Rice Institute Research Articles

INFLUENCE OF TILLAGE TOOLS ON AGROPHYSICAL PARAMETERS OF MEADOW-BOGGY SOIL AND RICE PRODUCTIVITY IN KAZAKHSTAN

Zonal technology treatment of the soil system for rice cultivation comprised various operations carried out with tillage equipment types in the Kyzylorda Region, Kazakhstan. With the region's agriculture sector having a low technical base, the performance of these operations is mostly meager, which does not justify itself in the modern conditions of the agro-industrial complex‟s functioning. The presented studies sought to determine the influence of different tillage tools on the soil‟s plowing quality, agrophysical properties, and rice productivity, carried out at the Kazakh Scientific Research Institute of Rice Growing, named after I. Zhakhaev, Kazakhstan. The study observed the use of a “Lemken Juwel-7 reversible plough” contributed to achieving a ridge ratio of 1.09 due to the uniform size and shape of the layers. The reversible plough provided the smallest area occupied by clods bigger than 5 cm (0.16 m2). Notably, fall-plowed soil disking, mineral fertilizers' incorporation, followed by soil rolling under rice with the BDM-„Agro‟ disk harrow and the Horsch Terrano 4 FX cultivator positively affected the structural and aggregate composition of the soil before rice planting. Using the Lemken Juwel 7 reversible plough and the Horsch Terrano 4 FX cultivator in the meadow-boggy soil treatment system contributed an average increase of 0.71 t/ha in rice yield under the environmental conditions of Kyzylorda Region, Kazakhstan. Employing these tillage units makes obtaining the maximum amount of agrotechnical soil fractions possible, positively affecting the field germination of seeds and rice grain yield.

ПРОГНОЗИРОВАНИЕ ИСПАРЕНИЯ С ВОДНОЙ ПОВЕРХНОСТИ С ПОМОЩЬЮ МАШИННОГО ОБУЧЕНИЯ

In studies carried out at the Krasnodar Rice Institute, as well as according to data from world rice cultivation centers, it has been shown that evaporation has the greatest effect on rice yield from climatic factors. Evaporation without any significant errors can be taken as evaporation from the waters of water bodies, while the value of rice transpiration most often has a fairly significant correlation or functional relationship with evaporation from water bodies. From the short-term weather forecasts issued by regional subjects of Roshydromet and other organizations, it is possible to obtain forecast values of temperature, wind speed and precipitation with a five-day (pentad) advance. It was on their basis that a method for predicting evaporation for the future pentad was developed. In this paper, the hypothesis of the possibility of predicting the values of evaporation from the water surface of rice checks by the main predicted meteorological elements using neuro-machine learning technologies is tested. In the course of the work, a machine learning algorithm was compiled aimed at approximating the amount of evaporation from the water surface based on forecast data of meteorological parameters. This technology can be used as a new technique for medium-term forecasting of evaporation for the pentad period. In order to obtain the amount of evaporation, it is quite possible to obtain a forecast dependence on the values of air temperature and wind speed, provided there is no precipitation, when such a forecast is most important.

Influence of seed heterogeneity on sowing and yielding parameters of rice cultivars

Purpose and objectives. The cultivation technology development was aimed at maximizing the potential productivity of the crop. To accomplish this, studies of heterogeneity are not only of theoretical but also of practical value, as knowledge of this phenomenon can open new opportunities to improve seed quality.
 Materials and methods. In 2019–2020, the field and laboratory experiments were carried out in the rice crop rotation of the Institute of Rice of NAAS. The farming technique of the experiment met the requirements for experimentation, as Dospekhov B.A. described.
 Results and discussion. This article covers the results on the performance patterns of new rice cultivars and their seed parameters, depending on the matrical heterogeneity. The yield in the field experiments across the study years ranged 8.05 to 11.68 t/ha, depending on a combination of the factors under investigation. It was found that the rice produced high yields in the plots sown with seeds from the upper part of the panicle, regardless of the cultivar. In the plots sown with seeds from the lower part of the panicle, there was a shortfall of planting material from 1.85 to 2.30 t/ha in comparison with the plots sown with seeds from the upper part of the panicle. Therefore, sowing seeds from the lower part of the panicle means irrational use of planting material, resulting in thinned crops and decreased yields, which in turn leads to the production of low-quality seeds.
 Conclusions. Thus, the matrical heterogeneity-based selection of rice seeds from the upper part of the panicle in the primary stages of seed production is an important technological approach. This contributes to an increase in the yield and quality of rice seeds, allowing for accelerated implementation of new rice cultivars into production.

Comparative Evaluation of the Essential Oil of the New Ukrainian Lavandula angustifolia and Lavandula x intermedia Cultivars Grown on the Same Plots.

New cultivars of lavender adapted to arid steppe conditions were developed by the Institute of Rice of Ukrainian National Academy of Agrarian Sciences (NAAS). This work is a part of the characterization process of the new cultivars. The chemical composition of the essential oil of the seven new Lavandula angustifolia and eight new Lavandula x intermedia cultivars was investigated and compared. In total, 71 different compounds were identified. Linalool and linalool acetate were the main components in both species in ranges of 26.14–57.07% and 9.08–24.45%, respectively. They were followed by terpinen-4-ol (2.16–22.44%), lavandulyl acetate (2.12–10.23%), and lavandulol (1.30–3.14) in the case of L. angustifolia and camphor (10.11–12.55%), borneol (5.49–8.71%), and eucalyptol (0.47–7.41%) in the case of L. x intermedia. The oils had a valuable terpene profile—a high linalool content and the substantial presence of lavandulol and its ester. Nevertheless, they did not comply with the industry standards, mostly due to high levels of terpinene-4-ol. Evidently, a high content of terpinen-4-ol is a characteristic feature of L. angustifolia oils bred in Ukraine. Additionally, the LA3 cultivar yielded an oil with some of the highest linalool contents reported in the literature. Statistical analysis and literature data allowed for the comparative analysis of the gathered data. MANOVA, PCA, and HCA marked caryophyllene oxide as another potential differentiating compound between studied species.

ЕФЕКТИВНІСТЬ ДІЇ БІОДЕСТРУКТОРА НА РОЗКЛАДЕННЯ ПІСЛЯЖНИВНИХ РЕШТОК РИСУ В ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ ВИРОЩУВАННЯ СОЇ (Glicine max (L)

For the implementation of productive potential of soybeans, it was presented an effective method of post-harvest residue destruction with the biologics in rice crop rotation. The research was conducted at the Institute of Rice of NAAS during 2016–2018. In autumn, post-harvest rice residues were treated with the Biocomplex-BTU Ecostern biodestructor (1l/ha) in combination with carbamide (concentrated amide water-soluble fertilizer) (30 kg/ha). The variant with the carbamide application (30 kg/ha) in autumn was a control. The application of the Biocomplex-BTU Ecostern biodestructor (1 l/ha) in combination with car-bamide increased the total number of pathogenic and saprotrophic fungi in the soil from 65.5 to 80.5 thou-sand/g of soil, or 22.9 %. Thus, the pathogenic microflora content in the studied variant was lower than in the control (carbamide application at rate of 30 kg/ha) by 21.8 %, and the number of saprotrophs increased 3.3 times. When Ecostern biodestructor and carbamide were combined for application, the number of antagonistic fungi doubled, while the number of toxin-forming fungi reduced by 9.4 %. Soybean yield at the combined application of Ecostern biodestructor and carbamide increased by 0.6 t/ha, or 17.9 % compared to the control (carbamide – 30 kg/ha). In addition, in this variant, the content of post-harvest rice residues in the soil at the soybean sowing was lower by 1.25 g/kg of soil, or 20.3 % compared to the control, which created favorable conditions for seed germination. It was observed that the yield increased due to the higher plant density and the number of beans per plant. Before harvesting, the soybean plant density due to the high field germination of seeds in the studied variant was 45 pcs/m2, which is 9.7 % more than the control (41 pcs/m2). The number of beans was 24 and 28 pcs/plant, and exceeded the control by 16.7 %; the thousand grain weight was 156.2 and 157.5 g which is more than the control by 0.8 %. Key words: post-harvest residues, microorganisms, fertilizers, soil, rice, soybeans, grain yield, thou-sand grains weight.

Effect of the irrigation regime of rise on soil oxidation-reduction status

During the cultivation of rice in the field for 3 months, the required water layer is maintained. In these conditions, there are the processes that lead to changes in the composition of organic and mineral components of the soil, namely: removal of easily soluble substances and mobile forms of nutrients, the dominance of reduction processes over oxidation ones. Irrigation of rice crops using drip irrigation also causes changes in salt and water-air regimes, which leads to the formation of salt bags and toxic salinization of the soil in a layer of 0-60 cm. The negative effect of drip irrigation is not so noticeable compared to flooding conditions and can be eliminated by observing crop rotation with the rate of the main crop not more than 50%.
 The research was conducted during 2016-2020 in the territory of the Rice Institute of NAAS and its experimental farm (Skadovsk district, Kherson region), where the soil cover is represented by dark chestnut saline soil. The study of the effect of rice cultivation in flood conditions was carried out on a rice irrigation system with an area of ​​190 ha, and under drip irrigation - on a demonstration trail with an area of ​​4 ha. The oxidation-reduction status of the arable soil layer of rice crop rotations when rice growing, is seasonal. In the period of water layer maintaining in the field, in the arable layer reduction processes predominate, while after harvesting and checks draining the intensity of the reduction processes is moderate and decreases.
 A model describing this process by the equation of a quadratic parabola was constructed. Growing rice under drip irrigation also reduces the oxidation-reduction soil capacity to negative values, but for a short period, which does not adversely affect the soil. The dynamics of this indicator in the conditions of drip irrigation is described by the equation of a quadratic parabola. Continuous monitoring of this process enables to evaluate the stability of fluctuations of the oxidation-reduction soil balance, which is important for assessing soil quality.

Bird Cherry (Prunus padus L.) in history and culture of Ukrainian and other ethnicities

Aim. Decorative and confectionery-pharmaceutical value of bird cherry (Prunus padus L.), the complex history of the phytonyms’ formation, the transcendent symbolism and poetics of its image, ideas about bird cherry in different ethnic groups, and the pragmatic need to modernize the traditions they have preserved led to the need for necessitated research. Methods. The authors conducted the retrospective analysis of the formation of the bird cherry’s folklore image; revealed the formation of its modern scientific terminology and botanical nomenclature, attempts to preserve the symbolism of the bird cherry’s folk names in different ethnic groups for future generations and the prospects for introducing P. padus representatives in horticulture. The commonly used methods of theoretical analysis, systematization, comparison, and generalization of specialized literature have been applied (Hurrell et al., 2019). Results. Polyphilia of the subgenus Prunus subg. Padus (Mill.) Peterm. (=Prunus subg. Padus (Moench) Focke), debatable rank and status of P. padus species and the incompleteness of its taxonomy are confirmed. The autochthonous nature of bird cherry in Ukraine is supported by the richness of its dialect folk names. However, the dialect names of bird cherry were not always really motivated. They symbolized the plant in colorful verbal and poetic images and connected it with the oldest sacred traditions. Folk names and symbols of bird cherry in Ukrainian, Russian and Belarusian dialects, variants of its nomenclature and symbolism in the traditions of English-speaking ethnic groups, and the Spanish language's onomastic field had been discussed. Works on the bird cherry’s use in folk medicine and modern pharmacy, and prospects for attracting materials from Prunus spp. Collections of NDP “Sofiyivka” of NAS of Ukraine and experimental farm “Novokahovske” of the Rice Institute of NAS of Ukraine for gardening, horticulture, and breeding are characterized. Conclusions. The ambiguity of the bird cherry’s folklore image in the ideas of close Slavic ethnic groups, the connection of these ideas with the composition of the local dendrological flora, and the traditional value of P. padus and other representatives of the subgenus Padus for traditional and scientific medicine, the prospects of their introduction into horticulture, and the need to involve ethnobotanical lexemes in enlightenment are proved.

Evaluación de recursos en el estudio de las propiedades industriales y culinarias para la caracterización varietal de arroz (Oryza sativa L.)

Different physicochemical tests have been used over time in the Oryza sativa species for the study of industrial and culinary properties. In this study, nine attributes were compared: amylose content, total whiteness, thousand grain weight, grain length and width, gelatinization time, apparent water absorption, expansion ratio, and gelatinization temperature. However, there is no single attribute that allows defining the concept of “culinary quality” in rice, since it depends on its behavior after cooking. The two varieties of long fine polished rice used for this study were: IRGA 424 (Rio Grandense Rice Institute) and Tranquilo FL INTA (National Institute of Agricultural Technology) and a mixture of both. In this work, the characterization of industrial and culinary properties of the rice varieties mentioned above was achieved by evaluating five attributes using simple and low-cost physical-chemical techniques in two of the rice varieties most in demand by producers in the province of Corrientes. This finding would allow the study of rice varieties to be approached by optimizing: equipment, reagents and time in future trials.

Obstacles and ways of forming effective protection of rice crops from weeds

Goal. Assessment of the current level of soil contamination in rice checks with weed seeds and determination of the reasons for insufficient efficiency of herbicide application to ensure high yields of rice sown in the south of our country. Research methodology: Field small-site experiments were conducted in crops (rice checks) of the Institute of Rice of NAAS of Ukraine (Antonivka village, Skadovsk district, Kherson region). The size of the sown experimental plot is 66 m2, the accounting area is 50 m2. The experiments were repeated 4 times. Placement of plots is regular in two tiers. Accounting and analysis were performed in accordance with the specifics of the requirements «Methods of testing and application of pesticides» edited by Professor S.O. Tribel, and Methods of research in beet growing. The level of yield of rice crops was determined by continuous harvesting of accounting plots on all repetitions of variants by a special selection combine «Sampo-2000» with the subsequent conversion into t/ha. Results. Washing of soil samples from rice checks and analysis of washed seeds and organs of vegetative reproduction revealed that the largest stocks of live seeds are present in the horizon 0—10 cm, and average 1310.0 pieces/ m2 of rooster millet. The total stock of seeds of different types of weeds that retained the ability to germinate in the soil was 12987.8 pieces/ m2. The number of weed seedlings in weed control crops (option 1) averaged 894.8 pcs/m2. In crops of option 2 after application of soil herbicide Kommand 48, KE (Clomazon, 480 g/l) with a concentration of working solution — 0.25%, at the rate of consumption of 0.5 l/ha before germination, the number of weed germs decreased to 550.5 pcs/ha or by 38.5%. Spraying of crops of rice of sowing in the period of formation — 3 leaves with a norm of expenses of working liquid of 200 l/hectare, herbicide Topshot, 113 OD of m.d. normal sow 3.0 l/ha with a concentration of working solution — 1.5%, further reduced the number of weeds in crops. The overall decrease in the number of weed plants in rice crops averaged 90.2%. Seedlings of acute plague died by 91.0%, rooster millet by 97.1%, bitter gourd by 96.3%. At the same time, the seedlings of Korsakov’s monochoria died out by 79.4% of the compact reed tuber by 77.1%, and the spreading plague by 76.2%. In crops of sown rice, 59.5 pcs/ m2 of weed plants of different species still remained to grow. Surviving plants were formed in rice crops on average 1452 g/m2 weight or 39.5% of its maximum volume in the experiments (option 1). The main part of the mass of weed plants was monocotyledonous species — 73.9%. The yield of rice crops was 5.12 t/ha or 44.8% of the maximum in the experiments (option 3). Conclusions: Systems of measures to protect rice crops should be aimed primarily at reliable and systematic control of seedlings and seedlings of the most numerous and problematic weed species: members of the botanical families Osokov and Tonkonogov.

An overview of innovative developments from the scientific provision of plant selection to resistance to diseases and pests

The Institute of Plant Protection of NAAS developed methods of plant selection for resistance to major pathogens and assessment methodology the resistance of winter wheat, potatoes, clover and alfalfa to pests to create complex resistant varieties. Donors of potato resistance to cancer, Alternaria, Phomosis and cyst-forming nematodes were identified. Methods for determining the resistance of cereals to high and low temperatures were developed. A collection of the Aegilops biuncialis L. wild wheat samples as sources of new resistance genes to plant diseases and pests was compiled. The soft winter wheat resistance genes to diseases by DNA markers were identified at the Institute of Plant Production named after V. Ya. Yuriev. The V. M. Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat formed a set of winter wheat cultivars with group and complex resistance to diseases and pests. The Institute of Oilseed Crops of NAAS established physiological and biochemical mechanisms of resistance of sunflower, soybean, crown flax to pathogens. Collections of sunflower lines based on complex resistance to sunflower broomrape, dry rot, downy mildew and soybean lines based on complex resistance to white rot and Anthracnose were also created. In the National Scientific Center "Institute of Agriculture of NAAS", the fodder lupine resistance to the most important pathogens was investi-gated. The Institute of Agriculture in the Carpathian Region of NAAS revealed the spring barley, oat, rape, fiber flax varieties and selection numbers resistant to basic diseases; and the Institute of Rice of NAAS – rice cultivars resistant to diseases and pest pathogens. The resistance to main phytophagous insects of the modern genotypes of hemp, fiber flax and crown flax was assessed by the Institute of Agriculture of the North-East of NAAS. The assessment method of breeding value for the initial material of the main vegetables on the basis of disease resistance was developed by the Institute of Vegetables and Melons Growing of NAAS. Scientists of the Institute of Agroecology and Environmental Management of NAAS and V. M. RemesloMyronivka Institute of Wheat of NAAS revealed the cucumber and barley resistance to viral diseases. Key words: crops, pests, pathogens, resistance, resistance gene, resistance source.

Previsão da produtividade de arroz: uma aplicação de redes neurais recorrentes LSTM

Rice, responsible for supplying the population with calories and protein, occupies a prominent position from the social and economic point of view. It is an essential product in the basic basket of Brazilian consumers. In this context, this work present an LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory) model for forecasting rice productivity in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The database, obtained by the Rio Grandense Rice Institute (IRGA), presents a historical series, of rice productivity, of the harvests between 1921 and 2020. The forecasting model, based on LSTM Neural Networks, was implemented through the Pytorch machine learning library. The results obtained for the 2017/18, 2018/19 and 2019/20 harvests show that the forecast model provided reliable estimates for rice productivity in Rio Grande do Sul.

The species composition of the harmful entomofauna of soybean crops in the conditions of rice paddies

Goal. To determine the species composition of soybean phytophages under rice checks.
 Methods. The main field method with related phenological observations and analyzes. The study of the species composition of soybean pests was carried out in rice paddies of the Institute of Rice of the NAAS by collecting all objects with their subsequent identification. The survey was carried out once every 3—7 days: the first counts were in the third decade of May, when the plants were in the germination phase. Recorded plants were placed diagonally. On the experimental site, five plants were examined in 20 places.
 Results. Studies have been carried out to clarify the species composition of harmful entomofauna in soybean crops under the conditions of rice checks in the Southern Steppe of Ukraine. Found 20 species of phytophagus from 7 rows and 11 families and one species of spider mite: мeadow moth (Margaritia sticticalis L.); thistle, or vanessa thistle (Vanessa cardui L.); grass bug (Lygus rugulipennis Popp.); alfalfa bug (Carpocoris fuscispinus Boh.); alfalfa stink bug (Piezodorus lituratus F.); tobacco thrips (Thrips tabaci Lind.); scoop-gamma (Autographa gamma L.); alfalfa moth (Chloridea viriplaca Hfn.); green horse (Tettigonia viridissima L.); Italian Prussian (Calliptamus italicus L.); large cereal aphid (Sitobion avenae F.); Moroccan locust (Dociostaurus maroccanus Thunb.); six-point leafhopper (Macrosteles laevis Kib.); striped leafhopper (Psammotettix striatus L.); nosy tree (Aelia rostrata Bsh.); striped nodule weevil (Sitona lineatus L.); gray bristly weevil (Sitona crinitus Hfn.); cotton scoop (Helicoverpa armigera Hfn.); acacia moth (Etiella zinckenella Tr.), two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch.).
 Conclusions. As a result of research in the conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine, 20 species of phytophagous insects from 7 rows, 11 families and one species of tick were found in soybeans. The vast majority of pests in terms of numbers are among the Lepidoptera — 38%. These species damaged soybeans during the growing season and influenced the formation of the yield.

‘Dar Sofiyivky’ as a new Ukrainian cultivar of persimmon (Diospyros L.)

Aim. Creation of new domestic persimmon cultivars (Diospyros spp.) adapted to the soil and climatic conditions of Ukraine will contribute to the introduction of new fruit plants into the industrial horticulture that combines high productivity and fruit quality, enriches the assortment of food products and improves the components of rational alimentation. Methods. Field studies of the persimmon species, cultivar and form collection, hybridization and station testing of hybrid seedlings have been conducted in the orchards of State Enterprise Experimental Facility “Novokakhovska” of Institute of Rice of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine (Kherson region). In vitro seed germination of and two-year hybrid persimmon seedlings growth has been carried out in the Department of Genetics, Breeding and Reproductive Biology of Plants of the National Dendrological Park "Sofiyivka" of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. The rest of the experiments and data statistical analysis have been done using generally accepted methods in breeding. Results. Advantages of D virginiana L. in hybridization with D. kaki Thunb. to increase the persimmon adaptability to unfavorable wintering factors have been confirmed in the extreme temperature conditions of the winters of 2005–2006 and 2011–2012. In the hybrid progeny from free pollination of the ‘Kolhospnytsia’ cultivar with the American persimmon D. virginiana in the genealogy, a new cultivar ‘Dar Sofiyivky’ has been selected. It combines increased winter hardiness with good fruit quality, early fruit production and early ripeness. In 2019, the cultivar ‘Dar Sofiyivky’ has been included in the State Register of Plant Varieties suitable for distribution in Ukraine. In vitro technologies have been used in the tissue culture laboratory of the “Sofiyivka” Dendrological Park for germination of interspecific hybrids seeds, which have insufficient germination in the field. A initial hybrid seedling has been obtained, from which the ‘Dar Sofiyivky’ genealogy is derived. Conclusions. Horticultural plant breeding, in particular persimmons (Diospyros spp.), in areas with ecologically different contrasting conditions within the framework of a single program to increase the adaptability of plants and the quality of fruits is promoted to accelerate breeding and expand the northern border cultivation of thermophilic fruit crops.

EVALUATION OF REGENERATION POTENTIAL OF RICE (ORYZA SATIVA L.) HYBRID MATERIAL

Introduction . In vitro anther culture is an important source of linear material propagation for efficient breeding of rice ( Oryza sativa L.) in particular due to the reduction of reproduction cycles and the production of homozygous plants. Given the strong variation in the regenerative ability of microspores in different hybrid combinations, it is desirable to cover the maximum number of combinations of hybrids of different generations. Aim. Evaluation of the haploproduction ability of microspores of promising breeding samples of rice. Methods . The anthers of five promising hybrid F 3 populations obtained at the Rice Institute ( Skadovsk ) as a result of hybridization of carriers of various resistance genes to pyriculariosis were used . The inflorescences with microspores at the mid-late stage of development were cut and pretreated for sterilization; the isolated anthers were explanted in Petri dishes on a solid nutrient medium and cultured in the dark until neoplasms were obtained, after which they were transplanted (stage I — after 4-5 weeks). The next transplant event (II stage - after 7-8 weeks) and further cultivation was carried out under lighting to obtain green regenerants. Results . The high sensitivity to in vitro cultivation conditions was shown for the five combinations of F 3 rice hybrids. The rate of neoplasm formation varied from 6.4% (Sirio / УіР4970) to 35% (Sirio / Marshal ). The ability to regenerate in the obtained neoplasms also varied greatly, since most of them were only capable of rhizogenesis, without forming shoots and leaves. Nevertheless the regenerant plants were obtained for each hybrid combination and the proportion of albinos among the total number of regenerants was relatively small. On average about 40% of the regenerants obtained in the culture die at the critical stage of adaptation of regenerated plants to ex vitro conditions; approximately the same number of plants die during the growing process, being unable to give seed generation. Conclusions . The most productive from the point of view of plant formation adapted to ex vitro conditions was the hybrid population F 3 Labelle / Malish (101 adult plants), and the least productive was Sirio / УіР4970 (5 adult plants) among the studied combinations. Thus, by androgenesis in anther culture, 336 plants adapted to ex vitro conditions were obtained. At the moment, 193 plants are at the earing stage, which is 35.81% of the total number of green regenerants obtained in the culture. Key words: rice; androgenesis in vitro ; callus; regeneration

Specificity of potential contamination of rice checks with weed seeds

Goal. To analyze the potential level of contamination of arable soil layer weed seeds and to establish the specificity of the changes in such reserves during the vegetation period of crops. The study was performed on rice checks of the Institute of rice of NAAS in the Kherson region in the 2017—2019 biennium.
 Methods. Research field, small and laboratory. To determine the factor of seeds and vegetative reproductive organs of weeds in certain soil horizons of rice fields per unit area (pieces/m2) was selected soil samples by the method of A. N. Kiseleva — twice per season, in spring and after harvest of rice. The arable soil was divided into three layers (10 cm each). To determine the viability of seeds used method of staining their tetrazoles. The results were compiled and analyzed.
 Results. A comparison of the level of potential contamination between horizons showed the highest number of weed seeds in the horizon of 0—10 cm on average, 16041 pieces/ m2, which is 47.6% of the overall presence of weeds in the soil (33650,2 pieces/ m2). In the soil horizon 10—20 cm the number of weed seeds reached 10489.2 pieces/m2, or 31.2% of the debris of the upper horizon. In the lower horizon of 20—30 cm level of the presence of weed seeds was low — 7119.8 pieces/ m2, which amounts to 21.2% from that of the top horizon of the soil. Among the weed species whose seeds were present in soil samples of the top horizon of 0—10 cm, the largest part was Kuga Astrakhantseva Scirpus mucronatus L. — 59.8%, in another place Boule seeds Kuga razveseloj Scirpus supinus L. — 31.8%, Polygonum Persicaria hydropiper L. percetage — 1004.7 pieces/ m2 (6,3%), chicken millet Echinochloa crus galli L. — 329.1 pieces/m2 (2.1%). Other types were less in the stocks of weed seeds.
 Conclusions. During the vegetation period inventory quantities of seeds of change and by autumn are increasing. The largest amplitude value of the stock of weed seeds is manifested in the upper 0—10 cm horizon of the arable layer and reaches to 12.3%. Qualitative and timely implementation of measures to protect rice crops from sowing to the presence of weeds provides a gradual reduction in the volumes of their Bank of seeds in the soil.

ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF BUCKWHEAT, PANICUM AND RICE GROWING AND PRODUCTION IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE AND UKRAINE

The purpose of the article is to study the analysis of economic aspects of buckwheat, Panicum and rice growing and production in Central and Eastern Europe and Ukraine (2016, 2017, 2018). The subject of the study is the market of large crops in Central and Eastern Europe and Ukraine. The study is based on the analysis of statistics of production of buckwheat, rice and Panicum for 2016-2018. It was established that in the current and the previous grain seasons buckwheat was in the list of objects of state regulation that set minimum and maximum intervention prices, which gave grounds to the Agrarian Fund of Ukraine to carry out financial or commodity interventions in case of unfavorable price situation on the market. It is proved that Ukraine has everything that is needed for developing its own rice industry. The favorable natural and climatic conditions of southern Ukraine, the availability of engineered rice irrigation systems, the close cooperation and friendship of the Rice Institute with commodity producer, varieties of domestic breeding, environmentally safe cultivation technology make it possible to obtain high yields. So meteorological and hydrological conditions therefore play an important role in levels of crop production but they also have a knock-on effect on prices through the causal effect of supply and demand. This is true for the EU, as it is across the globe. Of course, with the European Union covering such a large area and including such diverse climates, adverse weather conditions in one region are often offset by optimum conditions in another. However, where the production of certain crops is concentrated in a few regions, the EU production levels will be particularly susceptible to weather conditions as well as to pest attacks. Where known adverse weather conditions have impacted on crop levels this is mentioned. Cereal harvest in the EU higher in 2017 despite drought conditions in many areas of Central and Southern Europe and reduction in cultivated area. Monsoon countries, which due to weather conditions harvest twice a year, do not have much higher and sometimes even lower rice yields than Ukraine does. It is set that despite the difficult weather conditions, the grain industry provides sustainable production, which guarantees the food and economic security of the country. Cereal crops are the basis for the formation and maintenance of the state's strategic food, feed and export balance.

Prospects of persimmon (Diospyros l.) in the south of Ukraine

Aim. To evaluate the efficiency of introduction and adaptation of persimmon, prospects of its cultivation in the south of Ukraine, which is considered a zone of risky agriculture. Results and Discussion. The article presents results of multi-year studies of both introduced and our own (resulted from breeding) Diospyros L. accessions. The first experience of persimmon growing outside the southern coast of the Crimea indicates that the weather in the Khersonska Oblast are quite consistent with biological characteristics of persimmon and that persimmon accessions suitable for cultivation in personal plots, dachas, amateur and farm orchards if one follows proper agricultural technologies. In multi-year studies, persimmon plants in the Khersonska Oblast were demonstrated to go through all stages of seasonal development during the growing period. Fruits are set, fully ripen and give viable seeds. Persimmon virginiana is the most freezing tolerant of all persimmon species. It has the longest and deepest dormance. Scion rooted P. virginiana can withstand frosts down to -35-37°С, and grafted P. virginiana  -30°С and below. Diospirus kaki accessions specimens have various freezing tolerance. Mature trees tolerate a drop in temperature to -16-18°C and less often to -22°C, giving a yield in the next growing year. Hybrid persimmon inherited the best from its parents - fruit size (50-250 g), and most importantly, freezing tolerance (-20  -27 ° C), depending on the variety. The palatable qualities of the parents (flavourless of D. kaki and flavorfulness of P. virginiana) were harmoniously combined in hybrid persimmon. In addition, the efficiency of the introduction and adaptation of persimmon accessions in the South of Ukraine was evaluated. Conclusions. The efficiency of the introduction and adaptation as well as the prospects of cultivation of the Diospyros L. species in the South of Ukraine, namely, at the State Enterprise "Experimental Farm Novokakhovske” of the Institute of Rice of NAAS, were assessed. According to the introduction successfulness, all accessions were grouped into sufficiently promising, promising and insufficiently promising. The adaptation index is 55 to 95 (the adaptation degree varies from satisfactory to complete); this characterizes the Diospyros L. species as a promising crop for cultivation in amateur and farm orchards not only in the South of Ukraine, but also in the western and central regions of the country.

Content of inorganic elements in rice grain depending on irrigation methods

Purpose. To study the content of heavy metals in the grain of two varieties of rice under different irrigation conditions. To estimate the content of basic microelements – components of redox systems of plants in the grain of rice for biofortification and inhibition of heavy metal accumulation. Methods. Plants of rice varieties ‘Consul’ and ‘Viscount’ were grown on the experimental fields of the Rice Institute of NAAS of Ukraine during flooding or drip irrigation. Grain samples were digested for analysis by microwave sample preparation in nitric acid on Milestone Start D. The content of inorganic elements was determined by ICP-MS method on Agilent 7700x in helium flow mode. Calibration solutions from Inorganic Ventures, USA were used.Results. Compared to flood irrigation, the introduction of drip irrigation leads to a 2.3–3 times decrease in the accumulation of arsenic in the grain. The increase in cadmium and strontium accumulation was found. Drip irrigation also increases the accumulation of trace elements in grain – components of redox systems of plants (copper, zinc, manganese). A slight decrease in iron content is probably associated with the activation of mechanisms for blocking the inflow and reuse of arsenic into the grain. The yield of rice varieties was higher during flooding. In the case of ‘Viscount’ and ‘Consul’, it was 9.35 and 11.76 t/ha in the case of flooding, and 6.80 and 9.30 t/ha in the case of drip irrigation, respectively. The content of inorganic elements/ ash content is significantly lower in the variety ‘Consul’. This is probably due to the dissolution of elements in the biomass with high productivity of this variety. Conclusions. The natural contamination of rice crops with arsenic limits the nutritional value of the crop. The introduction of drip irr igation of r ice crops signif icantly reduces the accumulation of highly toxic arsenic in the grain, which is especially important for children food. The increase in cadmium and strontium accumulation determined by drip irr igation leads to high equirements for the quality of phosphate fer tilizers used in crop cultivation echnologies. Introduction of drip irr igation optimizes the aerobic conditions of ion supply, which leads t o i nc r ea s ed accumul at i on of t r ace e l ement s – components of redox systems of plants. The only exception is a slight decrease in iron content , which is probably associated with the activation of mechanisms of inhibition of the inflow of arsenic to the grain of rice. At the same time, there is a slight decrease in the productivity of crops. Thus, under drip irr igation there is an increase in the accumulation of biologically important metals and a decrease in the accumulation of highly toxic arsenic.

Screening of rice gene pool for resistance to pyriculariosis by phenotyping and DNA genotyping

When creating new resistant varieties of rice of an intensive type, an important aspect of the breeding process is the study of the diversity of cultural genetic resources. In the Krasnodar Territory, in Russia and in the world as a whole, the most harmful and common rice disease is pyricularosis (Pyricularia oryzae Br.et Cav.). The aim of this work was to study the genetic diversity accumulated in the collection of the rice institute (ARRRI, Krasnodar city) for the resistance to the causative agent of pyriculariosis to create a new source material with genes for a wide spectrum of resistance. In the course of studies, the results of phenotypic (1337 samples), immunological (775 samples) and molecular screening (115 samples) of the gene pool of Oryza sativa L. were obtained for the resistance to the pathogen of pyriculariosis. The rate of development of the disease (RDD,%) over the years of testing the general plasma varied within 5.6-85.0%. The proportion of varieties medium resistant to the fungus M. Grisea was significantly higher in almost all countries except Italy and Brazil, where the number of resistant forms was at the level of medium resistant. In the general plasma of Bulgaria, Uruguay, Greece, India and African countries, stable forms were generally absent. The world variety of rice genotypes showing resistance to the local pathogen population has been shown. Screening of the rice gene pool for the presence of the Pi-9 and Pi-k genes made it possible not only to identify carrier donors, but also to establish their frequency of occurrence in the global general plasma. Against a provocative background, the identification of effective resistance genes was carried out using monogenic differentiator lines of Pyricularia oryzae races, 15 resistance genes were isolated.

Who is Listening? Who is Reading?

Music, like life, is in constant evolution. Its transformation goes on incessantly, but the process is so gradual that, for the most part, we remain quite unconscious of the nature and extent of the changes which are taking place before our very eyes. We are too inattentive, our minds too passive, to observe or record, to say nothing of understanding, them. It is so much easier to rest contented with what we have already acquired than to change ever so slightly those routine but profound habits of thought and feeling which govern our life, and by which we live so blissfully because so unconsciously. This mental inertia is, perhaps, our greatest enemy. These lines are part of the opening paragraph of Nadia Boulanger’s “Lectures on Modern Music,” delivered at the Rice Institute in January 1925. The essential claim Boulanger puts forth is that the character of music is contingent on history. And history is characterized by incessant change. Therefore change, if not progress, is inevitable in music’s nature and the forms it assumes.