Rich Nations Research Articles

Evaluation of Energy Security Submits on Climate Change; Kyoto Protocol and Copenhagen Accord

The rise and incessant increase of Industrialization, modernization and advance technology have attributed to a greater challenge in contemporary international politics. It has brought about a shift in major discuss and study of international relations and politics from the anarchical nature of nation states to climate change. This research work focuses on the hypocrisy in United Nation, a case study of the Kyoto Protocol and Copenhagen submit. It highlights the various submit held to find solution to climate change, the discrepancy and hypocritical politics or decision in the United Nation, solutions agreed from various submit and as well the United nation contribution to climate change. It adopted a qualitative method of research with data’s from written literature and journals from different scholars and UN articles. Realism was adopted as theoretical frame work which shows that sates will go to any extents to defends her interest not minding the global disaster, which has influenced the decisions and as brought about rational and immoral decisions from some advance or rich nations. It concludes that, the hypocritical nature of some states has posed more threats to the issues at hand, due to the use of fossil fuels, every wealthy nation today became wealthy, the world's largest development agencies refuse to support the use of fossil fuels, which poor countries may employ to escape poverty at the insistence of wealthier nations not minding the fact that they contribute more to global emission than the poor nations. The study therefore recommends that, a legal frame work need to be set, nation states need to forget political and ideological differences and rather corporate to find solution to the gory situation. Lastly, advance countries who contributed more to global emission should be held accountable and should as well finance poor countries to implement the policies.

Accident Prevention for Vehicle Safety

Speed is one of the primary wellsprings of vehicle disasters. Many lives could have been saved on the off chance that emergency organizations had gotten the setback information and contacted them on time. This venture manages a mishap recognition framework. In case of a mishap, it involves different parts to call heroes for help. Effective programmed mishap identification with programmed warning of salvage administrations with data about the area of the mishap is a central prerequisite to saving significant living souls. The proposed framework manages mishap cautioning and recognition. Peruse the specific scope and longitude of the mishap vehicle and send this data to the closest crisis administrations. The motivation behind this undertaking is to perceive mishaps and ready salvage administrations on time. As of late the vast majority of the mishap happen because of laziness of drivers in vehicles and trucks. Yearly 1200 passings and 76000 harmed. This methodology incorporates examination of police detailed accident information, top to bottom nearby examinations promptly following an accident of the general driving populace. The present examination was intended to give additional data to traffic wellbeing and others could use in their endeavors to decrease the quantity of sleepy related accidents. than anywhere else in the world, including the more populous China. Calling road fatalities an "epidemic" that will become the world's fifth biggest killer by 2030, the report said while rich nations had been able to lower their death rates, these were sharply on the rise in the third world. It said 90% of deaths on the world's roads occur in low and middle-income countries (21.5 and 19.5 per lakh of population, respectively) though they have just 48% of all registered vehicles. The statistics for India are chilling. At least 13 people die every hour in road accidents in the country, the latest report of the National Crime Records Bureau reveals. However, road safety experts say the real numbers could be higher since many of these accident cases are not even reported. "There is no estimate of how many injured in road accidents die a few hours or days after the accident," points out RohitBaluja, member of the UN Road Safety Collaboration and Commission of Global Road Safety representing Asia. Based on the records, India will become the world number 1 in Road Deaths due to the poor record of average 13 die every hour, which is 1.14 lakh per year. This will make India to be the first place. This causative information about the accidents is the intent to develop the proposed technology as scientific traffic engineering wings to reduce the fatalities due to accidents. This proposed methodology is the automatic system which will provide the solution for identifying the accident location. Nowadays accidents are increasing at an alarming rate. Speed is the cause of most number of traffic accidents. In this project, we first applied Eclat algorithm Keywords— Eclat algorithm, clustering, classification,GPS to group the crime locations into 0 level, 1 level, 2 level accident tracking, Accident.

"Pandemics know no borders," but Responses to Pandemics Do: Global Health, COVID-19, and Latin America.

This article focuses on Brazil and Peru, the Latin American epicenter of the coronavirus pandemic during 2020 and 2021. The pandemic magnified the legacy of years of neoliberal policies, corruption and racism in these countries, the limitations of their poverty-reduction programs, the fragility of their democratic systems, and the insufficient political regard for public health and basic sanitation. I rely on the concepts of negligence and necropolitics. The first refers to the abdication of authorities in providing sufficient basic services to its citizens. The second - coined by Achille Mbembe before the pandemic - is used to explain the banalization by governments of preventable deaths of discriminated social groups. On a global level, the problematic access to medical equipment and vaccines was a failure because of the hoarding of vaccines by rich nations and the blaming of developing countries for their high mortality. The result was that national and international governmental reactions to COVID-19 worsened health asymmetries within countries and between the Global North and South.

Analysis of the relationship between religion, abortion, and assisted reproductive technology: Insights into cross-national public opinion

With advancement in reproductive technologies, public opinion regarding these procedures varies considerably across the world. While prominent public debates have focused on abortion, we know less about the factors shaping feelings regarding Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART). Both procedures challenge the idea that human life starts with conception – with the fertilization of an embryo. Using European Values Survey data and multilevel modeling, we compare how religion and other personal and country-level factors shape disapproval toward abortion and ART. Conservative Protestants and people who are more engaged with their religion and live in a more religious country are more likely to disapprove of abortion and ART. More supportive polices and attitudes regarding ART, but not abortion, are correlated. Additionally, economic development moderates the relationship between personal religiosity and abortion, but not ART. This finding provides important insight into why abortion has remained such a controversial issue, even in richer nations.

Race and indigeneity in human microbiome science: microbiomisation and the historiality of otherness

This article reformulates Stephan Helmreich´s the ¨microbiomisation of race¨ as the historiality of otherness in the foundations of human microbiome science. Through the lens of my ethnographic fieldwork of a transnational community of microbiome scientists that conducted a landmark human microbiome research on indigenous microbes and its affiliated and first personalised microbiome initiative, the American Gut Project, I follow and trace the key actors, experimental systems and onto-epistemic claims in the emergence of human microbiome science a decade ago. In doing so, I show the links between the reinscription of race, comparative research on the microbial genetic variation of human populations and the remining of bioprospected data for personalised medicine. In these unpredictable research movements, the microbiome of non-Western peoples and territories is much more than a side project or a specific approach within the field: it constitutes the nucleus of its experimental system, opening towards subsequent and cumulative research processes and knowledge production in human microbiome science. The article demonstrates that while human microbiome science is articulated upon the microbial ‘makeup’ of non-wester(nised) communities, societies, and locales, its results and therapeutics are only applicable to medical conditions affecting rich nations (i.e., inflammatory, autoimmune, and metabolic diseases). My reformulation of ¨microbiomisation of race¨ as the condition of possibility of human microbiome science reveals that its individual dimension is sustained by microbial DNA data from human populations through bioprospecting practices and gains meaning through personalised medicine initiatives, informal online networks of pseudoscientific and commodified microbial-related evidence.

Critical Success Factors for the Implementation of Public-Private Partnerships in Zimbabwe's State Universities

A weakness of the extant Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) literature to date has been its normative approach to the subject, creating in effect, a 'one size fits all view' of the preconditions or Critical Success Factors (CSFs) for the implementation of PPPs yet they vary with the context and sector. This study challenges the existing prominent CSFs model for the implementation of PPP which it perceives to be broader and biased towards economic infrastructure in rich industrial nations and excludes the realities of post-colonial third world countries. The research developed a refined sector-specific Educational Infrastructure Critical Success Factor Model (EICSFM) that will inform effective implementation of educational infrastructure PPPs in Zimbabwe state universities. Validated suggestions from research participants were compared to the existing model used to guide this study and results showed that some of the suggested CSFs for PPPs in Zimbabwe state universities tallies with this extant widely accepted CSFs model for PPPs, whereas some differ. The new suggested emerging sector-specific CSFs for effective implementation of PPPs in state universities include; the need for state universities to have absolute autonomy, the establishment of institutional PPP Committees, state universities to be creative and aggressive, vibrant leadership at state universities, universities to have good business orientation, the establishment of innovative PPPs models for educational infrastructure projects (social infrastructure projects), the creation of project bankability and attractiveness to investors, the need for political will and creation of trust. Comparing such suggestions to the extant CSFs model, the study concluded that even though some these preconditions for successful implementation of PPPs may be similar to some of the existing ones, their application is not similar but context-based. The study thus recommends governments avoid a ‘one size fits all’ perception and approach, but rather encompass sector-specific considerations when adopting and implementing PPPs as an alternative funding option for infrastructure development.

Foreign direct investment and environmental degradation: Can intellectual property rights help G20 countries achieve carbon neutrality?

The G20 comprises rich, industrialized, and powerful nations that advance the world economy through foreign direct investment (FDI). Nevertheless, these countries account for the largest share of global carbon dioxide emissions (CO2). Enforcing intellectual property rights (IPRs) has become a useful tool for stimulating clean technologies to mitigate climate change. This study examines how IPR enforcement moderated the inflow of FDI and carbon emissions in the G20 from 2001 to 2017. We applied the Driscoll-Kraay robust standard error technique, Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS), Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS), and Dumitrescu-Hurlin causality tests. The results show that FDI increases emissions, thus confirming the pollution haven effect. Long-term estimates suggest that the moderating role of IPRs in FDI significantly reduces environmental degradation. Causality analysis shows that FDI causes CO2 emissions in the long run, and carbon emissions enforce IPR regulations. Furthermore, we observed bidirectional causality between IPRs, FDI relationships, and carbon emissions. Based on these results, policymakers should enhance IPR policies and encourage clean technology through FDI among G20 members. In addition, governments should promote the clean-up of industrial processes, green finance, and the consumption of eco-friendly technologies, such as renewable energy, to achieve carbon neutrality.

Marine plastic pollution treaty: How should it look like?

MPP, or marine plastic pollution, is a serious issue. The prisoner’s dilemma is preventing nations from acting on this issue. Therefore, nations must draft an MPP treaty in order to address this issue. Inthis paper, I contend that the optimal strategy is top-down because it offers precise recommendations that are simpler for nations to put into practice. I also contend that in order to prevent the top-down strategy from failing, theMPP pact ought to take lessons from the Kyoto Protocol. Subsequently, theMPP pact ought to split the targets into two time frames: short, medium, andlong-term. Along with regulating domestic funding through extended producer responsibility (EPR) and the excise tax on single-use plastics, the MPP treaty should also govern financing difficulties involving global monies funded by rich nations. Lastly, the MPP treaty ought to control the financial and technical support as well as the enforcement procedure.

The Sustainable Development Goal of Zero Hunger Cannot be Achieved without Addressing Colonialism, Racism, and Climate Change

This article explores the historic and contemporary connections between colonialism, racism, and climate change and their effects on hunger and malnutrition. The inquiry is oriented around two case studies. First, how following independence in 1804 Haiti was forced to pay French slaveholders today’s equivalent of 21 billion USD to secure their national sovereignty. Second, how due to climate change driven floods in 2022, Pakistan incurred an estimated 40 billion USD in damages while contributing just 0.3% of global carbon dioxide emissions since the industrial era. Ultimately, the industrial rise of rich nations depended on the invention of race and extraction from the Global South during the colonial era. In turn, the Industrial Revolution launched climate change and contributed to the creation of today’s climate crisis. The ongoing effects of colonialism, racism, and climate change will need to be addressed if the world is to decrease malnutrition and achieve the Sustainable Development Goal of Zero Hunger.

Bridging the Gap: Financial Inclusion's Role in Environmental Sustainability in Pakistan

Purpose: The global impact of climate change on both human well-being and the environment has garnered widespread attention. Depending on the context, financial inclusion can either help people adapt to changing conditions or lessen the impact of those changes. The purpose of our research is to fill that study gap. While improved financial infrastructure is excellent for GDP, the only way to save the planet for both emerging and rich nations is through effective governance. This research looked at how different variables, such as financial inclusion (FINC), FDI, trade openness (TO), and economic growth (GDP), affects Pakistan's CO2 emissions and ecological footprint from 2004 to 2021.
 Design/Methodology/Approach: Autoregressive distributed lag modeling (ARDL) is used to calculate the estimated alliance between the research variables.
 Findings: Even if GDP and FDI play important roles in environmental quality, long-run ARDL estimates show that FINC and trade have a negative influence on carbon dioxide emissions. On the other side, FINC has a beneficial effect on the environment, reducing its negative impact and improving environmental quality.
 Implications/Originality/Value: These outcomes indicated that Pakistan needs to enhance trade and FINC to sustain environmental quality. The funds issued from the financial institutions should be allocated to clean and green energy projects.

Potential of Selected African Medicinal Plants as Alternative Therapeutics against Multi-Drug-Resistant Bacteria.

Antimicrobial resistance is considered a "One-Health" problem, impacting humans, animals, and the environment. The problem of the rapid development and spread of bacteria resistant to multiple antibiotics is a rising global health threat affecting both rich and poor nations. Low- and middle-income countries are at highest risk, in part due to the lack of innovative research on the surveillance and discovery of novel therapeutic options. Fast and effective drug discovery is crucial towards combatting antimicrobial resistance and reducing the burden of infectious diseases. African medicinal plants have been used for millennia in folk medicine to cure many diseases and ailments. Over 10% of the Southern African vegetation is applied in traditional medicine, with over 15 species being partially or fully commercialized. These include the genera Euclea, Ficus, Aloe, Lippia. And Artemisia, amongst many others. Bioactive compounds from indigenous medicinal plants, alone or in combination with existing antimicrobials, offer promising solutions towards overcoming multi-drug resistance. Secondary metabolites have different mechanisms and modes of action against bacteria, such as the inhibition and disruption of cell wall synthesis; inhibition of DNA replication and ATP synthesis; inhibition of quorum sensing; inhibition of AHL or oligopeptide signal generation, broadcasting, and reception; inhibition of the formation of biofilm; disruption of pathogenicity activities; and generation of reactive oxygen species. The aim of this review is to highlight some promising traditional medicinal plants found in Africa and provide insights into their secondary metabolites as alternative options in antibiotic therapy against multi-drug-resistant bacteria. Additionally, synergism between plant secondary metabolites and antibiotics has been discussed.

Bridging the Gap or Widening the Divide? The Role of Technology in Global Economic Inequality

This article explores the relationship between technological advancements, transnational capitalism, and the growing divide in global economic inequality. It analyzes how developed nations' dominance in technology research and innovation has contributed to the disproportionate distribution of wealth, productivity, and economic development. By examining data such as G7 countries' investments in research and development, accounting for over 88% of global expenditure, and their holding of over 90% of patents filed in 2014, the article highlights the intricate links between multinational corporations, technological diffusion, and global inequality. The findings reveal that the concentration of technological advancements in a few developed countries not only fuels global capitalism but also exacerbates the economic disparities between rich and poor nations. The article calls for a more equitable approach to technological development and diffusion to bridge this widening gap.

Globotics and Development: When Manufacturing Is Jobless and Services Are Tradeable

AbstractGlobalization and robotics (globotics) are jointly transforming the world economy at an explosive pace. While much of the literature has focused on rich nations, the changes are quite likely to affect developing nations in important ways. The premise of the paper – which should be regarded as a thought-piece – is based on an extreme thought experiment. What does development look like when digital technology has rendered manufacturing jobless and many services freely traded? Our conclusion is that the service-led development path may become the norm rather than the exception; think India, not China. Since success in the service sector is based on quite different factors than success in manufacturing, development strategies and mindsets may have to change. This is an optimistic conclusion since it suggests that developing nations can directly export the source of their comparative advantage – low-cost labour – without having first to make goods with that labour.

Tourism as an Engine for Economic Diversification: An exploratory study of Saudi Arabia’s Tourism Strategy and Marketing Initiatives

This paper discusses the importance of economic diversification for the Natural resource rich nations with a special focus on Saudi Arabia. The paper will concentrate on Saudi Arabia’s efforts to achieve diversification by investing in tourism industry. Natural resources are the real wealth of nations. The availability of resources can directly influence a country's ability to grow. But at the same time a nation's economy may suffer significant and unfavourable repercussions if it is overly reliant on one or two resources, this phenomenon is called as “resource curse”. Economic diversification must therefore be successfully implemented for an economy to enjoy long-term prosperity. Saudi Arabia has made notable efforts in diversifying its economy to reduce its reliance on oil and mitigate the resource curse. With tourism industry being one of the largest non-oil contributors and one of the biggest jobs creating sector, the Saudi Arabian government recognizes the importance and ability of the tourism industry and considers it as one of the prime drivers in efforts of diversifying the economy. The paper will analyse role of tourism marketing in establishing a growing and glowing tourism sector. Finally, we examine the Saudi Arabian government's tourism marketing initiatives and the results it yielded.

Immunoinformatics-based multi-epitope vaccine design for the re-emerging monkeypox virus

BackgroundOn May 7, 2022, WHO reported a new monkeypox case. By May 2023 over 80,000 cases had been reported worldwide outside previously endemic nations. (This primarily affected the men who have sex with men (MSM) community in rich nations). The present research aims to develop a multi-epitope vaccine for the monkeypox virus (MPXV) using structural and cell surface proteins. MethodsThe first part of the research involved retrieving protein sequences. The Immune Epitope Database (IEDB) was then used to analyze the B and T lymphocyte epitopes. After analyzing the sensitizing properties, toxicity, antigenicity, and molecular binding, appropriate linkers were utilizedto connect selected epitopes to adjuvants, and the structure of the vaccine was formulated. Algorithms from the field of immunoinformatics predicted the secondary and tertiary structures of vaccines. The physical, chemical, and structural properties were refined and validated to achieve maximum stability. Molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulations were subsequently employed to assess the vaccine’s efficacy. Afterward, the ability of the vaccine to interact with toll-like receptors 3 and 4 (TLR3 and TLR4) was evaluated. Finally, the optimized sequence was then introduced into the Escherichia coli (E. coli) PET30A + vector. ResultsAn immunoinformatics evaluation suggested that such a vaccine might be safe revealed that this vaccine is safe, hydrophilic, temperature- and condition-stable, and can stimulate innate immunity by binding to TLR3 and TLR4. ConclusionOur findings suggest that the first step in MPXV pathogenesis is structural and cell surface epitopes. In this study, the most effective and promising epitopes were selected and designed throughprecision servers. Furthermore,through the utilization of multi-epitope structures and a combination of two established adjuvants, this research has the potential to be a landmarkin developing an antiviralvaccine against MPXV. However, additional in vitro and in vivo tests are required to confirm these results.

A Review on CO2 Sequestration: The Indian Scenario

Abstract To address the carbon dioxide (CO2) and other green-house gas (GHG) emission issues and combat climate change, various world summits have taken place starting with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) at Rio in 1992 to the COP26 at Glasgow in 2021. Although the Paris Agreement of 2015, a legally binding international treaty intended to keep global average temperature rise below 2°C (preferably 1.5°C), it appears too tough a target considering the present day scenarios of insincerity by the advanced and rich nations. On the other hand, adaptation of CCS (carbon capture and storage) technologies in industrial scale have not yet been possible because of economic unviability. Although the western countries such as the USA and the EU have invested considerable amount of funds for R&D to make the CCS technologies successful, the developed technologies are only up to the pilot scale. More funding and focused R&D are needed to make the proven CCS technologies economic in industrial scales. The R&D efforts by other countries are still insignificant. India being the fourth largest emitter of GHGs in the world, is a signatory to most of the global treaties and is trying to adopt various CCS technologies. However, no significant progress has been made so far although some initiations have been observed after the recent pledge made by the Hon. Prime Minister of India in COP26 at Glasgow for a ‘net zero’ carbon by 2070. Industrial utilization of CO2 is negligible in the country except that Tata Steel Ltd. recently installed a demonstration carbon capture plant (5 TPD CO2) at its Jamshedpur works. There are no visible efforts from the power sectors who are one of the major contributors of CO2. Future availability of CCS technologies to Indian industries shall primarily be determined by the investments they make in R&D to develop the technologies on their own or in collaboration with research laboratories. Substituting carbon with green hydrogen and using renewable energy to run the steel plants would be desirable. Implementation of costly CCS technologies in India would need incentives from government as well as involvement and financial commitment from private industries which has been very low over the years. In this article we have taken a fresh stock of the situation with respect to the global targets set, efforts being made, technological interventions and their adaptability, R&D efforts required, funding opportunities, promises made, the gaps in available technologies, and target accomplishments. Indian status has been reviewed with respect to CCS: where does it stand, what are the challenges and what is the way forward for this fast-growing developing country to address the climate change keeping a balance with its fast growth rate.

Who Is Responsible for the Climate Crisis? A Perspective from the Global South

ABSTRACT This article argues that insistence on adaptation to climate change, popularised by the rich nations of the Global North, is crowding out discussions on mitigation strategies. Mitigation (or degrowth) is central to formulating a fair and collective strategy to tackle the climate crisis at the global scale. In this context, we have calculated the historical cumulative emissions, material footprints, and carbon debt, which are essential prerequisites to tackling the climate crisis. This article empirically proves that the Global North owes a huge carbon debt based on historical cumulative emissions. We estimate the carbon debt of all the outlier countries (carbon debtors) to be US$ 3127.28 trillion, of which the US (the United States) and EU (European Union, including 28 countries) owe US$ 1174.19 and US$ 771.90 trillion, respectively. The paper concludes that any adaptation policy requires settling this debt through directly financing adaptation operations in the poor countries of the Global South and effective mitigation (de-growth) policies in the Global North.

Cooperation dynamics in collective risk games with endogenous endowments

The dilemma of global public issues is a grave challenge, characterized by conflicts between rich and poor nations, and a lack of national consensus on future benefits. The impact of initial wealth heterogeneity on the emergence of cooperation in collective risk dilemmas has been a topic of intense debate. In this study, we examine the impact of endogenous endowment heterogeneity on cooperation in collective risk dilemmas. Using a two-stage game model with endogenous endowments, we investigate the dynamics of cooperation and the potential stable-state composition of the population under various parameters. Simulation results show that a higher risk probability leads to greater investment. Besides, cooperative behavior thrives when individuals are encouraged to achieve higher targets by setting small contribution ratios in multiple stages. Moreover, the promotion of cooperation by the benefit coefficient of the first-stage public goods game is influenced by the second-stage contribution ratio. Generally, a higher enhancement factor increases the likelihood of averting risk. However, when the contribution ratio is in the middle range, a moderate level of the enhancement factor yields the best performance in terms of risk aversion. Our findings have offered some information for real-life collective risk games that involve economic game relations between countries.

The War in Ukraine and the End of the American Financial Order?

The crises of 1997–98, 2008, and the pandemic accelerated contradictory changes in global financial governance. Taken together, the change and stasis propelled by these crises is coalescing around a fragmented “post-American financial order.” The war in Ukraine represents another inflection point. The war has facilitated the reassertion of American financial power and cooperation among rich nations. However, like previous crises, the war is creating fissures in financial governance. The landscape offers risks and opportunities against a backdrop of heightened financial fragilities, authoritarianism and fascism, inequalities, devastation associated with the pandemic and war, and climate crisis. In such moments, Hirschman’s “possibilism” is both elusive and necessary. In this context, we might aspire to “permissive multilateralism s” rather than nostalgia for a new Bretton Woods. JEL Classification: F02, F51

Microgrids in Competitive Market Environment: An Indian Perspective

Microgrids are believed to be the befitting green solution to the ever-rising energy crisis in the developing nations. The resource rich nations are rapidly shifting their dependence on microgrids to meet the reduced carbon footprint target at a global level. This paper addresses this issue and presents a detailed technical review on microgrid integration in competitive electricity market scenario. An in-depth coverage of the need for and importance of microgrid deployments across India is presented in this work. The relevant literature that highlights the significance of various energy storage systems is reviewed. The authors present the perspective of microgrid integration in a competitive market scenario covering both day ahead and real time market scenarios thereby discussing the concept of maximizing social benefit in a grid integrated microgrid framework. This work also focuses on microgrid optimization techniques and outlines a detailed comparison showing merits and demerits of all the techniques implemented by the researchers so far. The authors highlight the fact that green energy holds the potential to not only outgrow the fossil fuels but it shall do so by fetching the requisite economic benefit to the investors as well.