSE were -19.0%, -17.9%, 36.5%, and 1.55 cm, respectively. Kaplan-Meier survival curves revealed that patients with impaired RV-FWS and RV-GS demonstrated lower 30-day survival rates, and the predictive performance of RV-FWS (hazard ratio [HR]: 3.97, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.85-8.51, P < 0.001) was slightly higher than FAC and TAPSE. However, multivariable Cox regression analysis revealed no association between impaired RV-FWS and mortality outcomes (HR: 1.85, 95% CI: 0.56-6.14, P = 0.316). Impaired RV-FWS is not associated with short-term mortality outcomes, and RV strain imaging is of limited value in assessing the prognosis of sepsis.

Predictors of Atrial Arrhythmia in Adults with Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot.

Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), the most common cyanotic congenital heart disease in adults, has excellent long-term survival. However, many patients (30-45%) develop late arrhythmias. Previous studies have identified predictors of arrhythmia (atrial or ventricular) using clinical markers that predate arrhythmia onset by many years. Our objective was to develop a predictive model for incident atrial arrhythmias within two years of clinical evaluation and diagnostic testing. A single-center nested unmatched case-control study of 174 adults with repaired TOF. We included only patients with results from ECG and echocardiogram data in the required time interval (3-24 months before first arrhythmia for cases; 24 months of follow-up for controls). A predictive multivariable model for risk of incident atrial arrhythmia was developed using logistic regression with a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO). Of 41 demographic, surgical, and diagnostic variables, six were selected as having predictive value for atrial arrhythmia based on cross validation. The factors with the greatest predictive value in decreasing order were moderate / severe tricuspid regurgitation (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 149.42), QRS fragmentation (OR 28.08), severe pulmonary regurgitation (OR 8.22), RV systolic dysfunction (OR 2.95), 1st degree AV block (OR 2.59), and age at time of surgical repair (OR 1.02). Predictors for atrial arrhythmia in our study suggested abnormal right ventricle anatomical function and electrophysiologic properties (conduction and repolarization) as the primary underlying substrate.

Diagnostic Accuracy of Cardiac Point-of-Care Ultrasound in a Tertiary Medical Intensive Care Unit

Objective: Critical care echocardiography (CCE) is a useful tool for managing critically ill patients in intensive care. However, concerns exist regarding the accuracy of CCE examinations because of operator dependence. We sought to evaluate the accuracy of CCE examinations compared with cardiology-performed transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE). Design, Setting, and Subjects: We retrospectively reviewed charts of patients in a medical ICU in a large academic medical center in the United States. We compared CCE examinations performed by a fellow and reviewed by a staff physician between May 5, 2020, and December 31, 2021, to TTE obtained within 24 hours of the CCE examination. Intervention, Measurements, and Main Results: We developed a standardized process for documentation of all CCE examinations performed in the medical ICU. We assessed agreement (kappa statistic), sensitivity and specificity of CCE examination compared with TTE. Features included left ventricle (LV) systolic function, right ventricle (RV) size, RV systolic function, pericardial effusion, mitral insufficiency, tricuspid insufficiency, and aortic insufficiency. The study analyzed 504 pairs of CCE and TTE examinations. Kappa statistics for detecting LV and RV systolic dysfunction, pericardial effusion, and RV size ranged from 0.60 to 0.74. CCE showed high sensitivity and specificity for detecting LV and RV systolic dysfunction and pericardial effusion, with values ranging from 0.85 to 0.99. The kappa statistic for detecting RV dilation was 0.59, with a sensitivity of 0.71 and a specificity of 0.85. In contrast, CCE examinations were nondiagnostic for mitral, tricuspid, or aortic insufficiency in 60–70% of cases, whereas TTE examinations were nondiagnostic in 20–30% of cases. Kappa statistics for mitral, tricuspid, and aortic insufficiency ranged from 0.32 to 0.42. Conclusions: CCE is a reliable tool for assessing LV and RV systolic function, pericardial effusion, and RV size. However, CCE may be limited in its ability to detect mitral, tricuspid, or aortic insufficiency.

Assessment of pulmonary vascular resistance via doppler echocardiography in ischemic heart disease with reduced ejection fraction

Objectives: To determine pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) by echocardiography - Doppler; and evaluate the correlation between pulmonary vascular resistance and some variables such as left ventricular EF, PASP, TAPSE, and tissue S-wave of the tricuspid valve in patients with ischemic heart disease. Method: Observational study on 82 heart failure patients with reduce ejection fraction brought upon by ischemic heart disease, at the Cardiology Department of the University of Medicine and Pharmacy from 04/2016 - 05/2017. Results: The average PVR is 3.91 ± 1.85 WU. There was not significant difference between age and gender groups (p &gt; 0.05), but there was a statistically significant difference of PVR in patients with NYHA III and IV compared to NYHA I, II (p &lt; 0.05). When EF &lt; 30%, the rate of increased PVR is higher than the normal value (35.4 % vs 4.9%). There is a strong correlation between LVEF and PVR (r = - 0.545, p &lt; 0.001), especially when PVR &lt; 8 WU (r = - 0.618, p &lt; 0.001). When the PASP increases, the rate of increased PVR is higher than normal value (54.9% vs. 9.8%, p &lt; 0.001), with an enough correlation coefficient (r = 0.361, p &lt; 0.001). In patients with RV systolic dysfunction evaluated by TAPSE and S’ wave, there was a significant difference in the rate of increased PVR from the normal value (41.5% vs 1.2%; 34.1 vs 8.5%, p 0.001). PVR is closely correlated with TAPSE (r = -0.590; p &lt; 0.001) and is inversely correlated with S’ wave (r = -0.590; p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: Increased PVR is the primary mechanism for pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular dysfunction in patients with HFrEF brought upon by IHD. The evaluation of PVR in patients with left ventricular dysfunction by echocardiography is important in clinical practice

Performance of handheld ultrasound devices in diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension and right heart dysfunction in ICU patients.

The use of handheld ultrasonography devices (HHUD) has increased recently but there are limited data about their performance in the evaluation of right heart dysfunction (RHD) and pulmonary hypertension (PHT). The aim of the study is to compare the performance of a HHUD with a conventional ultrasound device (CUD) in assessing PHT and RHD. This single-center prospective study was performed in a seven-bed teaching hospital intensive care unit (ICU). PHT and RHD criteria were compared by HHUD and CUD. Additional PHT criteria and right ventricle (RV) systolic and diastolic dysfunction criteria were also measured. Forty-six patients were included in the study. There was no significant difference between the imaging rates and mean values of the parameters measured by both devices. When the positivity rates for additional PHT parameters and RHD criteria were compared, there were no significant differences between the devices. In Bland-Altman's analysis, there was good agreement and there was no bias between the measurements of the two devices but left ventricular end-systolic eccentricity index (LVSEI), right atrium area (RAA), and pulmonary artery diameter (PAD). Ninety percent of the patients had PHT probability, of whom 43% had a low, 37% had intermediate and 10% had a high probability of PHT. Ninety-two percent of the patients had RHD and there was no significant difference between the devices in the diagnosis of RHD (p=.212). When RV systolic and diastolic dysfunction evaluations of the devices were compared according to the British Society of Echocardiography (BSE) criteria there was no significant difference between the devices' measurements in the evaluation of systolic and diastolic function. The imaging and measurement capabilities of the HHUDs for PHT and RHD parameters were similar to CUDs, and considering the inconsistent parameters, the HHUD can be useful in diagnosing these problems.

Impact of graft reperfusion on cardiac function assessed by transesophageal echocardiography during liver transplantation: an observational retrospective study

Cardiovascular instability is common during the reperfusion phase of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), and some patients experience a postreperfusion syndrome (PRS). However, there are no reports comparing the cardiac dysfunction between patients with PRS and those without. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate cardiac dysfunction in patients exhibiting PRS. This observational retrospective study included 34 patients who underwent OLT and were monitored with transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). The right ventricular/left ventricular (RV/LV) end diastolic area, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) by Simpson method, pulsed Doppler of the mitral valve, and tissue Doppler motion of the mitral annulus were determined. Echocardiographic measurements were registered at the beginning of surgery and at 1 and 30 min after vascular unclamping. Patients with PRS (PRS group) were identified, and their echocardiographic parameters of ventricular function were compared with those in patients without PRS (non-PRS group). To check the evolution of diastolic-systolic dysfunction, general linear model-repeated measures were estimated. No patient presented systolic/diastolic dysfunction on the basal echocardiogram. One minute after vascular unclamping, the incidence of RV dilation was 4.5 times greater in patients with PRS (Cramer´s V > 0.6), and the incidence of RV systolic dysfunction was 62.5% in patients with PRS compared to 15.40% in patients without PRS (Cramer´s V = 0.45). The incidence of LV systolic dysfunction was 25% in patients with PRS compared to 0% in those without (Cramer´s V = 0.45), and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction was 4.8 times greater in patients with PRS (Cramer´s V = 0.45). No patient presented diastolic dysfunction type III. There were significant differences between groups in the evolutionary pattern at 1 and 30 min after unclamping for RV dilation (p = 0.008) and for TAPSE (p = 0.014). Liver graft reperfusion may alter cardiac function. Cardiac dysfunction was more frequent in patients with PRS. These patients exhibited temporary dysfunction of the RV associated with a varying degree of LV diastolic-systolic dysfunction. Trial registration: clinicaltrials.gov (NCT05175534). January 03, 2022; “retrospectively registered”.

Qp/Qs in ostium secundum atrial septal defect mitigates right ventricular dysfunction in patients with secondary pulmonary hypertension

Abstract Background Ostium-secundum atrial septal defect (OS-ASD) can potentially lead to pulmonary hypertension (PH) and associated right ventricle (RV) - pulmonary artery (PA) uncoupling. This, in turn, may eventually result in RV systolic dysfunction. Notwithstanding, whether the characteristics of the OS-ASD could mitigate this relationship is unclear. Purpose To evaluate a potential interaction of the OS-ASD shunt (Qp/Qs ratio) on the relationship with RV–PA coupling and RV systolic function in patients with secondary PH. Methods We designed a cross-sectional study of 63 adult patients with OS-ASD in which we performed a conventional transthoracic echocardiogram using Vivid 9X-clear equipment (GE Vingmed Ultrasound, Horten, Norway). We evaluated the OS-ASD shunt and other echocardiographic parameters, including the tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), the systolic pulmonary artery pressure (sPAP) ratio and the right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain (RVFWLS). Polynomic adjusted correlations were performed to model the relationship between the TAPSE/sPAP ratio and the RVFWLS, then we evaluated an interaction effect of the OS-ASD shunt (Qp/Qs ratio), respectively adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, body surface area and right atrial area. Results In our study, 49 (78%) subjects were male, with a mean age of 41.8 (±15) years; 7.94% (n=5) had mild PH, 42.9% (n=27) had moderate PH and 49.2% (n=31) had severe PH. Mean echocardiographic parameters were: TAPSE 24.5 (±5.1) mm , sPAP of 55.9 (±20.7) mmHg, TAPSE/sPAP 0.49 (±0.2) mm/mmHg, RVFWLS -25.6 (±6.6) % and Qp/Qs 2.9 (±0.9). We observed a quadratic relationship between the TAPSE/sPAP ratio and the RVFWLS (r=0.691, p &amp;lt; 0.001; Figure 1). OS-ASD shunt had a positive interaction effect (β=10.9, 95% CI: 2.09-19.6, p=0.018) on the relationship between TAPSE/sPAP and RVFWLS after adjusting for covariates (Figure 2). Conclusions In conclusion, in patients with OS-ASD, the RV systolic function decreases as the RV-PA uncoupling increases, as reflected in the quadratic regression between the TAPSE/sPAP and the RVFWLS. Moreover, the increase in OS-ASD shunt decreases RVFWLS values in relationship to the TAPSE/sPAP ratio as observed in the interaction model. These results could suggest that the OS-ASD characteristics could potentially mitigate RV dysfunction in patients with secondary PH.Figure 1.Quadratic regressionFigure 2.Interaction model

Significant disagreements between conventional functional metrics and 3D echocardiography-derived ejection fraction in the detection of right ventricular systolic dysfunction

Abstract Background The conventional echocardiographic parameters of the right ventricular (RV) systolic function (e.g., tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion - TAPSE, fractional area change – FAC, free wall longitudinal strain – FWLS) only partially portray the complex functional characteristics of the RV; therefore, they may fail to capture the full spectrum of RV dysfunction and associated adverse clinical outcomes. 3D echocardiography-derived RV ejection fraction (RVEF) is a well-validated and reproducible parameter that overcomes these limitations. Purpose We aimed to investigate the discordance between TAPSE, FAC, FWLS and RVEF in RV systolic function grading and associated outcomes. Methods Two retrospective databases from different centers including consecutive patients with various cardiac diseases who underwent clinically indicated 2D and 3D echocardiography (n=750) were analysed. Patients were followed up for the occurrence of all-cause mortality. RVEF was measured by a single, commercially available 3D software package. Guideline-recommended cut-off values were used to indicate RV systolic dysfunction (TAPSE&amp;lt;17 mm, FAC&amp;lt;35%, FWLS&amp;gt;-20%). RVEF &amp;lt;45% served as the "ground truth" of RV dysfunction. Results Among patients with normal RVEF (n=511), 109 (21%) had reduced TAPSE, 168 (33%) had reduced FAC, and 42 (8%) had reduced FWLS. Among patients with reduced RVEF (n=239), 109 (46%) had normal TAPSE, 61 (26%) had normal FAC, and 98 (41%) had normal FWLS. Correspondingly, sensitivity and specificity for discrimination of RV systolic dysfunction (RVEF&amp;lt;45%) were 66% and 70% for TAPSE, 71% and 76% for FAC, and 89% and 69% for FWLS on ROC analysis, respectively (Figure 1). During the median follow-up time of 3.5 years, 112 patients (15%) died. Using univariable Cox regression, TAPSE (HR [95% CI]: 0.911 [0.881 - 0.942]), FAC (0.940 [0.924 - 0.957]), FWLS (1.101 [1.071 - 1.133], and RVEF (0.928 [0.913 - 0.944]) were all significant predictors of mortality (p&amp;lt;0.001). Interestingly, combining the conventional functional measures based on how many of them indicate dysfunction shows that outcomes are the worst if at least two parameters are impaired and gradually better if only one or none of them (Kaplan-Meier curves, Figure 2, log-rank p&amp;lt;0.001). Conclusion Guideline-recommended cut-off values of conventional echocardiographic parameters of RV systolic function are only modestly associated with RVEF-based assessment. Impaired values of FWLS show the closest association with the RVEF cut-off. Our results emphasize a multiparametric approach in the assessment of RV function, especially, if 3D echocardiography is not available.Figure 1.Figure 2.

Cardiopulmonary exercise testing in repaired tetralogy of Fallot and supraventricular arrythmias

Abstract Background The arrhythmia burden in adult patients (Ps) with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is considerable, being a major late complication in repaired TOF. The incidence of atrial arrhythmias is relatively high and one of the main causes of morbidity. Our aim was to assess which cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) parameters best correlate with supraventricular arrythmias (SVA) to potentially improve identification of high-risk Ps. Methods A single-center retrospective analysis was performed from 2009 to 2018 on adult Ps with repaired TOF who underwent maximal CPET. Ambulatory ECG monitoring was used to analyze the arrhythmic profile. Demographics, standard measures of CPET interpretation, and major cardiovascular outcomes were collected. Multivariate analysis for the prediction of SVA was performed using Cox Regression, by including all statistically significant variables in the univariate analysis and those considered clinically relevant. Results CPET was performed in 63 repaired TOF Ps (57% male, mean age of 34 ± 9 years), with a mean follow-up of 60 ± 33 months. 56% Ps had severe pulmonary regurgitation and 48% Ps underwent pulmonary valve replacement (PVR). Supraventricular arrhythmias occurred in 12 Ps (19%), mainly atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter (67%). There were no statistically significant differences regarding the clinical profile and baseline CPET parameters between both groups, namely: age (p=0.113), male gender proportion (p=0.581), proportion of Ps who underwent PVR (p=0.578), RV systolic dysfunction prevalence (p=0.854) and peak oxygen uptake (p=0.083). VE/VCO2 slope was an independent predictor of SVA (HR 1.41, CI 95% 1.08-1.84, p=0.012). Exercise capacity assessed by estimated metabolic equivalents (METS), as well as the peak heart rate (PHR) during exercise (HR 0.86, CI 95% 0.76-0.96, p=0.007), revealed a protective effect regarding SVA (HR 0.71, CI 95% 0.51-0.98, p=0.045). Neither peak oxygen uptake (p=0.090) nor cardiorespiratory optimal point (p=0.427) showed statistically significant correlation with SVA during follow-up. Ps with a PHR above 165 bpm had a significantly higher survival free of SVA (log-rank p=0.045). Conclusion In our population, VE/VCO2 slope was an independent predictor of SVA during follow-up, while both a higher PHR and a higher exercise capacity had a protective effect. CPET could be an accessible way of improving risk-stratification of TOP Ps and should therefore be included in their routine assessment.

Determinants of right ventricular systolic dysfunction among patients with left heart failure in a Ghanaian hospital.

The presence of right ventricular dysfunction affects outcomes in patients with left heart failure. We assessed the determinants of right ventricular systolic dysfunction (RVSD) among patients with left heart failure presenting to the Korle Bu Teaching Hospital of Ghana. Consecutive patients with left heart failure who were 18 years and above were prospectively enrolled and assessed for evidence of RVSD by measuring the tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, the peak velocity of the tricuspid annulus in systole (RV S'), the two-dimensional right ventricular fractional area change (RV FAC) and the right ventricular myocardial performance index (RV MPI). Two hundred and seventy participants were enrolled, of whom 75.2% had at least one abnormal index of right ventricular systolic function. The prevalence of RVSD was significantly higher among those with non-hypertensive heart failure (85.3 vs 66.0%, p < 0.001). The left ventricular outflow tract velocity-time integral (LVOT VTI) was strongly correlated with the RV FAC and an LVOT VTI < 9.8 cm predicted the presence of an RV FAC < 35% with a sensitivity of 81.5% and specificity of 81.9% [area under the curve 0.882; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.838-0.926, p < 0.001]. Independent predictors of the presence of RVSD included a transmitral E/A > 2 [odds ratio (OR) = 4.684, 95% CI: 1.521-14.428, p = 0.007), left ventricular ejection fraction < 40% (OR = 4.205, 95% CI: 1.643-10.760, p = 0.003), pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) ≥ 35 mmHg (OR = 2.434, 95% CI: 1.012-5.852, p = 0.047) and systemic systolic blood pressure (SBP) < 140 mmHg (OR = 2.631, 95% CI: 1.152-6.011, p = 0.022). RVSD was common in these Ghanaian patients with left heart failure. Left ventricular function, SBP and PASP were independent predictors of the presence of RVSD. Pending further validation, the LVOT VTI may serve as a useful surrogate or screening tool for RVSD in these patients.

Abstract 12370: Atrial Fibrillation and Atrial Remodeling Deteriorates Right Heart Function With Preserved LV Function in LKB1 f/f /ANF Cre+ Mice

Introduction: Atrial fibrillation (AF) and right ventricular dysfunction(RVD) are each highly prevalent in heart failure (HF) patients; their co-existence represents a severe HF phenotype. AF and RVD in HF are respectively attributed to left atrial remodeling and pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease. Yet clinical studies have found that AF, not pulmonary pressure, is independently associated with RVD in HF. These findings suggest the possibility that AF can cause RV dysfunction. Hypothesis: Atrial fibrillation can cause progressive RV dysfunction even in the absence of pulmonary hypertension. Methods: We created an atrial-specific LKB1 knockdown (atrial-LKB1 KD) by injecting AAV9-ANF-Cre retro-orbitally into adult male LKB1 fl/fl mice (age 8 wks). Echocardiography and telemetry were performed at 4- and 12- weeks post AAV9-ANF-Cre. At 12-weeks post-AAV injection, both right ventricular and left ventricular pressure- volume loop recordings were performed. Histological and molecular analyses were also performed at study endpoint. LKB1 fl/fl mice (Cre-) were used as controls (CTL). Results: At 12 wks post-injection, the incidence of AF with atrial remodeling was 100% in atrial-LKB1 KD. Echocardiography revealed RV systolic dysfunction by RV FAC (50.72% vs. 60.45%, p&lt;0.05) and TAPSE (0.89mm vs. 1.15mm, p&lt;0.05) in atrial-LKB1 KD vs. CTL. In contrast, LV FS were comparable between atrial-LKB1 KD and CTL. (40.4% vs. 42%, p=0.38). Atrial-LKB1 KD demonstrated abnormal RV-pulmonary arterial coupling, increased RV systolic pressure, and preserved LV function following atrial remodeling. Expression of genes related to remodeling and inflammation were upregulated in the RV of atrial-LKB1 KD. Compared to that of CTL, RV expression level of Nppb was 3.4-fold higher (p&lt;0.05) and IL1β was 7.1 fold higher (p&lt;0.05) in atrial-LKB1 KD. Conclusions: Our findings strongly suggest that atrial fibrillation alone can cause RV dysfunction with concomitant preserved LV function. Remodeling and inflammation of the RV but not LV in the atrial-LKB1 KD also suggests that the right heart is more vulnerable than the left heart to AF-induced dysfunction.

Prognostic Value of Right Ventricular Longitudinal Shortening Fraction in Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A Prospective Echocardiography Study

Background: Right ventricular systolic dysfunction (RVsD) frequently occurs in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). However, the diagnosis depends on the echocardiographic parameters to define RVsD. Right ventricle longitudinal shortening fraction (RV-LSF) is an accurate and reproducible two-dimensional speckle tracking parameter associated with clinical events in various pathologies.Objective: The aim of the study is to evaluate the association between RVsD and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) occurrence in a cohort of STEMI patients.Methods: Adult STEMI patients admitted to Amiens University Hospital's cardiovascular intensive care unit between May 2021 and November 2022, who underwent coronary angiography and TTE within 48 hours of admission, were included. RVsD was defined as RV-LSF < 20%. The primary outcome was MACE occurrence, including heart failure, myocardial infarction, stroke, and death within six months of admission. Multivariable Cox regression analysis with proportional hazard ratio (HR) models assessed the association between RVsD and MACE.Results: Among the 164 included patients, 72 (44%) had RVsD, and 92 (56%) did not. The RVsD group had a significantly higher proportion of MACE during the six-month follow-up (n = 23/72, 33%) than the no-RVsD group (n = 8/92, 9%; P = 0.001). RVsD showed an independent association with MACE at six months (HR=3.1, 95% CI [1.35-7.30], P=0.008). Left ventricular ejection fraction < 40 % and TIMI score > 4 were independently associated with RVsD (odds ratio = 2.80, 95% CI [1.34-5.98] and OR=2.15, 95% CI [1.18-4.39 respectively]; P = 0.015). The cumulative risk of MACE at six months was 33% for RV-LSF < 20% and 9% for RV-LSF ≥ 20% (log-rank test P < 0.001).Conclusion: RVsD, defined by RV-LSF < 20%, is associated with an increased risk of MACE after STEMI.