Rice Varieties In India Research Articles

Effect of inorganic and organic sources of nutrients on the growth, yield and economics of traditional rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Mappilai samba

The emergence of new rice varieties, including HYV, hybrids and genetically modified rice, which are being developed as a result of corporate-centered technology, is putting traditional rice varieties in India and throughout Asia in danger of extinction. In order to better understand how artificial and organic inputs affect traditional rice production and growth, this study was carried out. A field study was conducted in Pazhankovil village, Thiruvannamalai district of Tamil Nadu, India in June 2021. This experiment used a randomized block (RBD) design with 11 treatments viz., T1 – Control, T2 – 100% RDF, T3 – 50% RDF + FYM @ 12.5 t/ha, T4 – 50% RDF + VC @ 2.5 t/ha, T5 – 50% RDF + Humic granules @ 25 kg/ha, T6 – 50 % RDF + FYM @ 12.5 t/ha+ NPK Consortia, T7 – 50% RDF + VC @ 2.5 t/ha + NPK consortia, T8 – 50% RDF + Humic granules @ 25 kg/ha + NPK consortia, T9 – 50% RDF + FYM @ 12.5 t/ha + NPK consortia + Seaweed liquid @ 2% (FS two times), T10 – 50% RDF + VC @ 2.5 t/ha + NPK consortia + Seaweed liquid @ 2% (FS two times) and T11 – 50 % RDF + Humic granules @ 25 kg/ha + NPK consortia + Seaweed liquid @ 2% (FS two times) and were replicated thrice. Treatments consist of various organic solids and liquids that have been given in combination with 50% RDF. Results of the experiment revealed that among the different treatments tried, T10 treatment performed better compared to other treatments and use of 50% RDF with NPK consortia and FYM 12.5 t/ha (T6) found to be at par with application of 100% RDF (T2).

Evaluation of rice research: An alternate method to capture outcomes

Abstract Policy-makers, research managers, and donors are interested in knowing the outputs, outcomes, and impacts of investment in agricultural research. Several institutions are engaged in rice research and impact assessment of rice research requires area coverage information for rice varieties. The area coverage information for individual varieties is not available at the national level in many developing countries as the conventional household survey method is expensive and time-consuming. This article aims to find a cost-effective and quick method to estimate the area under popular rice varieties in India and their spread in different states. Secondary data collected from 27 states and 1 union territory of India were used to estimate the area. The results of the new method compared well with some of the studies conducted at the state level. The most important varieties identified using the new method were Swarna, Cottondora Sannalu, Samba Mahsuri, Vijetha, IR-64, and Ranjeet, which covered more than 1 million ha each in the country. On geographical coverage, IR-64 has spread to 17 states followed by Swarna, Cottondora Sannalu, Samba Mahsuri, Vijetha, IR-36, and Swarna Sub-1 which covered 14, 14, 12, 11, 11, and 10 states, respectively. The area information can be used to compute returns to rice research by different research institutions and study dynamics of varietal change over time. The popular varieties identified should be used in future breeding programs and biotechnological studies for the development of superior varieties.

Glycemic Index of Selected Indian Rice Varieties

Aims: For prevention and management of type II diabetes among rice eating population, consumption of rice with lower Glycemic Index (GI) is highly desirable as low GI food decreases plasma glucose levels and plasma insulin demand. As there is paucity of information on the GIs of commonly consumed rice varieties in India, the aim of this study was to determine GI of selected five rice varieties, and to find relationship of GI with their cooking and eating quality traits.
 Study Design, Place and Duration: In vivo experiment was conducted at PG&RC, PJTS Agricultural University, Hyderabad, India, during March, 2017 to February, 2018. During this period, cooking and eating quality traits of selected rice varieties were determined in ICAR- Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad, India.
 Methodology: GIs were determined by feeding10 fasted human subjects a fixed portion of foods and subsequently measuring plasma glucose of their blood samples at specific interval of time and GIs were calculated using standard formula. Cooking and eating quality traits were determined using standard procedure.
 Results: The estimated GI values were 56.38(SEM 1.57), 59.23(SEM 1.02), 71.73 (SEM 1.75), 87.40 (SEM 1.90), and 94.05 (SEM 1.21), respectively for Sampada, Dhanrasi, DRR Dhan 42, DRR Dhan 43, and Jarava. Alkali spreading value (ASV), Gel consistency (GC), and Water uptake (WU) values of these five varieties ranged from 4 to 6, 22 mm to 54.5 mm, and 80 ml/ 100 g to 255 ml/100 g, respectively.
 Conclusion: Two varieties were identified with moderate GI values (Sampada, 56.38 ± 1.57; Dhanrasi, 59.23± 1.02). These varieties can prove to be a healthier option to incorporate in nutritional therapeutic diet. It is also concluded that lower ASV, higher GC, and lower WU, are good predictors for lower GIs of rice varieties. These relationships may be used for screening of low GI rice cultivars in breeding programme.

Grain Dimension, Nutrition and Nutraceutical Properties of Black and Red Varieties of Rice in India

Traditional colored rice varieties in India are the source of carbohydrates, phytochemicals and minerals. They facilitate the growth of probiotics in intestine and protect human from many chronic diseases. The present study investigated the nutritional properties such as total sugars, digestible sugars, resistant sugars, hydrolysis index, glycemic index and total proteins of thirteen colored varieties of rice in India. Nutraceutical properties like anti diabetic and prebiotic activity were investigated by standard methods. Chak hao poreiton and mappillai samba grains were 6.3 mm in length. Lowest length of 5.1 mm was recorded in 60 m Kuruvai. Among the rice varieties, mappillai samba has high concentration of digestible starch of 91% and Chak hao poreiton had low concentration of 62%. Resistant starch was 38% in Chak hao poreiton and 8% in mappillai samba. Lowest glycemic index of 52 and 53 were recorded in karuthakar poha and Chak hao poreiton respectively. Anthocyanin extracted from Chak hao poreiton inhibited 24% of human pancreatic α-amylase activity. It significantly increased the probiotic number from 0.15 CFU/mL to 1.95 CFU/mL. The study revealed that the black rice variety, Chak hao poreiton was rich in resistant starch and exhibited low glycemic index. The anthocyanins from Chak hao poreiton possessed significant antidiabetic and prebiotic activity. Molecular docking studies revealed the interaction of anthocyanin with pancreatic α-amylase, β-glucosidase and GLUT1.

Assessment of resistance to rice tungro disease in popular rice varieties in India by introgression of a transgene against Rice tungro bacilliform virus.

Rice crops in South and Southeast Asian countries suffer critical yield losses due to rice tungro disease caused by joint infection with rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV) and rice tungro spherical virus (RTSV). Previously, for generating RNA interference-based transgenic resistance against tungro viruses, RTBV ORF IV was used as a transgene to develop RTBV resistance in a popular high-yielding scented rice variety. The transgene from this line was then introgressed into five popular high-yielding but tungro-susceptible rice varieties by marker-assisted backcross breeding with a view to combine the resistant trait with the agronomic traits. The present work includes a resistance assay of the BC3F5 lines of these varieties under glasshouse conditions. Out of a total of 28 lines tested, each consisting of 12 individual plants, eight lines showed significant amelioration in height reduction and 100- to 1000-fold reduction in RTBV titers. The RNAi-mediated resistance was clearly manifested by the presence of virus-derived small RNA (vsRNA) specific for RTBV ORF IV in the transgenic backcrossed lines.

Optimization of the choice of molecular markers for identification of commercially used rice varieties in India using rapid DNA extraction protocol

The present investigating aimed at the development of molecular marker for cultivar identification and genetic purity assessment. A total of four SSR markers and six SRAP primer were developed for the identification of sixteen different commercial varieties of rice. Traditional practice like grow-out-test based on morphological traits is time consuming and sometimes environmentally influenced. After development of molecular marker, it is using as an alternative to grow –out –test because of its rapid, accurate detection. We have assessed the potential of simple sequence repeat and sequence-related amplified polymorphism markers in distinguishing rice varieties and four simple sequence repeat markers namely CT-14, CT-25 CT XY-1 and ATC-3 and six sequence-related amplified polymorphism markers primers could be clearly distinguished sixteen commercially cultivar rice varieties. In addition to single markers, it’s better to try with marker combinations, which were amenable for PCR and capable of distinguishing the varieties. Larger differences for each crop were found between cultivers from different seed companies than within the same company. These DNA markers can provide an easier and faster reliable genetic identification of rice cultivars.

Rice–gall midge interactions: Battle for survival

Gall midges are insects specialized in maneuvering plant growth, metabolic and defense pathways for their benefit. The Asian rice gall midge and rice share such an intimate relationship that there is a constant battle for survival by either partner. Diverse responses by the rice host against the midge include necrotic hypersensitive resistance reaction, non-hypersensitive resistance reaction and gall-forming compatible interaction. Genetic studies have revealed that major R (resistance) genes confer resistance to gall midge in rice. Eleven gall midge R genes have been characterized so far in different rice varieties in India. In addition, no single R gene confers resistance against all the seven biotypes of the Asian rice gall midge, and none of the biotypes is virulent against all the resistance genes. Further, the interaction of the plant resistance gene with the insect avirulence gene is on a gene-for-gene basis. Our recent investigations involving suppressive subtraction hybridization cDNA libraries, microarray analyses, gene expression assays and metabolic profiling have revealed several molecular mechanisms, metabolite markers and pathways that are induced, down-regulated or altered in the rice host during incompatible or compatible interactions with the pest. This is also true for some of the pathways studied in the gall midge. Next generation sequencing technology, gene expression studies and conventional screening of gall midge cDNA libraries highlighted molecular approaches adopted by the insect to feed, survive and reproduce. This constant struggle by the midge to overcome the host defenses and the host to resist the pest has provided us with an opportunity to observe this battle for survival at the molecular level.

From QTL to variety-harnessing the benefits of QTLs for drought, flood and salt tolerance in mega rice varieties of India through a multi-institutional network

Rice is a staple cereal of India cultivated in about 43.5Mha area but with relatively low average productivity. Abiotic factors like drought, flood and salinity affect rice production adversely in more than 50% of this area. Breeding rice varieties with inbuilt tolerance to these stresses offers an economically viable and sustainable option to improve rice productivity. Availability of high quality reference genome sequence of rice, knowledge of exact position of genes/QTLs governing tolerance to abiotic stresses and availability of DNA markers linked to these traits has opened up opportunities for breeders to transfer the favorable alleles into widely grown rice varieties through marker-assisted backcross breeding (MABB). A large multi-institutional project, “From QTL to variety: marker-assisted breeding of abiotic stress tolerant rice varieties with major QTLs for drought, submergence and salt tolerance” was initiated in 2010 with funding support from Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, in collaboration with International Rice Research Institute, Philippines. The main focus of this project is to improve rice productivity in the fragile ecosystems of eastern, northeastern and southern part of the country, which bear the brunt of one or the other abiotic stresses frequently. Seven consistent QTLs for grain yield under drought, namely, qDTY1.1, qDTY2.1, qDTY2.2, qDTY3.1, qDTY3.2, qDTY9.1 and qDTY12.1 are being transferred into submergence tolerant versions of three high yielding mega rice varieties, Swarna-Sub1, Samba Mahsuri-Sub1 and IR 64-Sub1. To address the problem of complete submergence due to flash floods in the major river basins, the Sub1 gene is being transferred into ten highly popular locally adapted rice varieties namely, ADT 39, ADT 46, Bahadur, HUR 105, MTU 1075, Pooja, Pratikshya, Rajendra Mahsuri, Ranjit, and Sarjoo 52. Further, to address the problem of soil salinity, Saltol, a major QTL for salt tolerance is being transferred into seven popular locally adapted rice varieties, namely, ADT 45, CR 1009, Gayatri, MTU 1010, PR 114, Pusa 44 and Sarjoo 52. Genotypic background selection is being done after BC2F2 stage using an in-house designed 50K SNP chip on a set of twenty lines for each combination, identified with phenotypic similarity in the field to the recipient parent. Near-isogenic lines with more than 90% similarity to the recipient parent are now in advanced generation field trials. These climate smart varieties are expected to improve rice productivity in the adverse ecologies and contribute to the farmer’s livelihood.

Plant Biotechnology for Food Security: New Frontiers

Global food and nutritional security is a major area of concern. Traditional technologies have largely run their course, and we are witnessing plateauing of yields of major crops. The climate change scenario and diminishing natural resources for crop production pose additional challenges to food production in a sustainable manner. Among the available options, biotechnology offers opportunities for accelerated crop improvement for attaining food and nutritional security. The Bt-cotton in India, and glyphosate herbicide tolerant soybean in the US and South America, best illustrate the potential of transgenic technology. The Golden rice nutritionally fortified for provitamin A is in the pipeline. Similarly, the sequencing of important crop genomes and rapidly accumulating genomic resources across crops have opened novel opportunities for precision breeding of crops. The recent commercial release of improved rice varieties in India testifies the power of molecular Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS) approach for accelerated and precision breeding of varieties. The technique is now being extended to other crops. Successful utilization of the vast amount of genomic data and resources that are being generated in recent years would require up gradation of infrastructure and skills, and regular interaction and collaboration with the international community. Further, the transgenic technology has also highlighted the urgent need for effective science communication with the general public to allay fears of new technologies. In view of these, the Society for Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology and the National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, in association with the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi organized the First International Conference on “Plant Biotechnology for Food Security: New Frontiers” from February 21–24, 2012, New Delhi, India. More than 600 Scientists and students from all over the globe attended the conference. Eminent scientists participated in the deliberations in seven different sessions spread over three days: (a) Biochemistry and Metabolic Engineering, (b) Developmental Biology, (c) Biotic and Abiotic Stress Management (d) Genomics and Bioinformatics, (e) Molecular Plant Breeding, (f) Nanobiotechnology and Diagnostics, and (g) Biotechnology Education, Biosafety and Public Awareness. The presentations were a veritable treat. Due to obvious constraints of space and logistics, we cannot provide you here full coverage of all the presentations. Instead, in this Special issue of the Journal of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology, we have attempted to compile a comprehensive set of 17 selected invited presentations from leading authorities from various fields. We hope that the scientific community in general and the plant biologists in particular will find this issue of JPBB very timely and useful. The editorial committee sincerely thanks all the contributing authors for their support.