Right Side Of Screen Research Articles

Effect of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on an Individual’s Ability to Learn to Control a Brain-Computer Interface

Purpose: Brain-computer interfaces (BCI) are systems which enable direct communication between a brain and an external device by translating electrical brain activity into meaningful output. This technology can be used by individuals with motor impairments to interact and communicate with their external environment. BCIs based upon manipulating the sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) through motor imagery have lengthy learning periods, which present a significant barrier to using this technology. We hypothesize that this learning period will be significantly reduced by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), which temporarily augments cortical excitability.Methods: Participants were assigned into two groups - the experimental group, which received tDCS, and a control group, which received sham stimulation. Following tDCS, the participants used a SMR-based BCI to move a falling ball to hit targets that appeared on the left or right side of screen. The effect of tDCS was assessed by comparing the overall task accuracy and the SMR change during motor imagery between the two groups .Results: The experimental group was significantly more accurate in controlling the BCI than the control group (p = 0.021); however, there was no significant difference between groups in the SMR change upon motor imagery (p = 0.22). Conclusions. tDCS can be used to improve the performance of healthy individuals learning to use an SMR-based BCI.

A case study of developing gaze controlled interface for users with severe speech and motor impairment

BACKGROUND: People with severe speech and motor impairment (SSMI) often depend on electronic user interfaces for communication, learning and many other daily activities. However, these interfaces are often designed assuming the preference and ease of use of end users for different screen regions is the same for people with SSMI as their able bodied counterparts. This paper presents a user study to evaluate whether users can undertake pointing and selection tasks faster if screen elements are organized at their preferred positions. OBJECTIVE: To compare pointing and selection times in an eye gaze controlled interface between two conditions – screen elements randomly organized vs screen elements organized according to preference of users in terms of specific screen locations. METHODS: We designed a word construction game using familiar 4-letter words and users were instructed to select the correct letters to construct words. We compared total times required to construct each correct word. RESULTS: Users with SSMI can statistically significantly construct words faster [F(1,195) = 31.04, p< 0.01, η2= 0.14] when letters were organized at their preferred screen positions than random organization. CONCLUSIONS:Users with SSMI prefer middle and right side of screen more than the left side. Pointing and selection times in a gaze controlled interface can be significantly reduced by presenting screen elements at the preferred positions.

W・K・バルトンが濃尾地震後に大垣で撮影した写真と撮影地点について

This article considered the photograph which W. K. Burton photographed after the Nobi earthquake in Ogaki of the stricken area, and following points become clear. The photograph which Burton photographed after the Nobi earthquake in Ogaki has 2 pieces of photograph (1) and photograph (2) put in “THE GREAT ERTHQUAKE IN JAPAN, 1891.”, 4 pieces of photograph (3)～(6) which was put in the Imperial Household Agency without being put in that book, I can confirm 6 pieces of existence in total at least. In photograph (1), Tenjinsya and its south side site were photographed, looked to the north-northwest direction on the municipal road of east side of the Tenjinsya, at Shinmachi in Ogaki city. Photograph (2), Burton looked to the northwest direction from the Tenjinsya neighboring site and photographed fried lost territory, Ogaki Castle, Ikeda mountains of the rear. Photograph (3), (4), he turned to the north from the Tenjin bridge southern coast and photographed the ruin of a fire of Jyoren-ji temple. Photograph (5), he overlooked the east side from Ogaki Castle tower and photographed it, and the Western-style building on the right side of screen is equal to the building of photograph (6). Photograph (6), he overlooked the former Rokugai-gakko school at Kuruwamachi and photographed it from the east bank of the moat.

Navigation Buttons in Web-Based Surveys: Respondents� Preferences Revisited in the Laboratory

Proper placement of navigation buttons in Web-based surveys is critical to collecting high-quality data and reducing respondent burden. While previous studies have measured drop-off rates, keystrokes, and survey completion times as they relate to the position of the Next and Previous navigation buttons, none to date has examined user performance with self-rated user satisfaction and eye tracking. In this study, we manipulated the placement of the navigation buttons ( Next, Previous ; left or right side of screen) in a Web-based survey. Based on pilot data, we hypothesized that people would look at the right button sooner than the left button and expect it to be Next. We found that people in fact looked at the left button sooner than the right button but that they learned where the primary navigation button was as they progressed through the survey. Notably, people were more satisfied and expressed more preference for Next to be to the right of Previous. Designers and developers of Web-based surveys should design in ways that match the end users’ expectations, and here we demonstrate that users expect the primary navigation button, Next, to be to the right of Previous .

Beach lifeguards: visual search patterns, detection rates and the influence of experience

Lifeguard surveillance is critical to any water safety program. This study determined the rates of detection of a 'drowning' individual by beach lifeguards, and whether scanning patterns differed between groups of lifeguards (experienced/less experienced, male/females, surf/non-surf). It was hypothesized that (1) Experienced lifeguards would perform better and produce less fixations of longer duration than inexperienced; (2) A greater detection rate would be seen in a 'biased' compared to a 'non-biased' condition; (3) There would be no differences between the surf compared to non-surf lifeguards, and male compared to female lifeguards with regard to scanning patterns or detection rates. A mobile eye tracker was worn by each lifeguard (n = 69, 52 males, 17 females) as they watched 12 min of animated beach footage projected onto a screen in two conditions: a. 'Non-biased' (uniform scene). b. 'Biased' (uniform scene with presumed 'rip' on right side of screen). The lifeguards were informed that at any point during the 12 min a person may or may not disappear and to highlight if and where, a person disappeared. Unknown to the participants, a person always disappeared after 10 min at the same position within, but not between, conditions. Data were analysed using anova, t-tests and binary logistic regression. Experienced lifeguards were five times (p < 0.05) more likely to detect the drowning individual than inexperienced lifeguards. There were no significant differences between the visual search patterns of the groups between 2 and 10 min. The detection rates averaged 16% in the non-biased condition and 29% in biased conditions (p < 0.1), probably because lifeguards searched more on the right of the water. Furthermore, 40% (biased) and 42% (non-biased) did not detect the person disappearing, even though they fixated in the correct location in the 3.5 s before the person completely disappeared. This suggests that some lifeguards may have fixated on, but not processed, relevant visual data ('looked at but not seen'). 25% (biased) and 36% (non-biased) of the lifeguards did not fixate in the location of the person disappearing, but were able to identify their disappearance. Visual search patterns used by lifeguards can be altered by instruction and detection rates improve as a consequence. Peripheral vision is used effectively by some lifeguards, but cue extraction may be problematic for others.

The impact of reading and writing skills on a visuo-motor integration task: A comparison between illiterate and literate subjects

Previous studies have shown a significant association between reading skills and the performance on visuo-motor tasks. In order to clarify whether reading and writing skills modulate non-linguistic domains, we investigated the performance of two literacy groups on a visuo-motor integration task with non-linguistic stimuli. Twenty-one illiterate participants and twenty matched literate controls were included in the experiment. Subjects were instructed to use the right or the left index finger to point to and touch a randomly presented target on the right or left side of a touch screen. The results showed that the literate subjects were significantly faster in detecting and touching targets on the left compared to the right side of the screen. In contrast, the presentation side did not affect the performance of the illiterate group. These results lend support to the idea that having acquired reading and writing skills, and thus a preferred left-to-right reading direction, influences visual scanning.