Right Left Hand Research Articles

Platform Design for Optical Screening and Conditioning for Injury Resilience.

Musculoskeletal injuries (MSKIs) among active duty soldiers result in more than 10 million limited duty days each year and account for more than 70% of the medically nondeployable population. Overuse injuries in lower limbs from running, foot marching long distances with heavy loads, and lifting heavy objects are the most common types of injuries in the military. Physical training and rehabilitation exercises for greater resiliency through aerobic, muscle strength, endurance, and agility conditioning programs can prevent or reduce the effects of MSKIs if Soldiers adhere to proper biomechanics and training techniques. We are introducing a three-dimensional (3D) camera-based platform for Optical Screening and Conditioning for Injury Resilience (OSCIR) that is designed to identify and correct high-risk movement patterns based on quantifiable biomechanical measurements in clinical or field settings. Our goal is to improve resilience to MSKI by offering greater access to quality of movement skills in warfighters through an autonomous device that can be used in Sports Medicine and Reconditioning Team (SMART) clinics and High-Intensity Tactical Training (HITT) sites. OSCIR fuses four pairs of Kinect Azure cameras into a concise footprint to achieve suitable sampling rates and an unobstructed field of view for accurate dynamic movement tracking using a custom point cloud solution. We designed a unique multistage 3D joint tracking algorithm architecture to methodically isolate the human body point cloud from the background, identify individual limb segments, and perform iterative joint optimization at the global and local joint levels. We evaluated the feasibility of our prototype system among N = 12 control participants (6 M/6 F; 21-37 years) in compliance with the Western Institutional Review Board (Tracking #20225920, approved on November 4, 2022). Five task-specific MSKI outcome metrics identified by end-user physical therapists and athletic trainers as indicators for movement quality were assessed across 7 lower-extremity exercises derived from standardized MSK assessment/conditioning batteries used in the military. Data were recorded concurrently by OSCIR and a reference standard Vicon motion capture system for validating system accuracy. Task-specific MSKI indicators for knee flexion and hip flexion range of motion achieved an average error of 4.05 ± 2.34°, while 3D position-based postural outcomes of left-right foot distance, left-right hand distance, and step length obtained mean absolute errors of 2.58 ± 2.30 cm. Results support the feasibility of our system in achieving outcomes that are comparable to currently accepted laboratory standards. Our study describes the integration process for a 3D camera-based clinical system for MSKI conditioning and rehabilitation. The impact of our system will enable key stakeholders in the military to manage MSKIs in warfighters by automating key assessment and rehabilitation test batteries; making tests more readily accessible, and interpretations more accurate by providing objective biomechanical measures. OSCIR is undergoing turn-key design features to serve as a screening tool for warfighters to readily assess susceptibility to MSKI or as a training platform to help guide exercise techniques to achieve resiliency against future injuries.

Comparison of The Physical Fitness Parameters of Special Education Vocational School Students and Inclusion High School Students

This study compared the physical fitness parameters of intellectually disabled special education vocational school students with those of inclusive high school students using the causal comparison method. Participants consisted of 22 (15 male, 7 female) from Special Education Vocational School and 25 (20 male, 5 female) inclusion students receiving inclusive education at high school. A physical fitness form was used to collect data on body mass index (BMI), standing long jump, flexibility, right-hand reaction, left-hand reaction, leg strength, back strength, right-hand grip, left-hand grip, 30 m sprint, and push-ups. The T-test was applied to data exhibiting normal distribution, while the Mann-Whitney U test was used for data not normally distributed. Among the parameters showing normal distribution, there were significant differences between the two different student groups in the standing long jump, flexibility, left-hand reaction, leg strength, and right-left hand grip strength. Although a significant difference was observed in the right-hand reaction, no significant differences were detected for the other non-normally distributed parameters of BMI, back strength, 30-m sprint, and push-ups. Our results indicated that students with intellectual disability (ID) enrolled in inclusive education at the high school level performed better in all physical fitness tests conducted compared to their peers in special education vocational schools.

Fingerprint Examination by Gender in Healthy Turkish Population

Abstract Background: Dermatoglyphic forensic institutions provide important information that can also be used in the field of anthropology and medicine. To expand the existing data of the Turkish society and increasing literature data on fingerprint. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted with 147 healthy young people. The parameters examined were compared between right and left hands and between genders. The fingerprints were divided into two groups as whorl, loop, arch, and accidental pattern. In addition, “total finger ridge count, absolute finger ridge count, Pattern Intensity Index (PII), Cummins index (CI), Poll index (PI), Dankmeijer index (DI), Volotzkoy index (VI), and Furuhata’s index (FI)” of fingerprints on both hands and right-left hands separately were calculated. Results: In the joint evaluation of 10 fingers in both genders, the most common type was found to be loop pattern. The index data of the Turkish population are as follows (respectively, female and male): PII – 13.2/12.6, CI – 0.1/0.2, PI – 1/1, DI – 11.9/33.3, VI – 132.3/126.7, and FI – 128/133.7. There was no significant difference in the compared parameters between males and females and both hands (P > 0.05). Conclusions: According to the data obtained, the Turkish population data correspond to the Mediterranean subgroup of the European races. Moreover, as seen in this study, ulnar loop density is more common in Eastern countries.

The Comparison of Reaction Times in Competing Karate Athletes

The aim of the research is to compare the reaction times of kata and kumite athletes participating in national and international competitions in karate. A total of 108 male competitive athletes, including 40 kata competition athletes between the ages of 18-32 and 68 kumite competition athletes between the ages of 18-29, participated in the research voluntarily. In the research, some physical characteristics of kata and kumite athletes and right-left hand visual and right-left hand auditory reaction time tests were performed. T-Test was applied to determine the difference between groups at the α=0.05 significance level in all independent groups. A statistically significant difference was detected in training age, height and right hand visual reactions (p<0.05) among male kata and kumite athletes participating in the competitions. It can be said that these differences are due to the differences in kata and kumite training methods.

Visual images of disgusting creatures facilitated attentional orienting and delayed attentional disengagement.

Numerous studies have suggested that threatening stimuli induce a spatial attention bias; however, only a few studies have investigated spatial attention biases for disgusting stimuli. Moreover, past studies generally reported that the spatial attention bias to disgusting images is not robustly in normal individuals. We hypothesized that this was due to the unfamiliar of the images, so we prepared the creature's images that were clearly categorized as disgusting and examined the effects of disgusting images on spatial attention bias. A disgusting or an emotionally neutral image was paired and presented with an (emotionally neutral) filler image. After a temporal interval, a target appeared at either the position where a disgusting or a neutral image was presented (valid condition) or where a filler image was presented (invalid condition). Participants pressed a key corresponding to the target's position as quickly and accurately as possible. We varied the position-response correspondence among three experiments. The results showed that the RTs in the invalid condition was longer for the disgusting images than for the neutral images when the position of a disgusting image was not naturally associated with the left-right hand position. We interpreted the results in that that disgusting images generally slowed down attentional disengagement process but the manual responses were inhibited for the position where a disgusting image appeared when the locations of keys and targets were congruent. The present results suggest that disgusting images affect not only attentional processes but also manual responses related to the selection and initiation of responses.

Right-left hand asymmetry in manual tracking: when poorer control is associated with better adaptation and interlimb transfer.

To date, interlimb transfer following visuomotor adaptation has been mainly investigated through discrete reaching movements. Here we explored this issue in the context of continuous manual tracking, a task in which the contribution of online feedback mechanisms is crucial, and in which there is a well-established right (dominant) hand advantage under baseline conditions. We had two objectives (1) to determine whether this preexisting hand asymmetry would persist under visuomotor rotation, (2) to examine interlimb transfer by assessing whether prior experience with the rotation by one hand benefit to the other hand. To address these, 44 right-handed participants were asked to move a joystick and to track a visual target following a rather unpredictable trajectory. Visuomotor adaptation was elicited by introducing a 90° rotation between the joystick motion and the cursor motion. Half of the participants adapted to the rotation first with the right hand, and then with the left, while the other half performed the opposite protocol. As expected during baseline trials, the left hand was less accurate while also exhibiting more variable and exploratory behavior. However, participants exhibited a left hand advantage during first exposure to the rotation. Moreover, interlimb transfer was observed albeit more strongly from the left to the right hand. We suggest that the less effective and more variable/exploratory control strategy of the left hand promoted its adaptation, which incidentally favored transfer from left to right hand. Altogether, this study speaks for further attention to the dominant/non-dominant asymmetry during baseline before examining interlimb transfer of adaptation.

Motor intent recognition of multi-feature fusion EEG signals by UMAP algorithm.

The key to the analysis of electroencephalogram (EEG) signals lies in the extraction of effective features from the raw EEG signals, which can then be utilized to augment the classification accuracy of motor imagery (MI) applications in brain-computer interface (BCI). It can be argued that the utilization of features from multiple domains can be a more effective approach to feature extraction for MI pattern classification, as it can provide a more comprehensive set of information that the traditional single feature extraction method may not be able to capture. In this paper, a multi-feature fusion algorithm based on uniform manifold approximate and projection (UMAP) is proposed for motor imagery EEG signals. The brain functional network and common spatial pattern (CSP) are initially extracted as features. Subsequently, UMAP is utilized to fuse the extracted multi-domain features to generate low-dimensional features with improved discriminative capability. Finally, the k-nearest neighbor (KNN) classifier is applied in a lower dimensional space. The proposed method is evaluated using left-right hand EEG signals, and achieved the average accuracy of over 92%. The results indicate that, compared with single-domain-based feature extraction methods, multi-feature fusion EEG signal classification based on the UMAP algorithm yields superior classification and visualization performance. Feature extraction and fusion based on UMAP algorithm of left-right hand motor imagery.

Classification Of Hand Images by Person, Age and Gender with The Median Robust Extended Local Binary Model

Biometric technologies try to automatically recognize individuals by considering the physiological and behavioral characteristics of individuals. Although the methods used here are very diverse, the personal qualities used also vary. Facial features, finger and vein prints, iris, retina, ear, hand, and finger recognition are only some of the physiological features. It may be preferred to use one or more of these personal features to reduce the margin of error that may arise depending on the security level in the applications used. Biometric recognition systems have varying requirements in security systems applications. Fingerprint and iris recognition work well in applications that require high security levels, while applications that require low security levels are not suitable due to privacy concerns. On the other hand, identification from hand images is more accepted based on the idea that it does not have a very high distinctiveness. But it is sufficient for medium security applications. Apart from these, palm images have many advantages such as reliability, stability, user-friendliness, non-intrusiveness, and flexible use. In this study, it is aimed to identify people, determine their ages, and determine their gender by using both upper surface and inner surface images of right-left hand data of hand shape. For this purpose, images of both the inner surface of the hand (10) and the outer surface of the hand (10) of 100 different people were collected. This was done separately for the right and left hands, and a total of 3955 images were obtained. The features of these images were extracted using the Median Robust Extended Local Binary Model (MRELBP). Images are classified for person, age and gender. The results were 91.4%, 85.9% and 92.6%, respectively.

INVESTIGATION OF REACTION SPEED OF THE STUDENTS WHO DO SPORT AND DO NOT IN THE AGE GROUP OF 12-18

Objective: Our research aimed to examine the reaction speed of 12-18 year old students who do sports and those who do not. Material and Methods: A total of 427 students participated in the study, with the participation of 263 boys and 164 girls, aged 12-18, who continue their education in primary and secondary schools in Van. In order to measure the visual and auditory reaction rates, the "Newtest 1000" reaction device was adjusted in 00.01 milliseconds. SPSS package program was used in the data. In analysis, Mann Whitney U for paired comparisons, Kruskall-Wallis H test for multiple comparisons and descriptive statistics were used. The level of significance was determined as P˂0.05.Results: Exercising regularly (p=0.000), using technology intensively (Right-left hand visual p=0.000, Right hand auditory p=0.002, Left hand auditory p=0.001, Right hand mixed p=0.007, Left hand mixed p=0.000), gender (p=0.000), leisure-time situations (Right hand visual p=0.013, left hand visual p= 0.000, Right hand auditory p=0.006, left hand auditory p=0.102, Right hand mixed p=0.049 There was a significant difference between the left hand mixed (p=0.002) and reaction rates. There was a significant difference in left hand auditory reaction rates of individuals who do individual and team sports in favor of those who do individual sports (p=0.023). There was no difference between students' ages, parental education levels, dominant hand, body mass index, daily television watching time, wearing glasses, academic achievement and visual and auditory reaction rates (P>0.05). Conclusion: It has been observed that regular exercise has a positive effect on increasing reaction speed.

Robotic Fingers in Reach-to-Grasp Tasks of Rehabilitation

The REHAROB robotic upper limb rehabilitation system was improved with a custom-designed and developed hand/finger therapy module. The new module extends the scope of the applicable motion therapy from passive to active reach-to-grasp activities of daily living tasks, and the range of treated anatomical joints was also extended to every proximal and distal upper limb anatomical joint. Finger exercising and object grasping are supported with a pair of two degree-of-freedom (DOF) robotic fingers. One of the robotic fingers moves the index/middle/ring fingers together, whereas the other robotic finger moves the thumb. A novel hypothesis was established, analyzed, and tested for setting the orientation of the robotic finger moving the thumb. The robotic thumb is not aligned with the patient's thumb; its orientation is optimized in the patient's hand reference system to maximize the efficiency in the opposite grasping task. While most concurrent systems utilize virtual objects for grasping tasks, the REHAROB system exercises five carefully selected reach-and-grasp type activities of daily living (ADL) with real objects. Actuating the human finger phalanges through custom development finger orthoses is described. An advanced feature of the hand/finger therapy module is the left-right hand side changeover by only alternating the orientation of the robotic fingers and exchanging the finger orthoses.

The effect of median nerve mobilization on two point discrimination.

[Purpose] Two-point discrimination (TPD) is expressed as the minimum distance at which two mechanical stimuli applied simultaneously to the skin can be perceived as two separate points. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of median nerve mobilization on TPD in healthy adults. [Participants and Methods] This study included 120 healthy adults. Participants were randomized according to their gender into the Neural Mobilization Group (NMG) and Control Group (CG). Demographic data of the participants (gender, age, height, weight, BMI, smoking) were recorded and TPD measurement was performed with baseline aesthesiometer on the palm with distal phalanges of the thumb, index and middle finger on the right-left hand. After the baseline TPD test, participants in the NMG performed Median Nerve Mobilization for 14 days. Measurements were taken before and after training. [Results] A statistically significant difference was found in all other measurements in both groups, except for the right and left palm TPD measurements in the control group. [Conclusion] It is thought that it would be beneficial to investigate the healing effects of the neural mobilization applications, which include all parts of the nerve line in disease conditions.

Encoding Numbers in the Context of Multiple Overlapping Cues: Evidence from a Chinese Finger Number Cognition Study.

How people encode numbers in the context of multiple overlapping encoded cues remains unclear. In this study, we explored Chinese finger numbers, which contain both a numerical magnitude cue and a left-right hand cue offered by the expressing hand, to investigate the number encoding mechanism in the context of multiple overlapping cues. Chinese finger numbers expressed by the left or right hand were randomly and centrally presented on a computer screen to participants who were asked to perform a hand classification task (Experiment 1), a magnitude classification task (Experiment 2), a parity classification task (Experiment 3) and a magnitude classification or ring classification task (Experiment 4). We discovered (a) only an association effect between the pressed key and the expressing hand in hand classification and parity classification tasks, (b) the SNARC effect only on the magnitude classification task, (c) the association effect between the pressed key and the expressing hand on the larger, Chinese finger number, magnitude classification task in Experiment 2, and (d) the SNARC effect and the association between the pressed key and the expressing hand were reversed on the ring classification task. From these results, we concluded that people can flexibly choose appropriate number encoding cues and how numbers are encoded in the context of multiple overlapping cues depending on (a) which cognition task individuals perform and (b) the character of the numbers involved.

Peace Corps Volunteers: Culture Shocks Encountered and Strategies to Overcome During Pre-Service Training in Indonesia

The purpose of the study is to examine the multifaceted reality of culture shocks experienced by Peace Corps Volunteers (PCV) during Pre-Service Training (PST) in Kediri, Indonesia and the strategies to overcome on a day to day basis. The research is descriptive in nature by semi-structured interviews and direct observation to PCV living in Kediri. The results of the research reveal that the culture shocks encountered are of three sorts: psychological, behavioral, and interpersonal communication change. Psychological change is of four kinds: using right-left hand, male-female interaction, asking personal privacy, and shake-hand. Moreover, the study also reveals three strategies to cope with culture shocks. They are self-confidence and optimism, accepting a new culture, and social support. It may be difficult to PCV to accept all differences with pleasure. However, a tolerant attitude and an open mind make them better to communicate with Community Liaison (CL). Eventually, by other people’s assistance, the PCV were able to encounter the culture shock.

Fingerprint classification using deep learning approach

The AFIS (Automatic Fingerprint Identification System) which generally processes two steps: feature extraction and matching, has challenges with a large database of fingerprint images for the real-time application due to the huge number of comparisons required. Therefore, the additional step of classifying detailed information of fingerprint can speed up the process of distinguishing for individual identification in the AFIS. In this paper, we presented a classification method to identify a detailed fingerprint information using deep learning approach. The proposed method aimed to distinguish the specific fingerprint information such as left-right hand classification, sweat-pore classification, scratch classification and fingers classification. Due to high personalization and security issue, we privately constructed our own dataset of fingerprint images. Five state-of-the-art deep learning models such as classic CNN, Alexnet, VGG-16, Yolo-v2 and Resnet-50 were adapted to be trained from scratch for those four categories. In our experimental tests, we received the results as follows. The Yolo-v2 model provided the highest accuracy of 90.98%, 78.68% and 66.55% for the left-right hand, scratch and fingers classification, respectively. For sweat-pore classification, the Resnet-50 model provided the highest accuracy of 91.29%. It is also worth noted that both Yolo-v2 and Resnet-50 took at most 250.37 ms per image.

Short term Effects of Transcranial Near-infrared Photobiomodulation on Motor Performance in Healthy Human Subjects: An Experimental Study

Introduction: T ranscranial near-infrared photobiomodulation (NIR-PBM) is a new noninvasive procedure which transcranially applies a near-infrared wavelength to the scalp with a laser or a light-emitting diode (LED) source. Improvement in the neurological or psychological symptoms has been reported following light irradiation. However, to our knowledge, there is no study to investigate the effects of transcranial NIR-PBM on motor performance directly. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the short-term effects of transcranial NIR-PBM on motor performance in healthy human subjects. Methods: In this experimental single-blind randomized clinical trial study, 56 right-handed healthy participants, whose ages ranged from 18 to 30, were randomly assigned to (1) Real transcranial NIR-PBMC3 group (n=14), (2) Sham transcranial NIR-PBMC3 group (n=14), (3) Real transcranial NIR-PBMC4 group (n=14), and (4) Sham transcranial NIR-PBMC4 group (n=14). We applied the 808 nm laser with irradiation energy density of 60 J/cm2 and power density of 200 mw/cm2 to the C3 or C4 points of the scalp. The number of finger taps as an indicator of motor performance was assessed by the finger-tapping test (FTT) before and after irradiation of transcranial NIR-PBM on the corresponding points of the scalp for 5 minutes. Results: The results showed that the number of finger taps in both right and left hands following the use of transcranial NIR-PBM in the real transcranial NIR-PBMC3 group significantly increased (P < 0.05). Conclusion: We concluded that using transcranial NIR-PBM with a laser source on C3 point of the motor cortex in right-handed healthy people can increase the number of finger taps in both hands as an indicator of motor performance improvement.

Making Increase in Bimanual Coordination Task Accuracy under Limitation of Peripheral Vision

Introduction: The effect of central vision occlusion on two-hand coordination tasks is assessed in previous studies. However, the effect of peripheral vision on these tasks is not clearly identified; therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of limitation of peripheral vision on two-hand coordination tasks. Materials and Methods: Seven right-handed and right eye-dominant girl students with a mean age of 24.00 ± 3.46 years participated in this study. Subjects tested under four experimental conditions including peripheral vision limitation of the position of right hand, left hand, and both hands, and no peripheral limitations of hand position in the two-handed Vienna coordination task with four tries for each condition. The data were analyzed using 1 × 4 repeated measures ANOVA. Results: All three conditions of visual peripheral limitation showed less errors than the conditions without visual limitation (P 0.05). Conclusion: It seems that the visual peripheral limitation, as an environmental constraint, may increase the focus of individuals in the two-hand coordination task.

The Effect Of Core Training On Some Motoric Features Of University Footballers

In this study, the effect of core training on some motor features of universıty footballers has been examined. 36 footballers both studying at Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University in Muğla, Turkey and playing in amateur leagues participated in the study. 18 university footballers of Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University Sports Club who play in Muğla Super Amateur League formed the experimental group (EG) (Age X = 21.4 ± 2.12 years, Height X = 174.3 ± 6.84 cm and Weight X = 75.9 ± 8,43 kg ). 18 footballers with amateur licences who play in the Faculty of Economics and Adiministrative Sciences, train regularly and play in the university faculty matches formed the control group (CG) (Age X = 21,6 ± 2.56 years, Height X = 176.7 ± 7.13 cm and Weight X = 76.3 ± 8.43 kg). The required permissions were obtained and the students filled in the “Admission Consent Forms” before the applications. The trainings were done in the football field of Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University and the measurements were taken in the Faculty of Sports Sciences Physiology Laboratory. The 10-movements core training programme for eight weeks was applied to the EG footballers in addition to their weekly 2-day football training when the footballers in the CG continued their regular trainings.Before the study, the leg strength, back strength, right-left hand griping strength, flexibility, and vertical jump measurement were taken as pre-test values. After the 8-week training, the final measurements of the EG and the CG were taken. The comparison between the Pretest and Posttest was studied statistically with paired sample t test at 0.05 significance levelConsequently it was determined the that the 8-week Core Training provided the undergradute footballers with an improvement of their the leg strength, back strength, right hand griping strength and vertical jump (p&lt;0.05). No improvement in flexibility features was observed.

Comparison Of Physical And Physiological Parameters Of Children Skier And Volleyball Players

This study purpose; to compare the athletic performance of the physical and physiological characteristics of the children who are in the age of 10-15 years and who have regular skiing, with the same characteristics of the children of the same age group and who have played volleyball for one year.Work group; ages 10-15 between changing and over a year volleyball playing 24 girls with same age group the and regular ski sport who 15 girl child volunteer participation with created.Methods; volunteers participating in research lengths naked standing with height measuring instrument and body weights were measured with the weighbridge (Premier). Body oil the percentage determination for; measurements were taken from 6 regions with skinfold caliper (Holtain LTD. Crymych U.K.) and body fat percentages were calculated according to Lange formula. Right-left hand gripping forces hand dynamometer (Takei Hand Grip) and FVC, VC, MW values ​​were measured using spirometer (Cosmed, Pony Spirometer Graphic). Measurements of arterial systolic and diastolic blood pressures from the left arm of all volunteers were taken with the blood pressure monitor (Microfile BP-3AS1-2) and recorded in mmHg. Oxymeter saturation of the volunteers was measured using the Oximeter (NBP-40 Handheld). Resting and post-exercise heart rate, flexibility, speed, agility, long jump, endurance were evaluated by appropriate measurement methods. All data obtained from the measurements were evaluated using the Mann-Whitney U test. Significance levels of the difference between the groups were taken as 0.05.Findings; the body fat percentage (%) and exercise pulse of the athletes who played volleyball were higher than the skiers (p = 0.002). Long jump (anaerobic power), endurance (aerobic power) were found skiers kids higher than volleyball players (p = 0.002, p = 0.029) and flexibility was higher in children playing volleyball (p = 0, 012). No difference was found between the two groups in terms of speed, agility, right/left hand claw strength (p&amp;gt; 0. 05). There was no difference between lung function of the athletes who played volleyball and skiing (p&amp;gt; 0. 05).As a result of the special training methods and programs of skiing and volleyball branches while the strength and flexibility characteristics of the volleyball players were improved, it was observed that the strength and durability properties of the skiers were better

Investigation of the Relation between Core Muscle Strength, Durability and Reaction Performance for Swimmers

Investigation of the relation between reaction time performances and core muscle strength and durability of the swimmers is aimed in the research. 21 elite male sportsmen with 21,92 ± 5,03 years of age average, 174,14± 4,27 cm of length average and 75,02 ± 6,61 kg of body weight from College swimming team participate the research. Right-left hands audio and visual reaction times and plank and side plank performance values of the sportsmen are received. The data achieved provides minimum and maximum values, average and standard deviation values. Moreover Pearson correlation test is applied to determine the relation between the variants. According to the findings of the research, medium-level positive relation is detected between right hand visual reactions and plank measurement values, and poor-level positive relation is detected between right hand audio reactions of the swimmers (r=,692, p&lt;,021; r=,277, p&lt;,039).In conclusion, relation is detected between core muscle strength and durability and visual and audio right hand reaction time. It may be stated that development of core muscle strength and durability may improve reaction time.

Insights From Pupil Size to Mental Workload of Surgical Residents: Feasibility of an Educational Computer-Based Surgical Simulation Environment (ECE) Considering the Hand Condition.

The advantage of simulation environments is that they present various insights into real situations, where experimental research opportunities are very limited-for example, in endoscopic surgery. These operations require simultaneous use of both hands. For this reason, surgical residents need to develop several motor skills, such as eye-hand coordination and left-right hand coordination. While performing these tasks, the hand condition (dominant, nondominant, both hands) creates different degrees of mental workload, which can be assessed through mental physiological measures-namely, pupil size. Studies show that pupil size grows in direct proportion to mental workload. However, in the literature, there are very limited studies exploring this workload through the pupil sizes of the surgical residents under different hand conditions. Therefore, in this study, we present a computer-based simulation of a surgical task using eye-tracking technology to better understand the influence of the hand condition on the performance of skill-based surgical tasks in a computer-based simulated environment. The results show that under the both-hand condition, the pupil size of the surgical residents is larger than the one under the dominant and nondominant hand conditions. This indicates that when the computer-simulated surgical task is performed with both hands, it is considered more difficult than in the dominant and nondominant hand conditions. In conclusion, this study shows that pupil size measurements are sufficiently feasible to estimate the mental workload of the participants while performing surgical tasks. The results of this study can be used as a guide by instructional system designers of skill-based training programs.