Rice Shell Research Articles

Development and performance assessment of a novel multigeneration clean energy system based on biomass-LNG using a dynamic model and supervised learning algorithms

Combining process integration mechanisms with artificial intelligence (AI) can be used as a tool for maximum use of biomass capacity and energy production. This study proposes a continuous multi-generation hybrid energy production system based on biomass-LNG using the carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) method. In this system, using the Gibbs free energy minimization approach, a process based on the fluidized bed gasifier was designed, which in addition to producing hydrogen and electricity from biomass, also produces liquid CO2 and precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) from liquid natural gas and limestone for the first time. This process was also examined from thermal (HHV) and thermodynamic (Exergy) standpoints. The simulation of the gasification unit was able to predict the percentage of exhaust gases from the gasifier with errors of RMSE = 3.8 and RMSE = 3.2 for almond shell and rice shell biomass, respectively. Following that, a dataset with more than 14 million records was generated. Then, machine learning methods were employed to investigate and improve the process's simulation characteristics. The evaluation of 15 machine learning algorithms in the construction of the predictive model showed that ANN, Extra Tree Regressor, and Random Forest are the most accurate algorithms in predicting the desired values (such as hydrogen, work, PCC, liquid CO2, exergy, and HHV) with R2 > 0.99. The dataset analysis showed that the current process could produce 130 kg/h of hydrogen, 375 kWh of work, 2600 kg/h of PCC, and 531 kg/h of liquid carbon dioxide on average. As a final step, a WPF desktop application was developed that simplifies the use of ML models so that the impact of changing the variables can easily be calculated.

Sosialisasi Kelayakan Aspek Keuangan Pembuatan Briket pada UMKM Produksi Arang di Desa Waringinkaya

Waringinkarya is one of the villages located in the Lemah Abang subdistrict of Karawang Regency. Waringinkarya Village is known for its extensive potential in rice farming areas. Based on the livelihood aspect of the village's population, it is quite diverse, with the majority engaged in farming. The processing of agricultural waste such as rice shells into charcoal briquettes holds high economic value and can serve as an alternative to enhance the economic well-being of the village residents. The focus of this project is a UMKM engaged in charcoal production. The main objective of the project is to promote the utilization of agricultural waste in the production of high-value charcoal briquettes. The results of the service project include providing information on production methods and financial projections obtained from the processing of agricultural waste into briquettes.
 Keywords: Waste, Agriculture, Briquette, UMKM, Financial

Assessing the environmental sustainability of different soil disinfestation methods used in solar greenhouse vegetable production systems

Overuse of fertilizers and irrigation and continuous monocropping is increasingly jeopardizing vegetable production in solar greenhouses as it causes serious soil degradation and the spread of soil-borne diseases. As a countermeasure, the practice of anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) has been recently introduced, which is carried out during the summer fallow period. However, ASD may increase N leaching and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions when large amounts of chicken manure are applied. This study assesses how the use of different amounts of chicken manure (CM) combined with rice shells (RS) or maize straw (MS) affects soil O2 availability, N leaching, and GHG emissions during and following the ASD period. Application of RS or MS alone effectively stimulated long-lasting soil anaerobiosis without major stimulating effects on N2O emissions and N leaching. Seasonal N leaching and N2O emissions were in the ranges of 144–306 and 3–44 kg N ha−1, respectively, and were strongly increasing with increasing rates of manure application. Combining high rates of manure application with the additional incorporation of crop residues further increased N2O emissions by 56 %–90 % as compared to the standard practice of farmers (1200 kg N ha−1 CM). About 56 %–91 % of seasonal N2O emissions occurred during the ASD period, whereas N leaching mainly occurred in the cropping period (75 %–100 %). Our study shows, that for priming ASD incorporation of crop residue is sufficient and that the addition of chicken manure for ASD is not needed and should be reduced or even prohibited as it does not improve yields but stimulates the emission of the strong GHG N2O.

Application of rice shell activated carbon for reduction of chemical oxygen demand limit and adsorption of iron from abattoir wastewater

In this investigation, rice shell (RS)-activated carbon (AC) - (RS-AC) is used as a bio-sorbent to reduce chemical oxygen demand (COD) and adsorb iron from effluent from an abattoir. With H3PO4, the rice husk was altered and chemically activated. Scan electron microscopy (SEM) as well as Fourier-Transform-Infrared (F-T-IR) were utilized to examine the activated RS and examine its content, appearance, and structure. Moreover, proximate analytical study was used to ascertain the activated rice husk's wetness, volatile matter, ash, bulk density, and fixed carbon contents. Contact period, temperature, and dosage are the adsorption parameters that are assessed. The contact period of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 min, the dosage of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6g, and the temperature of 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100oC were evaluated for the Fe bio-adsorption as well as COD limits reduction in wastewater obtained from abattoir at constant agitation of 200rmp and potential hydrogen level of 5 for all the runs. RS-AC can be used to maintain the amount of iron and COD in aqueous solutions and water treatment, according to the results. According to this investigation, ARH has a high fixed carbon content, which makes it an efficient bio-adsorbent, and the resulting RS-AC has a good bulk density for flow consistency. The FI-M best matches the linear equation for iron removal, whereas the LI-M given that the coefficient of correlation that well matches the equation to have COD limit at acceptable level. In comparison to other models, second ordered Kinetics model-SOKM satisfactorily describes current data to keep Fe as well as COD levels within standard ranges; as a result, chemical adsorption controls the bio-adsorption process.

Rice husk biochar mediated red phosphorus for photocatalysis and photothermal removal of E. coli

The current photocatalytic bactericidal materials in the field of food pathogen control are usually consisted of metals that always suffering from poor stability and possible secondary pollution. Besides, the requirement for high energy excitation also inspires the enthusiasm on exploring non-metallic catalysts. Herein, the non-metallic composite of rice shell biochar loaded with red phosphorus (B@RP) was developed for photocatalysis and photothermal removal of bacteria. The B@RP showed effective photocatalysis performance to stimulate the generation of OH and O2− free radicals for the elimination of Escherichia coli (E. coli). At the same time, the photothermal effect of B@RP can also increase the permeability of cell membrane, which is conducive to free radicals entering the cell interior. Therefore, the non-metallic composite could achieve complete removal of E. coli within 2 h under illumination. Meanwhile, B@RP had excellent stability and the sterilization efficiency maintained 100% after 9 cycles. Hence, B@RP is expected to be a harmless and efficient bactericidal material for food industry.

Insight into the synergy between rice shell biochar particle electrodes and peroxymonosulfate in a three-dimensional electrochemical reactor for norfloxacin degradation

In this study, rice shell biochar (RSB) has been employed as particle electrode in a three-dimensional electro-activation of peroxymonosulfate (3D-PMS) process. According to the experimental results, an outstanding degradation of norfloxacin (NOR) was successfully achieved in the 3D-PMS process. As compared with other processes, the three-dimensional electrode process and PMS oxidation have an obvious synergistic effect. An increase in PMS decomposition was observed due to electrochemical activation and heterogeneous catalysis of RSB. It was found that 87 % of NOR could be degraded in 120 min under optimal conditions of RSB 5 g L−1, NOR 10 mg L−1, PMS 10 mM, and 18 mA cm−2. Some trapping experiments and ESR analyses determine that SO4·-, OH, and 1O2 are all involved in the 3D-PMS process, while 1O2 is dominant ROS for NOR degradation. Furthermore, possible degradation pathways of NOR were investigated and the toxicity of intermediates was analyzed using ecological structure activity relationships (ECOSAR). After RSB was reused for 5 times, Raman spectrum, SEM, BET and FTIR results indicated that surface defects and physical structure were maintained in the 3D-PMS process. Lastly, the practical application of the 3D-PMS process is discussed in detail. Other contaminants, including ATZ, CBZ, SMX, and SMP were also tested in the 3D-PMS process. Based on the above findings, the 3D-PMS process was efficient and sustainable for various pollutants degradation in water.

Thermal performance enhancement of hollow brick by agricultural wastes

Because agricultural wastes can be used as good building insulation materials due to their huge output, wide distribution, recyclability, and high thermal resistance, they are the better selections to improve the thermal performance of envelopes in rural buildings. The hollow bricks filled-with agricultural wastes were proposed, and six groups of walls were built by hollow bricks filled with different kinds of agricultural wastes, including reed leaves, reed stems, rice shells, rice straws, and wheat stems in order to select the reasonable agricultural wastes. The simple hot-box heat flow meter method was used to measure and calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient of hollow brick walls filled with agricultural wastes. The experimental results showed that the insulation performance of the hollow brick was significantly improved due to filling agricultural wastes. Five agricultural wastes can reduce the overall heat transfer coefficient of hollow-brick walls by 12.7~32.7%. And the rice straws were the best selection to be filled into hollow bricks and they can reduce the overall heat transfer coefficient from 1.59 W/(K·m2) to 1.07 W/(K·m2), which showed that thermal performance of hollow-brick wall was improved by 32.7%. Hollow bricks filled with agricultural wastes can be utilized for future construction renovation in rural areas as insulation materials.

Impact of anaerobic soil disinfestation on seasonal N2O emissions and N leaching in greenhouse vegetable production system depends on amount and quality of organic matter additions

Greenhouse vegetable production (GVP) systems in China receive excessive amounts of fertilizers (>1500 kg N ha−1 yr−1) and irrigation (>1200 mm yr−1), which results in severe soil degradation. Moreover, soil borne diseases are common as the same crop is planted continuously over years. Anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) is a method carried out every 3–4 years during the summer fallow period to combat soil-borne diseases and to improve soil health. The standard ASD practice, which is carried out before the cropping season, involves incorporation of organic matter (i.e. rice shells or straw) into the soil, covering of the soil with plastic films and soil irrigation until saturation. However, many farmers incorporate large amounts of organic nitrogen fertilizer for priming ASD. In this study, we investigated if incorporation of rice shells plus chicken manure (ASD+RM; farmers practice) provokes higher environmental N losses (N2O emissions and N leaching) during the ASD and the following tomato crop growing period as compared to the standard ASD practice (ASD+R: only rice shells) or a Control (fallow, but with incorporation of organic manure, standard in non-ASD years). Results showed that ASD+RM increased seasonal (ASD/fallow period plus tomato crop growing period) soil N2O emissions by a factor of 3 (ASD+RM: 14.1 kg N2O-N ha−1; ASD+R: 4.7 kg N2O-N ha−1), with 2/3 of emissions occurring during the 25 days long ASD period. Across all treatments, nitrate (NO3−) leaching dominated total N leaching (75%), with significantly lower rates observed for ASD+R as compared to ASD+RM. For both ASD treatments, total dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) leaching was a factor of two higher than for the Control. Crop productivity was not affected by ASD. Our findings imply that ASD+RM should be abandoned as the additional supply of manure N results in high environmental N losses without further increasing yields.

Combined ultrasonic/subcritical water hydrolysis pretreatments for agricultural biomass

ABSTRACT In response to the intensification of eco-friendly routes as a strategy to access compounds of interest, extraction based on hydrothermal technologies is an efficient method to obtain high yields of compounds present in lignocellulosic materials. Accordingly, this study investigated the effects of the combination of ultrasonic pretreatments (energy density, 1.23 × 103–37.6 × 103 J/cm3; reaction time, 15 and 60 min) and subcritical water hydrolysis (SWH) (temperature, 220°C; flow rate, 10–30 mL/min; and reaction time, 0.5–15 min) on sugar yield profile from residual biomass of rice, soybean, and pecan. A characterization of the sugars present in the hydrolyzed solutions by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and a physicochemical evaluation of biomasses by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was performed. The highest yield reported were 23.8/100 g biomass, 14.4/100 g biomass, and 6.0/100 g biomass for pecan shell, rice shell, and soybean straw, respectively. Cellobiose, glucose, xylose, and arabinose were quantified by the HPLC, as well as inhibitors and organic acids. FT-IR indicated the compositions of the fresh and pretreated samples. Appropriately, the combined application of ultrasonic and SWH methods supported the valorization and optimization of high potential materials generated in agricultural processing.

The Study of Rice Shell Ash Precipitation Legal System for Silica

Using rice husk ash as raw material, low modulus sodium silicate was prepared and high dispersion white carbon black was prepared by chemical precipitation method. The effects of sulfuric acid concentration, reaction temperature and aging time on the oil absorption value (DBP). The high dispersion white carbon black was characterized by laser particle size analyzer, X-ray diffractometer, DBP and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results show that when the sulfuric acid concentration is 5%, the temperature is 85°C, and the aging time is 60min, the silica morphology is spherical, and the average particle size is about 5 micron, the oil absorption value is 2.82.

Preparation and Characterization of Nano silica Prepared by Different Precipitation Methods

Agricultural waste Rice husk ash (RHA) is large and massive by the output of rice milling manufacture and contains a high amount of silica. Taking into account this verdant technology is utilized to get SiO2 Nanoparticles from rice shell ash. In this research, studies on the extraction methods of Nano-silica by combustion rice shell for 2 h at 700 °C were carried out and investigated. However, the Rice shell ash was undergoing to precipitation methods and sol gel method to manufacture Nano silica. precipitation methods involve refluxing silica from Rice shell ash in boiled (1.0,2.0 N NaOH). While the sol-gel method involves calcination of RHA was treated with HCl at 700 °C for 2 h followed by chemical treatment. Results of The Infrared spectral (IR) information display the presence of hydrogen-bonded silanol group and the siloxane groups in silica. The Optical properties through UV-visible spectroscopy of the Nano silica samples show a wide bandgap value and absorption peaks located in the UV region. As well as, the particles size analysis with values of (13.02, 16.83 and 23.96 nm) for the samples (1NSiO2, 2NSiO2, and acid leaching) were obtained respectively.

Effects and Mechanisms of Methyl Orange Removal from Aqueous Solutions by Modified Rice Shell Biochar

Waste rice shell (RS) was used for modified biochar preparation via different activation methods. The types of modifiers, impregnation ratio, and pyrolysis temperature have significant effects on the characteristics of biochar and the adsorption capacity of methyl orange (MO). The physical and chemical properties of modified biochar and MO adsorption mechanisms were analyzed by N2-adsorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analyzer (TG), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. The results showed that the modified biochar (named Z2RT400) prepared at 400℃ with a mass ratio of 2:1 (ZnCl2:rice shell) had the highest adsorption capacity for MO. Under the following conditions with a solution pH value of 4, adsorbent dosage of 10 mg, initial MO concentration of 2000 mg·L-1, and reaction time of 420 min, the maximum adsorption capacity of Z2RT400 was 1967.72 mg·g-1. When the adsorbent dosage was 80 mg, the maximum removal rate reached 99.52%. The adsorption data fitted well with the pseudo-second order kinetic model and Freundlich isotherm model, which indicates that chemical adsorption is the main adsorption mechanism and physical adsorption is the auxiliary adsorption mechanism. Therefore, the waste rice shell derived biochar can be used as a highly efficient dye adsorbent in applications such as sewage treatment.

Biological treatment of denitrification in wastewater using a biofilm reactor with rice shell as energy source

Se evaluaron dos sistemas de tratamiento biologico de desnitrificacion en aguas residuales, utilizando reactores anaerobios de biopelicula con diferente fuente externa de energia. El primer sistema empleo metanol como fuente de carbono (sistema convencional) y el segundo, sustrato de cascara de arroz, ambos operaron con tiempos de retencion hidraulicos de 2.38, 5.56, 6.67, y 8.33 horas, con una alimentacion de nitratos de 40 mg /L. El sistema con sustrato de cascara de arroz tuvo mayor eficiencia en la remocion de nitratos, con un 97.58%, mientras que el sistema con metanol tiene una eficiencia del 93.46%, para el mismo tiempo de retencion. Los dos sistemas tienen un comportamiento similar en la remocion de carga organica, con una eficiencia maxima del 94%. La concentracion de biomasa en el reactor con sustrato de cascara de arroz, es 14 286 mg/l, siendo mayor a la del reactor con metanol, que es de 10 220 mg/l. El coeficiente de produccion de biomasa, Y, es de 0.007 y de 0.0045 para el reactor con metanol y con cascara de arroz, respectivamente, lo que indica una baja generacion de lodo

A pilot study on using biochars as sustainable amendments to inhibit rice uptake of Hg from a historically polluted soil in a Karst region of China

We studied the addition of two biochars (rice shell biochar (RSB) and wheat straw biochar (WSB)) to soil at doses of 24–72 t/ha on the dynamics of pH, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), sulfate, Fe(III), and Fe(II), as well as on mercury (Hg) mobility in the pore water of a polluted paddy soil, throughout the rice-growing season. The effect of biochar addition to soil on rice biomass and Hg accumulation was also investigated. The key results showed that the addition of RSB or WSB to soil improved significantly the biomass of aboveground tissues of rice plants, particularly at higher dose treatments, compared with the control. The RSB treatment noticeably decreased Hg concentration in the pore water compared to the control, throughout the rice-growing season, and this decrease was likely due to the decreased Hg mobility by the RSB by promoting the level of sulfate in the pore water, which might be reduced to sulfide to combine with Hg to form Hg sulfides. The extent of Hg concentration reduction in the pore water was less pronounced in the WSB treatments relative to the RSB treatments. Addition of RSB to soil at doses of 24–72 t/ha decreased significantly Hg contents in the stalk, bran, hull and polish rice of rice plants compared to the non-treated rice (control), particularly Hg content in the polished rice was below the Chinese safety level (< 20 ng g−1, GB2762-2012). The WSB treatments showed limited effects on rice tissues Hg. Biochar (RSB) may offer a promising method for managing the risk of Hg in paddy field by inhibiting rice Hg uptake.

Effects of sequential sodium hydroxide Ultrasonication and hot water treatment of rice straw and coconut shell on biogas production

Objectives: This study aims to determine the effects of various pretreatment methods on the biomass properties and biogas yield in the anaerobic co-digestion of agricultural biomass waste co-digested with different biomass feedstocks for power generation applications. Methods: This study was carried out in order to determine the effects of the methane production on the two pre-treatments (3% and 4% w/v NaOH) subjected to sequential NaOH-ultrasonication and Liquid Hot Water treatment for the rice straw and coconut shell feedstocks, which can be used as substrates for the anaerobic co-digestion experiments; using cow manure, digested manures and sewage sludge as inoculant. Findings: Results showed that the methane production increased by 140% and 290% from the pre-treatment of rice straw and coconut shells, respectively. With these, the pre-treated coconut shell subjected to ultrasonication with 3% NaOH and Liquid Hot Water has the best effect among the pre-treatment of biomass feedstocks of rice straw and coconut shell at various NaOH concentrations. Applications: The results of this experiment would give a viable estimate on the possible methane production from codigestion of these resources. The enhancement of the biogas yield was attributed to the improvement of biodegradability of rice straw and coconut shell through the pre-treatments. The changes of chemical compositions, chemical structures, and physical characteristics made rice straw and coconut shell feedstocks become more available and biodegradable and thus were responsible for the enhancement of the biogas yield. These results are contributing to develop a feasible biogas production from rice straw and coconut shell. Keywords: Anaerobic Digestion, Biogas, Cattle Manure, Coconut Shell, Rice Straw, Sewage Sludge

Differences in Cd Accumulation in Typical Soils Under the Double Rice System

Pot experiments were used to study the differences of Cd uptake and accumulation in double-cropping rice in typical soil types. To analyze the soil availability of Cd (DTPA-Cd) in soils and the Cd accumulation in double-cropping rice at different growth stages of the rice, we conducted pot experiments that selected the yellow clayey soil (paddy soil developed from plate shaley parent materials) and the granitic sandy soil (paddy soil developed from granitic parent materials). Exogenous Cd was added with gradients of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 5.0, and 10.0 mg·kg-1. Results showed that, during the rice growth period, the available Cd in the yellow clayey soil was higher than that in the granitic sandy soil, and the difference was significant (P<0.01). This showed that the content of Cd in rice (roots, shoots, leaves, rice shells, and brown rice) increased along with the treatment level and with the extension of the rice growth period. The accumulation characteristics of Cd in rice grains and other tissues of rice indicated differences between two seasons and two soil types, that is, late rice was higher in Cd than was early rice, and reddish yellow clayey soil was higher in Cd than granitic sandy soil. Significant positive linear correlations were found between the effective contents of Cd in soils and those in rice tissues (roots, shoots, leaves, and brown rice). The prediction model of Cd in rice and the characteristic equation for rice accumulation of Cd were applied to calculate the critical values of Cd:0.98 mg·kg-1 for early rice and 0.83 mg·kg-1 for late rice in reddish yellow clayey soil, and 0.86 mg·kg-1 for early rice and 0.56 mg·kg-1 for late rice in granitic sandy soil. These threshold values are higher than the National Standards given in "farmland environmental quality evaluation standards for edible agricultural products (HJ 332-2006)." The soil security threshold values and the soil environmental capacities of the two different parent materials varied greatly; therefore, different environmental quality standards may be formulated and different measures may be needed to control Cd pollution in different parent materials.

Impact of low temperature in young ear formation stage on rice seed setting.

A low temperature treatment in rice booting key period was executed on the north slope of Changbai Mountains to construct the impact model of low temperature on rice shell rate, and to reveal the effects of low temperature at different stages of rice young panicle on seed setting. The results showed that effects of low temperature in the young ear formation stage on rice shell rate generally followed the logarithmic function, the lower the temperature was, the greater the temperature influence coefficient was, and the longer the low temperature duration was, the higher rice shell rate was. The seed setting rate was most sensitive to low temperature in the middle time of booting stage (the period from formation to meiosis of the pollen mother cell), followed by the early and later stages. During the booting stage, with 1 ℃ decrease of daily temperature under 2-, 3- and 5-day low temperature treatments, the shell rate increased by 0.5, 1.7 and 4.3 percentage, respectively, and with 1 ℃ decrease of daily minimum temperature, the shell rate increased by 0.4,1.8 and 4.5 percentage, respectively. The impact of 2-day low temperature was smaller than that of 3 days or more. The impact of accumulative cold-temperature on the shell rate followed exponential function. In the range of harmful low temperature, rice shell rate increased about 8.5 percentage with the accumulative cold-temperature increasing 10 ℃·d. When the 3 days average temperature dropped to 21.6, 18.0 and 15.0 ℃, or the 5 days average temperature dropped to 22.0, 20.4 and 18.5 ℃, or the accumulative cold-temperature was more than 8, 19, 26 ℃·d, the light, moderate and severe booting stage chilling injury would occur, respectively. In Northeast China, low temperature within 2 d in rice booting stage might not cause moderate and severe chilling injury.

Fındık ve Çeltik Kabukları ve Odun Talaşı İle Takviye Edilmiş Termoset Kompozitlerde Reçine Türünün Fiziksel Özelliklere Etkisi

Fındık ve Çeltik Kabukları ve Odun Talaşı İle Takviye Edilmiş Termoset Kompozitlerde Reçine Türünün Fiziksel Özelliklere Etkisi

Gasification behaviors and kinetic study on biomass chars in CO2 condition

Non-isothermal thermogravimetry method was used in the paper to investigate the gasification properties of four biomass chars. The chemical composition and microstructures of biomass chars were analyzed by chemical analysis, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and BET method. The results show that the initial gasification temperature (T0.1) and total gasification temperature (T0.9) of peanut shell char (PS-char), corncob char (CC-char) and bamboo char (BB-char) are close, and rice shell char (RS-char) has relatively higher T0.1 and T0.9. Gasification reactivity of biomass char is in the order of BB-char>CC-char>PS-char>RS-char. It has been confirmed by chemical analysis and microscopic structure analysis that there is a good correlation between the biomass char gasification reactivity and the alkali index; that is, the greater the alkali catalytic index, the higher the catalytic effect. The random pore model (RPM), volume model (VM) and unreacted shrinking core model (URCM) were used to fit the experimental data. The results show that the experimental data agree better with the RPM than with other two models. The apparent activation energies of non-isothermal gasification of PS-char, CC-char, BB-char and RS-char calculated by RPM are 238.6kJ/mol, 302.7kJ/mol, 284.9kJ/mol and 242.2kJ/mol.

The impact of rice husk, activated carbon, almond shell, and sand filters on some physical and chemical properties of aqueous salt solution

In this study, the impact of rice husk, activated carbon, almond shell, and sand filters on some physical and chemical properties of saline water was investigated and compared. Salt solutions were collected downstream of columns filled with pure sand, sand plus rice husk, sand plus activated carbon, and sand plus almond shell, all with similar weights. The turbidity, water hardness, and the concentrations of chloride, sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium ions were measured over time. The results showed no effect of the pure sand on the adsorption of chloride (Cl−), calcium (Ca+), and magnesium (Mg+) ions. However, the highest adsorption of Ca+ (30.5%), Cl− (20%), and Mg+ (17.5%) ions and the maximum reduction of water hardness (23%) were achieved by passing saline water throughout a mixture of sand plus rice shell filters. The minimum adsorption of the ions was obtained with a mixture of sand plus almond shell filters. None of the filters had a significant impact on electrical conductivity of the saline water. In conclusion, combining sand filter with rice and almond shell filters were more effective in the desalinization of saline water.