Right To Life Research Articles

Can groups have human rights

Some groups have legal rights. But can any group have a human right? Can any group possess a right to existence and self-determination that is equivalent in meaning and force to an individual's right to life and liberty? I present a basic objection to the idea that groups can have human rights and show how this objection can be answered. The objection is embodied in what I call the Substitution Argument. If the justification for a group human right must make reference to values that the group is supposed to achieve, and if it is always possible for another group to achieve the same values, it follows that no group can have a human right. I compare this argument to the problem of replaceability that troubles philosophical literature about love and explain how reasons for insisting that objects of love or friendship are irreplaceable can be used as a strategy for defeating the Substitution Argument. I apply my defence of group rights to the case of Kiribati, an island nation that is about to be swamped by the effects of climate change. The people of Kiribati, I argue, have a right to maintain the existence of their nation and those responsible for their predicament have a duty to provide it with a new home. Language: en

A língua brasileira de sinais como instrumento para inserção do surdo nas instituições de ensino

Objetivo: O objetivo principal deste trabalho é verificar como se dá a inclusão do aluno surdo nas instituições de ensino. Para os alcances dos objetivos propostos será realizada uma revisão narrativa da literatura. Revisão bibliográfica: A Constituição Federal de 1988 diz que todos são iguais perante a lei, não podendo haver distinção de qualquer natureza, sendo garantidos o direito à vida, à liberdade, à igualdade, à segurança e à propriedade, enfatizando também a proibição de qualquer tipo de discriminação. Dentre a legislação que permeia a comunidade surda, a Lei 10.436/2002 e o Decreto 5.626/2005, são considerados os principais marcos da luta pelos direitos desses indivíduos. A Lei 12.319/2010, que regulamenta a profissão de Tradutor e Intérprete da Língua Brasileira de Sinais (ILS), é de extrema relevância para que se promova uma inclusão efetiva do surdo nos âmbitos sociais. Considerações finais: Apesar de existirem diversas legislações que favorecem a inclusão da pessoa surda, ainda a muito que se conquistar para a efetivação dos direitos desses indivíduos, sendo o ILS um agente imprescindível no processo de inclusão e para um efetivo aprendizado.

‘We condemn abusing violence against women’. The criminalization of domestic violence in Poland: „Potępiamy nadużywanie przemocy wobec kobiet”. O kryminalizacji przemocy domowej w Polsce

One can often hear Polish politicians saying there is no violence against women in Poland, since Polish men respect their women and women hold a strong position in Polish culture. The conviction rates for domestic abuse in Poland are indeed low, though the attrition rates are high. Every year, for approximately 75,000 registered cases of domestic violence, there are roughly 10,000 convictions. Most of the prison sentences are conditionally suspended. Protective orders or other punitive measures are seldom handed down. There is a visible reluctance on the part of the criminal justice system to punish and correct domestic abusers. One of the reasons is that domestic abuse provisions in the Polish Penal Code (Article 207 of the Polish Penal Code from 1997) criminalises a very different behaviour than is defined in the Counteracting Family Violence Act from 2005. Another, possibly even greater, reason is the culture of sentencing (both in general and of domestic abuse) within the Polish judiciary and the very strong conservatism of Polish decision-makers and society. The protection of family values by legislators and the judiciary is often enforced at the expense of the victims’ right to life and to a life free from violence. This article discusses the Polish system for preventing domestic violence, which was set up in 2005 and the construction and jurisprudence of crime described in Article 207 of the Polish Penal Code. In particular, the question of culpability raises many problems when it comes to prosecution. First, we must compare Article 207 with the definition of ‘family violence’ specified inthe Counteracting Family Violence Act and the Istanbul Convention. Then, I will explain how such an understanding and interpretation of Article 207 translates into the dynamics of sentencing and penal decision-making and the virtual ineffectiveness of both penal provisions (the lack of deterrent effect) and the system of counteracting family violence designed by lawmakers.

Violating the Fundamental Rights to Life, Liberty and Security of the Person: Bill C-2 and its Implications on Supervised Consumption Sites in Canada

In 2015, the Conservative federal government passed Bill C-2, the Respect for Communities Act⏤amending the requirements of applications for exemption from the Canadian Controlled Drugs and Substances Act. These exemptions allowed for supervised consumption sites to legally operate within Canada. The guiding principle behind such services is to promote and protect health through a variety of means, such as: reducing incidence rates of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Hepatitis C, and other sexually-transmitted and blood-borne infections; and reducing mortality rates from substance overdose. The reform sought to regulate the exemption application, however, it created an onerous process which made it substantially more difficult to obtain exemptions. The bill was a direct outcome of the ruling of Canada (Attorney General) v. PHS Community Services Society due to the failure by the then Minister of Health, Tony Clement, to grant an extension to Insite, Canada’s first legally-exempted supervised consumption site. Within two years, another bill was introduced in an attempt to remove unnecessary barriers created by Bill C-2. As a result of the swift amendments to Bill C-2, there was no formal evaluation conducted to assess the impacts of this reform. Many opponents of Bill C-2 argued that this legislation made it more difficult to develop new or maintain existing supervised consumption sites and as a result violated the rights of the users of these services. En 2015, le gouvernement federal a adopte le projet de loi C-2, aussi connu sous le nom de la Loi sur le respect des collectivites. Cette loi modifiait les criteres pour la demande d’exemption de la Loi reglementant certaines drogues et autres substances. Cette exemption rendait possible l’operation legale des sites de consommation supervisee, qui visent a reduire les taux de mortalite dus aux surdoses. La reforme avait pour but de reglementer les demandes d’exemption. Or, cette reforme a cree un processus d’application ardu qui a rendu l’acces a ces exemptions considerablement plus difficile. Le projet de loi C-2 est survenu en reaction au verdict qui a ete rendu lors du proces Canada (AG) c. PHS. Le refus par le Ministre de la sante, Tony Clement d’accorder une extension a Insite (le premier site de consommation supervisee au Canada) a conduit la Cour supreme a rendre un verdict qui imposait au gouvernement la codification d’un processus d’exemption formel. Deux ans apres C-2, un autre projet de loi a ete adopte afin de remedier aux barrieres inutiles imposees par le projet de loi C-2. En consequence des modifications rapides au projet de loi C-2, les repercussions de cette reforme n’ont jamais ete formellement evaluees. Plusieurs adversaires du projet de loi C-2 soutenaient que cette legislation violait les droits des usagers des sites de consommation supervisee car elle rendait la creation de nouveaux sites et l’entretien d’anciens sites plus difficiles.

THOUGHTS ON RIGHT TO LIFE

Makale yaşam hakkını farklı bir bakış açısı ile ele almayı amaçlamaktadır. Modernite hayatı, ölüm üzerinden anlamak yerine yaşam üzerinden anlamaya odaklanmıştır. Yaşam hakkı, pozitif iktidarın beden siyaseti için biçilmiş bir kaftandır. Yaşam, modernitede bütün toplumsal alanı kuşatan temel kavram haline getirilince, hukukun en temel koruma alanı olarak ön plana çıkmıştır. Beden siyasetini göz önüne almadan yaşam hakkını anlamak ise kaçınılmaz olarak eksik kalır. Akademik bir disiplin olarak insan haklarının ve tabi ki insan hakları hukukunun en temel ilgi alanı da yaşam olmuştur. Yaşam hakkı, Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi’nde (AİHS), temel kurucu hak olarak yer alır. Sözleşmenin 2. maddesinde düzenlenen hakkın, sözleşmenin yürürlüğü girişinden günümüze, içtihatlar dolayımıyla kapsamı bir hayli genişletilmiştir. İçtihatların güçlü etkisiyle sözleşmenin durağan bir metin olmaktan çıkıp dinamik bir içerik kazandığı söylenebilir. Yine bu sayede sözleşmenin yeni ortaya çıkan durumlara kendisini uyarladığını söylemek gerekir. Son olarak belirtmek gerekir ki sözleşme metninde yer almamakla birlikte, kürtaj, ötanazi gibi birçok konu içtihatlarda tartışılmıştır.

Environmental Justice: Linking Human Rights and the Environment

This study outlines the international legal regime on environmental protection and then examines the link between the environment and human rights by reference to the applicaion of human rights law as a legal remedy for environmental issue. Several decades ago, Public International Law not concerned with environmental protecion. The Stockholm conference of 1972 and subsequent international instruments have enriched the international community on the subject. Undoubtedly environmental rights are self executing and they need positive State intervention for their fulfillment. The human fights both procedural and substantive human rights, found in the international Bill of Rights are being applied in relation to environmental issues. The procedural rights must be distinguished from substantive rights recognized in international human rights instruments such as the right to life, the right to health or the right to decent standard of living. The invocatin of substantive human rights in relation to environmental issues has become popular at the national level. The efforts made by Sri Lanka and several South Asian countries are of considerable value. The right to a healthy environment on the other hand denotes the identification of a separate indepedent human right not dependent on existing human rights in the incorporation of a human right to healthy environment into the fundamental rights chapter of our Constitution.

INDIAN APPROACH TOWARDS RIGHT TO LIFE WITH REFERENCE TO WATER AND SANITATION

Water is the essence of life. It is the most substantial substance of earth. Living organism – be it plants or animals require water for survival. Non-availability of water is equal to denial of right to life. It is rightly said “no water – no life”. Hence, any disavowal of water would imply a denial of right to life. Closely connected to water is right to sanitation facilities. Water and sanitation are essentially about access to clean water, basic sanitation and good hygiene practices, all of which are essential to human development. People of various countries including India is facing water crisis and adequate sanitation facilities in different parts. The right to water and sanitation facilities are not enshrined in the Indian Constitution as an explicit Fundamental Right but the Indian Judiciary, both at the state as well as at the centre, has in several judgments interpreted Article 21 of the Constitution to include a right to clean and sufficient water, a right to adequate sanitation, a right to a decent and well life, a right to live with dignity and with peace, and a right to a humane and healthy environment which would certainly imply a right to water and sanitation to all the members of the society especially human beings. The government has schemes and policies to provide water and sanitation to their citizen as basic right for survival but there are reasons which shows that the people still faces some problem related to the water. The present article interwove right to clean water and sanitation with a base in human rights. It tries to include different existing perspectives regarding the impact of its international recognition as a human right and rights given under Indian Constitution. Through this paper author tries to discuss about the steps of judiciary related to the water and sanitation issues in India. Finally, author concludes the paper with the urgency and challenge of monitoring the human right to clean water and sanitation

Changing perspectives on natural resource heritage, human rights, and intergenerational justice

ABSTRACTThis paper observes how the social, political and legal life of rights continues to evolve in response to growing natural resource scarcity and deteriorating climate conditions worldwide. In particular, it assesses the type of interpretive repertoires actors bring to bear on issues of justice between generations and human rights eligibility, documenting arguments put forward in defense, as well as against assigning a rights status to those not yet born. It notes how scientific research documenting the ‘forcing effects’ of escalating atmospheric pollution on long-term planetary wellbeing triggers a new conversation on the limits of traditional approaches to environmental justice and highlights the need to consider once again how a more long-term perspectivism on duties, rights and responsibilities can be institutionally applied.

Thoughts on the relation between the right to life and the reasons for excluding criminal responsibility

A modern polgári demokratikus berendezkedésű államokban az élethez való jog alkotmányos alapjog, mely a legnagyobb értéket, az emberi életet védi. Bár e jog elismerése és védelme megkérdőjelezhetetlen a modern társadalmakban, mégis számos esetben merülhet fel az élethez való jog korlátozhatóságának problematikája.
 Munkámban arra a kérdésre kerestem a választ, hogy az élethez való jog a jogellenességet kizáró okok tükrében korlátozható alapjognak tekinthető-e, avagy sem. Miután megvizsgáltam e jog megjelenését az Alkotmányban, illetve az Alaptörvényben, illetve megvizsgáltam a kapcsolatát a jogos védelemmel és a végszükséggel, arra jutottam, hogy ezek a jogellenességet kizáró okok kétség kívül az élethez való jog korlátait jelentik. 
 Az Alaptörvény újítása, hogy a jogos védelmet alapjogi szintre emelte. Az Alkotmány és a régi Btk. hatálya alatt sem volt vitás, hogy az élet ellen irányuló jogtalan támadás a támadó életének kioltása árán is elhárítható. A problémát az jelenti, ha az egymásnak feszülő jogi érdekek, a védett jogi tárgyak heterogének, mely eset fennállhat a tisztán vagyon elleni támadások esetén. Különösen problematikus az új Btk. által bevezetett szituációs jogos védelemnek az az esete, mely felhatalmazást ad a lakásba éjjel történő jogtalan behatolás esetén a behatoló életének kioltására. Mivel ebben az esetben nem tisztázott, hogy a támadás az élet, avagy a vagyoni javak ellen irányul, véleményem szerint helyesebb lett volna meghagyni a bírói szabad mérlegelés lehetőségét.
 A végszükséggel kapcsolatban a bizonyos hivatást űző személyek megítélése a problematikus, ugyanis a törvény kizárja e jog hatálya alól azokat, akiknek a veszély vállalása foglalkozásuknál fogva kötelességük. Tekintettel arra, hogy mind a jogos védelem, mind a végszükség megengedhetőségének indoka az, hogy az emberi természettel összeegyeztethető, jómagam nem látom indokát annak, hogy ebből a jogból bárki is ki legyen zárva.

Abortion and the right to life.

Abortion and the right to life.

Water for Life: Does the Right to Life Include Access to Water? A Discussion of the Overlapping Aspects of the Right to Water and the Right to Life

The interdependence of civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights can be illustrated by considering the right to life (RtL) in an expansive way to include access to the necessities vital to sustain life such as access to water. The little explored relationship between the RtL and water access will be dealt with in this paper. The discussion of the eco-social nature of the RtL has a central relevance for the protection of economic, social and cultural rights generally, given that a broader interpretation of the right is preferable on a modern understanding of the indivisibility of rights. If access to water is included as a component of the RtL, two further questions arise which seek to be answered by this paper. Firstly, what is the meaning of water under the RtL and secondly, what is the relationship between the RtL and the Right to Water (RtW). This papers main thesis is that the RtL must be read in an expansive way to include access to basic necessities for survival consistent with a modern understanding of human rights. However, this has to be read within the definition of the right and means water for basic human needs. Although the RtL has an underlying role to play in ensuring minimal water access, given the difference in the normative content of the RtL and RtW, a mere survival approach does not match the normative goal of human rights. In this case specifically the RtW to achieve an adequate standards of living. Therefore, the core obligations are a way to realise the RtW, which engages more explicitly with the values behind the right. Subsequently, to adequately protect all that is at stake for water there is a need for a freestanding RtW, which cannot be replaced by reading water as a component of the RtL. These conclusions, within the confides of the current international human rights system are not without there tensions.

A Autonomia Decisória na Defesa pelo Direito de Morrer com Dignidade

This article aims to verify the possibility that the terminal patient, provided with decisional autonomy, can claim the right to die with dignity. To achieve the intent, it was done a bibliographic exploratory-explanatory research, qualitative, using the deductive method. Concluding that, even if the subject is polemic, the decisional autonomy deserves to be considered, including in the execution of the right to die with dignity, since it is intended to safeguard the human being in the most intimate aspects of one’s life and, because, choose the death with dignity doesn’t mean to give up from the right to life.

Collective right to life and new social justice: the case of the bolivian indigenous movement

Para explorar o interesse atual em novos direitos coletivos e comunitários que surgiram através de lutas coletivas, tirando os limites da perspectiva do liberalismo como solução para os desequilíbrios sistêmicos como a violência atual e a desigualdade, sugerimos o caso da Bolívia, portanto do pluralismo político e dos direitos comunitários. Para nós, este caso é importante para se refletir sobre a emergência de novos direitos coletivos focando nos aspectos humanos e inspirado nas perspectivas de boa vida e dos bens comuns com base na justiça social e igualitarismo. O caso dos bolivianos nos ajuda a refletir sobre os limites de direitos privados capitalistas para governar a atual complexidade das sociedades globais.

Do Super PACs Forfeit First Amendment Rights When They Restructure as Hybrid PACs?: The Implications of Vermont Right to Life Committee, Inc. v. Sorrell

Placeholder.

Right to Service: A Critical Preview

Basic services are so important for our well-being that everyone of us in the Society expects to have free access to them. People think it to be their basic right. There are libraries which do not contain every book but they still provide free access to people for possessing knowledge. We have free basic healthcare for which hospitals are there. These hospitals do not provide every treatment but they still save people’s lives. We have free basic education where every child has access to go to schools. Right to Decent Loos has recently been upheld especially for women who are outdoors. They have right to have safe and clean toilet, right to live with human dignity. Right to pee has thus become a National priority. And in 21 st century, people also deserve access to free delivery of the Basic Services in a “Set Time-Frame” without paying any penny. This is what is called the “Right to Service”. Maharashtra State in India had Right to Services Act known as “Maharashtra Government Servants Regulation of Transfer and Prevention of delay in Discharge of Official Duties Act-2005”. Rules for implementation of this act were notified in 2013. Taken together with its rules, no officer can “Delay” a response to a Citizen’s Application, Representation, or Complaint for over 90 days. The tragedy, however, is that the government bodies are still not cognizant of this people-friendly notification. Citizens too are not aware of this Act. Hence, the severity of the Act is still not realized.

Libertà e sicurezza in Europa in materia di migrazione e asilo: profili giuridici sull’immigrazione nell’ordinamento europeo

Abstract – The author examines, from a legal point of view, the widespread phenomenon of migration in the EU Treaty and its legal acts. In pursuant to article 3 of the Treaty, “the Union shall offer its citizen an area of liberty, security and justice”, migration and related issues affect a series of fundamental rights belonging to different people who have different interests: for migrants these are, the right to entry, the right to stay, the duty to meet analytical entrance requirements; whereas for the local population they concern the right to live peacefully and in a safe condition. More specifically, this article illustrates the EU Directives regulating migration, giving emphasis to a methodology according to which EU migration acts have to be applied and interpreted striking a balance between the principle/right of liberty of migrants and the principle/right of security of the EU community.

HAK HIDUP ANAK DALAM KANDUNGAN DI LUAR PERKAWINAN YANG SAH DALAM PANDANGAN HAK ASASI MANUSIA

This study to determine examine low the right to be life of unborn children outside of marriage are legitimate. This type of research in the scientific work is normative in this case used statue approach to obtain accurate data respect to the focus of this scientific work. This results showed that right to life of unborn child statue approach. Instrument international universal declaration of human Right year1948 and instrument national Act No 39 year 1999. That the right to life even attached to the baby protect, responsible state in providing protection to children

Whose Right to What Life? Assisted Suicide and the Right to Life as a Fundamental Right

Whose Right to What Life? Assisted Suicide and the Right to Life as a Fundamental Right

ANÁLISE HERMENÊUTICA DA ORTOTANÁSIA: APLICAÇÃO DOS MÉTODOS DE INTERPRETAÇÃO DA NORMA CONSTITUCIONAL À MORTE DIGNA

When one is facing cases of terminally ill patients, to which there are no skilled therapeutic resources to contain or bring healing to the disease, orthothanasia is presented as a set of medical practices aimed at leading to such patients entitled death with dignity. This article aims to analyze how orthothanasia must be assimilated before the different acting techniques applicable to constitutional rule, basedon the principles of human dignity, freedom and the right to life. It was used the deductive method, analytical, dogmatic philosophical-legal approach and also zeteticthrough indirect documentation to arrive at the conclusions found by the study ofhermeneutical methods applied to the Federal Constitution of 1988, which allowedthe consideration that orthothanasia is legally compatible with the Brazilian constitutional system in place.

Legal guarantees for the protection of the rights to life and to health care of the child extracted alive as a result of abortion

The article has been subjected to peer review, and has been prepared in connection with the appeal of the Representation of the Russian Orthodox Church in Strasbourg SUMMARY: 1. Problem description - 2. State of Russian Legislation regulating of the legal status of the child extracted alive as a result of abortion - 3. Legal basis for the recognition of human dignity and the right to life of the child extracted alive as a result of abortion - 4. Legal guarantees of recognition of the right to life and human dignity of the child extracted alive as a result of abortion and emergency medical care in foreign legislation - 5. Conclusions.