Rows Of Ridges Research Articles

Bed, ridge and planting configurations influence crop performance in field-transplanted hybrid potato crops

Current cultivation practices for field transplanted potato crops grown from nursery-raised hybrid potato seedlings are mostly borrowed from the tuber-based conventional system. Most studies on field performance of field transplanted seedling crops have largely reported the use of ridged rows and in exceptional cases, the use of beds. It is therefore critical to assess the feasibility of the use of alternative ridge or bed systems for cultivation of field-transplanted nursery-raised potato seedlings considering the differences in physiological behaviour of crops grown from different starting materials. This study assessed the effects of six systems which included bed and ridge systems of different dimensions and planting configurations for field transplanted seedling crops. Field crop establishment, canopy growth and development as well as yield and yield components were assessed. In general, systems that boasted high plant densities resulted in faster canopy development and higher number of tubers and tuber yield. Bed systems (raised and flat beds; 8.0 plants m−2) therefore gave the highest numbers of tubers and tuber yield across all treatments. These systems also produced the most tubers in all tuber size classes resulting in the highest yields in all classes. Standard ridge systems (full- and half ridges; 0.75 m row distance), had the lowest plant populations (5.3 plants m−2) which resulted almost always in fewer tubers and lower yield. Other ridge systems (0.9-m and 0.5-m ridge systems), although having higher plant densities than the standard ridge systems (8.9 and 8.0 plants m−2, respectively) still performed poorer than the bed systems. The small and compact ridges in the 0.5-m ridge system and the compact arrangement of plants in the 0.9-m ridge system caused these effects. Conclusively, based on this study, productivity in field transplanting systems is highly influenced by plant density. Further, cultivation systems boasting higher planting densities should be recommended when the goal for production is to produce large quantities of seed tubers (> 35; ≤ 50 mm).

Polarization Dependence of Laser-Induced Dynamics on Non-Flat Metal Surfaces: A Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory Approach.

Real-time time-dependent density functional theory was used to study the laser-pulse-induced ion dynamics on metal surfaces featuring rows of atomic ridges. In contrast to atomically flat surfaces, the rows of atomic ridges induce anisotropy on the surface even in surface-parallel directions. This anisotropy causes the laser-induced ion dynamics to depend on the orientation of the laser polarization vector in the surface-parallel directions. This polarization dependence occurs for both copper (111) and aluminum (111) surfaces, indicating that the existence of localized d orbitals in the electronic system does not play a crucial role. The difference in kinetic energies between ions on the ridges and those on the planar surface reached a maximum when the laser polarization vector was perpendicular to the rows of ridges but parallel to the surface. A simple mechanism for the polarization dependence and some potential applications in laser processing are discussed.

Effects of Seed Provenance on Plant Establishment Index, Seedling Vigor Index and Speed of Germination of Physic Nut (Jatropha curcas L.) in Sokoto State, Nigeria

The study on effects of seed provenance on plant establishment index, seedling vigor index and speed of germination of Jatropha curcas L. was carried out during 2019 raining season, at Teaching and Research Farm, Shehu Shagari College of Education Sokoto, Nigeria. Jatropha seeds were collected from different live hedges of plant in the State, from four local government areas in each of senatorial district. The treatments consisted of 16 different accessions of Jatropha, laid out in a completely randomized design, replicated three times. Experimental land was ploughed manually using hand hoe and leveled using rakes. Fifteen rows of ridges at 0.5m apart were constructed. Seeds were planted in June, 2019 through dibbling. Two seeds per hole at a spacing of 0.5 x 0.5m. Which were later on thinned to a plant per stand after germination. Fertilizer was applied at one month after planting (IMAP). Data collected was subjected to the analysis of variance (ANOVA), using the statistical analysis system (SAS, 2003). Significant differences in the treatments means were separated using the Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The result obtained indicated statistically significant (P<0.05) variations among different seed accessions on parameters observed at the various periods of the observation. Seed accessions at SE1, SE3 and SW3 performed better than the rest the rest of the seed accession sources investigated. Therefore, it can be recommended for the environment of the study area for a maximum production dividend to the farmers and the other stakeholders in the production enterprise of the crop.

视觉导航中垄行多尺度分割算法

视觉导航中垄行多尺度分割算法

Exploring optimal soil mulching to enhance yield and water use efficiency in maize cropping in China: A meta-analysis

Global crop yields are limited by the shortage of water resources and nutrient availability. Mulching technology can effectively modify the crop growth environment and crop production due to differences in climatic conditions, spatial distribution characteristics, and cropping systems. Hence, we conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the eff ;ects of plastic mulching (PM) and straw mulching (SM) on the yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of maize cropping in China using data obtained from 176 peer-reviewed publications. The results showed that plastic mulching significantly increased maize yield (29.24%) and WUE (29.45%). The eff ;ects of mulching on maize were also improved by 12.02% (yield) and 11.43% (WUE). At the regional scale, maize yield and WUE were influenced by diff ;erent planting regions and mulching management practices. Plastic mulching performed best in the North maize region and the Huanghuaihai maize region of China, while straw mulching performed better in the Southern hilly maize region of China. Plastic mulching was the best way to increase maize yield (59.56%) and WUE (29.91%) with mulching in fallow period, and straw mulching was the best way to increase maize yield (12.43%) and WUE (13.21%) with mulching in the growth period. Full plastic mulching could significantly increase maize yield (42.06%), and among different amounts of straw, mulching with 10-15 t ha−1 performed the best, boosting the maize yield by 13.35%. Transparent film and ridge row mulching were more favorable to maize growth and increased crop yield and WUE in the arid and low temperature areas of China. In conclusion, plastic mulching can significantly increase maize yield and WUE, the adoption of mulching practices and management practices has more application prospects.

Ledebouria weberi (Asparagaceae, Massoniinae), a new species from the Western Cape, South Africa

A new species of Ledebouria is described and illustrated from near Greyton in the Western Cape of South Africa. It consists of dense clusters of plants, bearing semi-succulent linear-elliptic to linear-ovate leaves that are appressed to the ground, and with 12 distinct pale whitish green ridges with glandular hairs. Ledebouria weberi is morphologically similar to Ledebouria corrugata in having lines of papillae on the adaxial lamina surface, and soil particles adhering to the leaf surfaces. However, L. weberi is distinguished from L. corrugata in having only 12 rows of ridges with three-lobed tongue-shaped trichomes vs 30–40 broken rows with obtuse papillae, a flaccid inflorescence vs an erect inflorescence, longer peduncle and pedicel, smaller tepals, longer stamens and smaller ovary. Ledebouria weberi is known from several gatherings made by Wolfgang Weber since 2000. Plants grow in full sun on lateritic gravel flats.

Biomass production and yield of soybean grown under converted paddy fields with excess water during the early growth stage

Soybean production in converted paddy fields is generally impacted by excess soil water condition which typically occurs during the early stage of vegetative growth in Japan. This study attempted to identify how the excess water stress in this stage affects light components involved in crop production processes (biomass accumulation and seed yield). The Enrei cultivar was grown in three experiments under optimum soil moisture throughout the season (Opt) and with excess water at only the early vegetative growth stage (Ex-Wt). The excess water was imposed from 11 to 15 days after emergence (DAE) by water stagnation between ridged rows or raising the water table by sub-soil irrigation. Biomass accumulation was analyzed based on periodical harvesting and its relationship with the light components such as intercepted radiation (IR), radiation use efficiency (RUE) and light extinction coefficient (K). In all experiments, Ex-Wt produced fewer yields than Opt by 25–31%. The accumulation of total dry weight (TDW) before beginning of seed filling (R5) was less in Ex-Wt by 24–51%, while the harvest index was changed only slightly. In the Ex-Wt fields, the restricted leaf area resulted in 13–27% less intercepted radiation (cum IR) and exhibited a 13–33% lower RUE from emergence to R5. On average, the difference in yield between conditions was lesser in the dense planting than the sparse planting, and a similar trend was seen for cum IR. Thus, dense planting would ameliorate yield reduction to a limited extent. The results suggest that a 2-week period of excess water would reduce yield by reducing TDW, attributed to reduction in less cum IR and low RUE, even if the water condition is maintained at a preferable level for the remaining time.

Prickly Pear Conversation

Some love it as a plant they know in its proper habitat-a native plant in deserts of North and South America, or as a crop for the cultivation of cochineal insects for their red dye, or simply as an exotic potted plant that is carefully tended in climates unsuitable for its growth. In many countries around the world it is hated as a weed- a plant that can grow uncontrollably fast in places where it has been imported.Prickly pear plants are made up of pads joined together, which are actually flattened stems. The only leaves are small, short-lived fingers that cover the new, expanding pads in spring. Scattered over the mature pads are areoles from which long spines, and fine brown bristles, or glochids, grow. Each areole is also a growing point from which a new pad, flower, or root can develop. Any pad broken off and allowed to lie on the ground will put down roots when it rains and soon become a new plant. In this way prickly pear can spread fast.I sat one November day in Montrose Canyon near Tucson. It had been hot and dry for months. The pads of prickly pear were thin and wrinkly; diamond shapes between spines, rows of ridges like ripples on a sand bar. They looked old, for surely wrinkled means old. But they were mostly not old. With winter rain they would swell and fatten, swell out and become smooth with no sign of wrinkles. Not many living things rejuvenate themselves like cactus pads, though they cannot regain the tiny little pinky-green fat fingers that were leaves. I thought how, inside those wrinkled pads, there was still moisture, waiting, storing life inside those wrinkled green skins, and marveled at the adaptation to drought conditions that occur in southern Arizona before and after the short-lived summer rains.Although there are hundreds of species of prickly pear, varying from miniature plants to trees one hundred feet tall, the common ones are wide, spreading shrubs about four feet high, with their pale, gray-green rounded pads about nine inches long. The Englemann's prickly pear (Opuntia englemannii) is one of the commonest, with its long white spines and rusty colored glochids. Looking across the sun-bright desert of Arizona, patches of round, clumped pads in their faded watercolor-green, between giant saguaros and Palo Verde trees, is the classic Sonoran desert scene. Or, looking at a steep rocky slope from a distance, one sees, between the giant saguaros, the regular patches of rounded pads, their smooth hard surfaces reflecting sunlight at different angles, those in shade enhancing the green of their sunlit neighbors by their contrast. No other place in the world resembles the deserts of southwest North America.It rains. The muted greens of cactus plants seem brighter without sun and drops roll off the prickly pear pads to darken the desert pan. Moisture causes the strange fragrance of creosote bushes to pervade the atmosphere. Cottontail rabbits have taken cover and no birds sing. Rain is such an event in the desert, and through the melancholy air I watch the gentle fall of contentment. This winter rain will make a colorful spring. The pads of prickly pear are swelling, the wrinkles of drought ironing out as the masses of fine roots absorb water. Those fine roots take up the merest suggestion of water, roots that hold together the thin layer of desert soil.From every window of my house here in the Sonoran desert I see Englemann's prickly pear. As far as I can see this is the most common plant, though patches of different cacti, bur-sage, and creosote bush are intermingled, along with a wide variety of less common desert plants. The diversity is remarkable to me after having known the Sahara, where the few plants species are scattered and rare. And with this rain, the seed bank in the soil will sprout dozens more species that wait for a little more warmth to grow up and flower.How much the prickly pear will grow in the spring and how many flowers develop depends on how much rain we get this winter, and I think of April when the young soft pads swell out-the soft, bright green nopales that provide a vegetable for many, especially Native Americans. …

Development of Decontamination Machine for Surface Soil of Ridge Row

Development of Decontamination Machine for Surface Soil of Ridge Row

A new species of Enchodus (Aulopiformes: Enchodontidae) from the Cretaceous (Albian to Cenomanian) of Zimapán, Hidalgo, México

ABSTRACT A new species of Enchodus (Aulopiformes: Enchodontidae) is described from a quarry exposure of the La Negra facies of the El Doctor Formation (Cretaceous: Albian to Cenomanian) in the state of Hidalgo, central México. It is an elongate fish with many generic and familial characters, including dermal ornamentation of tubercles atop rows of ridges; a palatine with a single, large tooth; and a triangular preopercle. It has a number of unique characters that include the presence of an orbitosphenoid, absence of dorsal scutes, and dorsal fin rays that share common pterygiophores. A phylogenetic analysis places the new species as the sister to Enchodus gladiolus. The new species of Enchodus is the most abundant fish species at the locality. Using mandible length as an indicator of overall size, the range in lengths suggests that this species lived at or near the locality. This is further supported by other species that have individuals of large and small sizes.

Influence of Residual and Fresh Subsurface Phosphorus Fertilizer Bands on Soil Phosphorus Profile Distribution and Maize Growth and Shoot Phosphorus Uptake

ABSTRACT A field study was conducted at Beresford, SD, to examine how residual fertilizer phosphorus (P) bands influenced the distribution of Bray-1 extractable P in the soil profile and maize (Zea mays L.) shoot growth and P uptake in a ridge-till system. Liquid ammonium polyphosphate (10-34-0) was injected each fall for three consecutive years in either one or two concentrated subsurface bands in a 5 × 5 cm configuration with respect to the planted seed at rates to provide either 0, 10, 20, or 40 kg P/ha. Soil samples were removed once in the spring before planting with a rectangular block sampler along a 30 cm transect perpendicular to the ridge row to a depth of 15 cm after the third year of the P application. The large sample was separated into eight 7.5 × 7.5 cm × 7.5 cm block sections. Soil was analyzed for Bray-1-extractable orthophosphate-P in each of the sample blocks, composited for increasingly greater soil volumes, and compared with shoot growth and P uptake at the sixth and twelfth leaf and silking stage of growth. Applied-P rate had a strong effect on Bray-1-P levels, increasing them from 7.5 to 195.1 mg P/kg as P rate increased from 0 to 40 kg P/ha. The locations of the previously applied P bands were highly variable in the sampling profile. Coefficients of variation (c.v.) for Bray-1-P levels varied from 1.9 to 141.4 for sampling-block locations and increased as P rate increased. This result indicated that, within treatment replication, there was little consistency with fertilizer P-band placement with respect to the planted seed, and the variability increased with higher P applications. Applied-P rate influenced shoot dry weight, shoot P concentration, and shoot P uptake in the sixth leaf and twelfth leaf growth stages only. The band number had no influence on these parameters. When increasingly larger volumes were considered to improve the accuracy of sampling position with the predictability of the Bray-1 P levels and shoot parameters, the smallest soil volume and sampling position close to the planted seed was as accurate a predictor of shoot parameter responses as the Bray-1 P levels derived from soil composites of larger sampling volumes.

The cytoarchitecture of the medial layer in rat thoracic aorta: a scanning electron-microscopic study.

The cytoarchitecture of the medial layer of rat thoracic aorta was examined by scanning electron microscopy after removal of the connective tissue. The outermost lamella showed a lattice-like structure of muscle bundles of closely apposed smooth muscle cells (SMCs), whereas the inner lamellae consisted of more-or-less continuous muscle sheets of vaguely defined subgroups of parallel SMCs. Longitudinal rows of ridges ran along the adventitial surface of these muscle bundles and sheets. The SMCs of the outermost lamella, were 5.1 microns wide, and varied in shape, whereas those of the inner lamellae, were 52.7 microns long, 2.6 microns wide and 4.1 microns thick, and were elongated, spindle-shaped cells with serrated outlines. These latter SMCs extended obliquely, and partially overlapped each other. The surface of the SMCs in the outermost lamella exhibited a rugged texture, with nodular protrusions and oblique and longitudinal laminar folds, while the inner lamellar cells showed longitudinal laminar folds and finger-like processes on both sides of the ridges, pointing in opposite directions to the ridges. The angle of deviation from the transverse axis of the vessel, of the muscle bundles and subgroups in the outermost lamella, was 33.6 degrees, in the second and third lamellae, 22.5 degrees, and in the innermost lamellae, 12.8 degrees. The mean angle of the muscle bundle and subgroup arrangement, with respect to the long axis of the vessel, however, was basically 90 degrees in all lamellae.

Effects of Water Table Levels on Blueberry Survival During Stand Establishment

A field study was conducted in 1988 and 1989 on alluvial soil near Baton Rouge, Louisiana, to determine the survival rate, during stand establishment, of blueberry plants grown with different water table levels. Sharpblue southern highbush blueberries were planted in 40-m2 (435-ft2) concrete bordered plots in ridged and non-ridged rows in each plot. Average water table levels were 62-cm (24.4-in.), 85-cm (33.5-in.), and 150-cm (59.1-in.) below the soil surface in the ridged rows and 32-cm (12.6-in.), 55-cm (21.7-in.), and 120-cm (47.2-in.) below the soil surface in the non-ridged rows. Plant survival rates exceeded 88% in the ridged rows (all three water table depths) and in the non-ridged rows with 120-cm (47.2-in.) water table depth. Plant survival rates were 33, 58, and 96% in the non-ridged rows with 32-cm (12.6-in.), 55-cm (21.7-in.), and 120-cm (47.2-in.) water table depths, respectively. Blueberry survival rates from water table depths of 62 cm (24.4 in.) or more were considered acceptable while survival rates from water table depths of 55 cm (21.7 in.) or less were unacceptable.

Christianity and Islam: The Struggling Dialogue. Edited by Richard W. Rousseau, S.J. Montrose, Pa.: Ridge Row Press, 1985. 229 pp. $17.95 paper

Christianity and Islam: The Struggling Dialogue. Edited by Richard W. Rousseau, S.J. Montrose, Pa.: Ridge Row Press, 1985. 229 pp. $17.95 paper

Christianity and Islam: The Struggling Dialogue. Edited by Richard W. RousseauS.J. Modern Theological Themes, 4. Scranton, PA: Ridge Row Press, 1985. xvii + 229 pages. $17.95 (paper).

Christianity and Islam: The Struggling Dialogue. Edited by Richard W. RousseauS.J. Modern Theological Themes, 4. Scranton, PA: Ridge Row Press, 1985. xvii + 229 pages. $17.95 (paper). - Volume 14 Issue 2

Intercellular junctions in the hepatopancreas of the lobster Nephrops norvegicus.

The hepatopancreas of the lobster has recently been found to be a rich source of material from which to isolate arthopod gap junctions biochemically (Finbow et al., 1983a; 1984). It has therefore been studied here to assess the features of these intercellular junctions and any others that may be present, in vivo. The tissue consists of columnar epithelial cells which possess apical microvilli and basal infoldings. In thin sections the lateral borders of these cells are characterized by desmosomes and smooth septate junctions as well as by gap junctions. The desmosomes exhibit no apparent freeze fracture profile but the septate junctions display parallel rows of ridges or aligned intramembranous particles (IMPs) with complementary grooves on the other membrane half; these IMPs shift in their preferential fracturing plane depending on whether the tissue has first been fixed, always remaining on the EF if unfixed. The IMPs or connexons, of which the gap junctions are composed, fracture onto the E face, leaving complementary pits on the P face, regardless of whether the tissue is fixed or not. At the base of the pancreatic cells, the lateral borders are thrown into interdigitating folds which display endocytotic profiles and possible internalization of junction-bearing membranes. This phenomenon, which is readily visualized both after tracer incubation and in replicas, may represent junctional degradation relating to membrane turnover.

Book Notices

Book Notices Get access Christianity and Judaism: The Deepening Dialogue. Edited by Richard W. Rousseau. Ridge Row Press, 1983. 217 pages. N.P. Jacob Neusner Jacob Neusner Brown University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of the American Academy of Religion, Volume LIII, Issue 1, March 1985, Pages 161-a–161, https://doi.org/10.1093/jaarel/LIII.1.161-a Published: 01 March 1985

Interreligious Dialogue: Facing the Next Frontier. Edited by Richard Rousseau. Modern Theological Themes 1. Scranton PA: Ridge Row Press, University of Scranton, 1981. x + 234 pages. $13.50 (paper). - Christianity and the Religions of the East: Models for a Dynamic Relationship. Edited by Richard Rousseau. Modern Theological Themes 2. Scranton, PA: Ridge Row Press, University of Scranton, 1982. xiii

Interreligious Dialogue: Facing the Next Frontier. Edited by Richard Rousseau. Modern Theological Themes 1. Scranton PA: Ridge Row Press, University of Scranton, 1981. x + 234 pages. $13.50 (paper). - Christianity and the Religions of the East: Models for a Dynamic Relationship. Edited by Richard Rousseau. Modern Theological Themes 2. Scranton, PA: Ridge Row Press, University of Scranton, 1982. xiii

Freeze-fracture study of the Gregarine trophozoite: I the top of the epicyte folds

Abstract The fine organization of the “membrane complex” present at the tip of the epicyte folds in the sporozoan Gregarina trophozoite has been studied. Electron microscopy revealed bundles of intermediate filaments (8–10 nm) in the interspace between plasma and middle membrane. Doublets of filaments are present in the cytoplasm adhering to the inner membrane. The narrow space between the inner and middle membrane exhibits electron dense dots arranged in pairs. Freeze-fracture replicas reveal a different organization in each of the three membranes. The plasma membrane shows the P-face rich in particles and E-face with a few clusters of intramembrane particles (IMPs). Parallel ridges are present on the E-face and parallel grooves on the P-face of the intermediate membrane. The P-face of the inner membrane shows double longitudinal arrays of IMPs and the E-face has large grooves alternating with rows of ridges. The rows of particles on the P-face of the inner membrane are in register with the clusters of f...

Bioactivity of dasanit in a mineral soil in rutabagas in the field and in storage, and effect of cooking on toxicants in the roots.

Bioassays on the toxicity of 10G Dasanit® (O-O-diethyl O-[p-methylsulfinyl) phenyl] phosphorothioate), applied in a 4-in. band ¾ in. below the soil surface in ridged rows in the field showed that initial toxicity to 1st-stage larvae of the cabbage maggot, Hylemya brassicae (Bouché) was moderate but decreased to near zero in about 4 days. Toxicity then increased to a peak between 15 and 30 days after application and thereafter decreased at a fairly constant rate. Bioassays on rutabagas grown in soil treated with 2.5 to 30 lb toxicant Dasanit per acre banded in the row prior to seeding indicated that toxicants of Dasanit were absorbed by rutabagas and reached a peak 60 to 80 days after planting. At rates of 10 lb per acre, toxicants present in the roots at 80 days killed all test larvae (when larger roots were 3½ to 4 inches in diameter), At the 2.5 and 5 1b rates, toxicity reached a peak 70 to 80 days after planting and then decreased at a relatively constant rate. Toxicants were still detected at the normal time of harvest but decreased quickly to non-detectable levels in roots in storage. Even at the rate of 30 1b (6 to 7 times the commercially recommended application), no toxicity was detected after 2 to 3 months in storage. Cooking destroyed approximately 55% of the toxicants present in samples tested at different times after harvesting.