Rice In Nigeria Research Articles

Paddy Rice (<i>Oryza sativum</i>) Production and Processing in Nigeria: A Review

Rice stands as a crucial staple in Nigeria, where its substantial population renders the country and the region as the largest rice consumers. The demand for rice has surged in recent times, transforming it into both a vital food supply chain and cash commodity crop for the developing world. Virtually ubiquitous applied in daily food menu’ of Nigerian diet, the high demand for milled rice in Nigeria is significantly increasing with the increasing population which was estimated at 5.2 million tonnes with an average national production of 3.3 million metric tonnes. These results showed a supply and demand gap average of 1.9 million metric tonnes which necessitating rice imports. While rice processing capacity in Nigeria reaches 2.8 million metric tonnes for paddy rice annually, which covers half of the annual requirement, survey indicates that quality of domestically processed rice is inferior to imported varieties, marked by broken rice, foreign matters, stones, dirt and debris. This led to diminished quality interest in local rice preferring the imported with international quality. An uncompetitive standing of domestic rice both local and global markets present a significant challenge to rice production in Nigerian industries. Consequently, this review aims to assess paddy rice production, processing, consumption, as well as postharvest handling and storage methods in Nigeria. The full mechanization of riceprocessing operations is advocated to reduce paddy rice handling time and minimize deterioration, a key factor contributing to subpar milled-rice quality. It is imperative for both the private and public sectors to intensify efforts toward local rice production to meet citizens' demands. Urgent investments into the production machinery, methods of processing, infrastructure and the policies set by the Nigerian Government and its agencies in rice processing chain are necessary to enhance the quality of processing paddy rice, which will ultimately elevate the quality of domestic rice products.

Analysis of Commercial Agriculture Credit Scheme on Profitability of Rice Farming in Kano State, Nigeria: Strategy for Industrial Growth

Commercial agriculture credit scheme (CACS) is one of the Federal Government programs to encourage commercial agriculture. Commercial rice farming is one of those agricultural activities that the Federal Government is promoting. In Nigeria rice farming is characterized by low productivity and low yield leading to rice shortage. The shortage in production creates the demand and supply gap. This study investigated how the CACS has promoted commercial rice farming in Kano State. Primary data was sourced from 394 beneficiary farmers of CACS through survey method. These rice farmers were sampled from three agricultural zones in Kano; Zone I (Rano), Zone II (Danbatta) and Zone III (Gaya). The study employed the gross margin analysis, techniques of analysis. The Gross Margin Analysis revealed before CACS that total revenue generated from sales ₦26,359,950.00 and the total variable cost was ₦410,282.36. After CACS was ₦122,893,500.00 and the total variable cost was ₦8,001,970.73. The average rate of returns on investment (Return per Naira Invested) was ₦63.24 before CACS and ₦14.35 per planting period. Government should have a standard policy measure to promote domestic rice product to make it marketable and more profitable. For instance, the policy of branding and packaging by engaging farmers directly. The profitability analysis reveals that if more increased loan is giving to farmers to access the loan, there will be increase in profitability of rice farming and this can lead to growth of the rice industry. Keywords: Commercial Agricultural Credit Scheme, Production, Farming, Profitability, Gross margin, Industrial Growth

Life Cycle of Chilo zacconius Blensynski (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) on Artificial Diet in The Laboratory

The African striped stemborer Chilo zacconius (Blensynski) is a major pest of rice in Nigeria. The life cycle of the African striped stemborer C. zacconius was assessed under laboratory conditions. The egg incubation period was 5.08 ± 0.19 days. while the mean duration of the I,II, III, IV, V instars were 4.97 ± 0.14, 6.73 ± 0.28, 8.13 ± 0.38,9.00 ± 0.46, 8.00 ± 0.31 days respectively. Pupal duration was observed in 6.00 ± 0.19 days while the average emergence of the adult was 3.42 ± 0.15 days. Fecundity rate of the striped stem borer ranged from 80-150 eggs. The adult life span of the stem borer ranged between 3 to 4 days while the total life cycle is completed within 40 to 65 days. The morphometrics of all stages were also recorded accordingly. Additional research is still required to determine the optimal artificial diet for the mass rearing of C. zacconius, as this will enhance the development of tailored strategies to mitigate its harm while fostering the sustainability of rice farming

Implementation of Ban on Rice Import and Economic Implications in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

Despite the ban on the importation of rice into Nigeria, there seems to be a prevalent preference for consumption of foreign/imported rice by consumers in Akwa Ibom State. Hence, this preference motivates smugglers to bring in the rice from the neighbouring country (Cameroon) into Akwa Ibom State through water broader. This study focused on rice consumers likes/dislikes, market changes and problems faced by local rice produces. It will provide useful information to legislators, producers of rice, marketers and researchers. The study reviewed: the rationale behind the ban on the importation of rice into Nigeria with specific focus on Akwa Ibom State. It also reviewed consumers perception of the quality of locally produced rice, their attitude preferences and factors influencing their choice. Factors contributing to limited patronage of Nigeria rice, strategies for encouraging local producers/marketers, were also examined. Important discoveries reveal among others various factors influencing rice production such as consumers likes purchasing power and the perception of the quality of the rice. Furthermore, laws rules and regulations made by the government and the advertising skills of rice producers create a challenging situation for marketers. Local rice producers in Akwa Ibom State have problems such as: not getting enough capital and lacking other resources to produce in large quantities. This shows that special aid is needed for them to succeed. More support needs to be put in place such as giving grants to farmers, building firms and other infrastructure for them, provision of fertilizer etc. This will make the local rice business stronger and viable. In practice, Nigeria rice producer and sellers can concentrate on branding, making sure the quality is good and improve on marketing strategies in order to increase the patronage of produced-in-Nigeria rice. It is also important for Nigeria rice producers to study consumers likes and preferences, government programmes on local rice farmers and exploring alternative methods of rice cultivation that benefit the environment. These and others if implemented are likely to improve the faltering fortune of the rice industry in Nigeria by way of improving demand and discouraging illegal importation.

Growth, Instability and Trend Analysis of Rice Production Indicators in Nigeria

PURPOSE The research looked at the trends and decomposition of milled rice production indicators in Nigeria. RESEARCH METHOD It relied on secondary-time series data on rice output, yield, and cultivated area) obtained from the FAOSTAT database. The data ranged from 1960/61 to 2019/20 production cycle. The descriptive statistics, compound annual growth rate (CAGR), decomposition analysis, and Instability Index were used to analyze the data (II). FINDINGS The highest yield performance (2.38 tonnes/ha) came between 1978 and 1992. The cultivated area increased steadily during the study period. The study found that time trend significantly influenced changes in harvested area, yield, and rice production at 1%, with CAGR values of 15%, 1%, and 16% between 19660-61 and 2019-20, indicating some weaknesses in Nigeria's rice yield during this period. Increased rice harvested area effect was the primary source of growth during the period, according to the decomposition analysis (1961-2020). The area effect on rice production in Nigeria was found to be 58%, compared to 2% for the yield effect and 40% for the interaction, implying that increased output in Nigeria is still largely dependent on cultivated area expansion. During the study period, yield performance was the most volatile, with an instability index of 3.17%, while milled rice production and area under rice cultivation had instability indexes of 0.94% and 0.82%, respectively. RESEARCH LIMITATIONS The major limitation is lack of current data on rice production indicators up to 2022. ORIGINALITY/VALUE It employs decomposition techniques to assess the contributions of yield and cultivated area to rice output in Nigeria, and Cuddy Della Valle Index to determine the volatility of rice production indicators.

Molecular Characterization of Fungal Isolates of Locally Processed Rice from Five Agro-Ecological Zones of Nigeria

The purpose of this study was to characterize fungal isolates contaminating locally processed rice in Nigeria and to assess the genetic similarity in the fungi isolates. Fungal species were characterized by amplification of a segment of the β-tubulin gene using Bt2aF (5’-GGTAACCAAATCGGTGCTGCTTTC-3’) and Bt2bR (5’ACCCTCAGTGT GT GACCCTTGGC-3’) primers and phylogenetic relationship established using the Maximum Likelihood method. Amplification of between 450 and 550bp of the β-tubulin region of the genomic DNA of the fungal isolates was obtained from thirty-eight samples (89%). Members of Aspergillus section flavi and section nigri groups were differentiated as A. flavus, A. parasiticus, A. tubigensis, A. sydowii and A. niger respectively. Molecular method identified Paecilomycesformosus with 99% similarity index while all the morphologically identified Penicillium species were identified to genus level as P. formosus, P. steckii and P. citrinum with a percentage similarity ranging from 95%-100%. Collectotrichum fruticola and Talaromyces flavus from SGS and NGS zone respectively were documented for the first time in the locally processed rice with 100% and 89% similarity index respectively. All the Aspergillus species were closely related to one another and narrowly diverged from the Penicillium species. Aspergilla and Penicillia were the predominant genera identified and the isolates were genetically similar irrespective of their agroecological zones.

Effects of rice husk biochar charred at different time on soil chemical properties, rice growth and yield

Sustainable rice production in Sub-Saharan Africa especially in Nigeria faces serious constraints due to soil infertility. Recycling of rice residues through biochar production and applying it to the soil could be a possible approach to address the soil fertility constraints facing rice production. A pot experiment was conducted at Imo State University to investigate the effect of rice husk biochar on some selected soil chemical properties, growth and yield of rice. Four treatments evaluated in the pot experiment include rice husk biochar charred at 250oC for 60, 90 and 120 minutes together with control (no amendment). The treatments were replicated three times and laid out in completely randomized design (CRD). The soils in the pots were both treated with basal dose NPK (15:15:15) at 200kgha-1 while biochar was applied at the rate of 10tha-1 to the amendment soils. Application of biochar in this experiment appreciably increased the soil pH, available phosphorus, OC, TN, exchangeable cations, CEC and available silicon in biochar treated pots compare to control pots. The degree of soil improvement was proportional to the charring time. The rice husk charred for 120 minutes (RHB120) showed the highest effect on most of the soil chemical properties evaluated. Biochar amendment was found not to have much influence on the rice agronomical parameters except grain weight in which the highest value was found in soil treated with RHB120 (12.5gpot-1). Therefore, converting rice husk to biochar and applying it to the soil can improve soil fertility status and yield of rice in Nigeria. Keywords: Rice Husk Biochar, Soil Chemical Properties, Rice Growth, Rice Yield

Factors Influencing the Prices of Rice, Maize and Wheat Prices in Nigeria

This study examines the impact of agricultural Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and imports on Nigeria’s food commodity prices using annual data from 1981 to 2018. Data obtained were analysed using the unit root test, cointegration test and Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model to evaluate the long-run and short-run effects of the hypothesized variables on the food commodity prices. The results reveal that maize import value and exchange rate significantly affect the price of maize in the short-run. In contrast, the lagged price of maize, maize output and the past value of maize imports are the factors that influenced the current price of maize within the review period. Also, the lagged price of rice, rice output and the lagged value of rice imported in the immediate year exerted significant influences on the price of rice in Nigeria. Furthermore, the study indicates that the lagged price of wheat, the import value of wheat and the lagged wheat import value were statistically significant in influencing wheat price in Nigeria. Hence, policies for flexibility in the harmonization of exchange rate movements strengthen domestic agricultural performance.

Does Rice Quality Matter? Understanding Consumer Preferences for Rice in Nigeria

AbstractRice is a staple crop in Nigeria. Even with a push to increase domestic production, little is known about the functionality of Nigeria’s open bag markets and the preferences of consumers for specific rice attributes. Our study uses a hedonic price model to identify quality attribute preferences of consumers and potential market failures. Our results indicate that Nigerian consumers prefer rice with homogenous long slender kernels and a low presence of broken rice and are indifferent to chalkiness. The findings are useful as they can inform future strategies for rice breeders, domestic policy makers, and rice exporters.

Design and Development of an Energy-efficient Audio-based Repellent System for Rice Fields

Bird infestation is one of the major limiting factors affecting the production of indigenous rice in Nigeria. Conventional audio-based systems used in repelling birds deteriorate in effectiveness, cause noise pollution and consume excess power. This research therefore, developed an energyefficient audio-based repellent system for rice fields incorporated with a convolutional neural network (CNN) model for bird detection. A CNN algorithm was developed using inception V3, built on transfer learning technique in google colab. The CNN model was trained with bird dataset of 275 bird species obtained from Kaggle database. The core of the system was the Raspberry pi 4, a low-powered microcomputer adopted to run the CNN model with information from a camera. The mechanical framework for the system was designed to support its sustainability in rice fields. The estimated coverage area was 42m2. The system used maximum power of 4.10W. The system supported multiple production of various sounds to prevent bird adaptability to fixed sounds, which could sustain its effectiveness. The incorporated camera aided in the detection of birds with consequent reduction in noise pollution inherent in conventional audio devices. The developed system used 53.52% of the average power reported for conventional audio systems. The developed audio-based repellent system is better in terms of bird detection, power consumption and less noise pollution. Further development on this system can be carried out with other detection algorithms which may require less power for processing. Keywords— Bird repellent system, convolutional neural network, audio repellent, rice field, energy-efficient

Effect of Fermentation on Bacteriological and Physicochemical Properties of ‘Ofada” Rice

Rice (Oryza sativa) is an important annual crop in Nigeria. It is one of the major staples, which can provide a nation’s population with the required food security of 2,400 calories per person per day. In Nigeria rice is one of the few food items whose consumption has no cultural, religious, ethnic or geographical boundary. Fermented rice is used to produce rice wine, spaghetti and noodles. Work was then carried out on the Nigerian rice var. ITA 150 (ofada) to determine the bacteriological and physicochemical activities during fermentation. Standard microbiological and chemical methods were used. Six microorganisms were isolated which include; Bacillus cereus, Micrococcus luteus Lactobacillus plantarum, Staphylococcus aureus, Leuconcostoc mesenteroides, and Bacillus licheniformis. It was observed that the microbial loads increased till the 72nd hours of fermentation except Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus luteus that their loads decreased after the 72nd hours. There was an increase in the moisture, fibre, fat and protein contents, while carbohydrate, ash and anti-nutrients contents decreased. It was evident that fermentation process contributes to the bacteriological and physicochemical properties of the fermented rice in the production of another consumable product like rice wine, kunnu –zaki, spaghetti and the noodles.

Assessing the combined effects of temperature, precipitation, total ecological footprint, and carbon footprint on rice production in Nigeria: a dynamic ARDL simulations approach.

The present study aims to investigate the combined effects of temperature, precipitation, ecological footprint, carbon footprints, rice plant area harvested, and fertilizer use on Nigeria's rice production by using data from 1971 to 2018. The study used the bounds test for cointegration and the novel dynamic ARDL (DYNARDL) simulation approach. The bounds test shows a long-run relationship. The empirical results show that temperature has a positive long-run effect on rice production; however, this result is insignificant. Furthermore, rainfall has a negative long-run effect on rice production. The ecological footprint has a positive long-run effect on rice production. In contrast, carbon footprint has a negative long-run effect on rice production. For non-climatic input factors, potash fertilizer has positive short-run and long-run effects on rice production, and rice area harvested has a positive but insignificant long-run effect on rice production. The study provides valuable policy directions for the policymakers in Nigeria.

Determination of a better non-linear mathematical model with trigonometric sinusoidal behaviour for the pricing of local rice in Nigeria market

The intention of the study is to determine from a list of non-linear formulated model the best that can approximate to the exact/ real life data gathered from price of local Rice in Nigeria. This is obtained/ established in the model validation section. However, the outcome of the model validation upheld that, the purely sinusoidal model performed better with a minimal average difference error of 133 unit as compared to other models. Similarly, there were several highly non-linear models that was tested with the hope of high performance, but failed. Hence, this result showed that financial variables due to their stochastic and oscillating nature can be better modelled using the sine functions and functional.

Proximate Composition, Minerals and Heavy Metals Concentration of Some Foreign and Locally Produced Rice in Nigeria

Proximate Composition, Minerals and Heavy Metals Concentration of Some Foreign and Locally Produced Rice in Nigeria

Survey of insects and Mites Associated with Stored Rice in Nigeria

Insect pest infestation causes quantitative or qualitative losses in stored Rice. Proper identification of the insect species infesting stored Rice is critical for making pest management decisions. This study assesses the species composition and abundance of insect pests of stored Rice in Nigeria. Imported and Local Rice samples each weighing one kilogram were obtained every 6 months from three randomly selected vendors in randomly selected markets in 14 towns in 14 states in Nigeria. 50g were weighed from each sample and kept in vials, covered, strapped with rubber band and kept in the laboratory. The Rice samples were sieved to collect all adult insects present after Six months in storage. Sampling lasted for two years (2016-2017). There were 11 species of insect pests and one Mite species in the stored Imported and Local Rice samples. Most of the species were from the order Coleoptera with the percentage occurrence of 80.9% in Imported Rice and 82% in Local Rice. The insect species composition includes Sitophilus oryzae, Cryptolestes ferrugineus, Sitophilus zeamais, Psocids, Sitotroga cerealella, Ahasverus advena, Tribolium castaneum Oryzeaphilus surinamensis, Oryzaephilus mercator and Rhyzopertha dominica. The Psocid and mite species could not be identified. Sitophilus oryzae was the main insect pest of Rice with the percentage occurrence of 39.23% in Imported Rice and 26.87% in Local Rice. The outcome of this study is very important in planning control measures as the knowledge of the species composition and abundance of insect pests is an important component of pest management in stored Rice in Nigeria.

Trade Protectionism and Border Closure in Nigeria: The Rice Economy in Perspective

Rice is one of those staples that Nigerians cannot do without; several tonnes of rice are consumed by Nigerians on daily basis. Yet its domestic cultivation and processing are largely ignored by a greater percentage of ordinary Nigerians. Although scholars have produced fascinating studies on both the domestic production of rice, its international trade, and the border closures that are contrived to facilitate local production, there is scarcely any serious scholarly effort that attempts to examine Nigeria’s rice economy from the political-economic perspective, especially with attention on the gainers and losers during periods of border closures in Nigeria. This study intervenes in the discourse by focusing on the political-economic implications of Nigeria's rice economy. The major thrust of the research is to discover how far the trade protectionist efforts of the governments of Nigeria impact the domestic economy. In essence, it seeks to discover the gainers and losers of Nigeria's border closures.

Trade Restriction and its Implications on Domestic Production of Rice in Nigeria

This study ascertained whether rice trade restriction policies embarked upon by Nigerian government between 2007 and 2019 as a way of boosting domestic rice production has any empirical justification. To achieve this objective, the study utilised time series data on domestic rice production (DP), border closure (BC), Rice import tariff (Tariff), Volume of rice imported (Imp) and Food price deflator for crop production sub-sector (Def). These data were analysed using descriptive and bivariate tools as well as the OLS regression models. The study found that trade restriction (proxied rice import tariff and border closure) alone was not effective in stimulating domestic rice production. A combination of other non-trade factors (e.g. measures to enhance local productive) also matter.

Instantaneous and Compound Growth Analysis for the Consumption and Production of Rice and its Implication for Empowement Program in Nigeria

This study was necessitated as a result of the existing yield gap between rice production and consumption in Nigeria. This research aimed to determine the instantaneous and compound growth rates of rice consumption and production in Nigeria over the period of 1994 to 2019 and its empowerment impact. Time series data on the aggregate rice consumption and production obtained from the database of United State Department for Agriculture (USDA) foreign agricultural service were employed in this study. A semi-log growth rate model was employed to analyze the time series data using E-views 8.5 and the result of the analysis showed that the instantaneous and compound growth rates(5% and 5.13%) of rice consumption were higher than that of rice production (4.5% and 4.6%) and this indicates that the incidence of consumption-production gap for rice in Nigeria has been an existing trend over the years and the trend would continue if appropriate measures are not put in place. The implication of this finding is that the untapped potentials of Nigeria for rice production should be exploited for the empowerment of Nigerian youths in the area of rice production and women in the area of rice processing. This research work hereby recommends that government should provide comprehensive farmer education and technical assistant, continued engagement between the federal government and the states governments and the provision of value-chain training to rice farmers in Nigeria.

Cooking and functional properties of parboiled milled local rice marketed in the south-east zone of Nigeria

Imported rice is perceived to have better cooking properties than locally grown rice in Nigeria and it has increased its market share while reducing patronage for local rice. Rice in Nigeria has many applications, including consumption as whole cooked grain or dumpling or use as an adjunct in making beverages. Eighteen varieties of parboiled milled local rice and three imported rice varieties, coded Ip1, Ip2 and Ip3, were studied for their cooking and functional properties using standard methods. There was a significant (p<0.05) increase in the dimensions of all the rice varieties when cooked. There was a 25 g increase in the grain weight and an elongation ratio of more than 1.26 in all the rice varieties. Ghesua had the highest cooked grain weight (68.67 g) while Omor-Mas (6.00) and R-Bus (6.00) had the highest volume expansion ratio (VER). The VER was more than 3.00 for all the rice varieties. All the local rice varieties imbibed less water (17.67-25.33 ml) compared to the imported rice varieties (26.00-27.67ml) before they reached their optimum cooking time. The imported rice varieties were of soft gel consistency (89.67-73.50 mm) and intermediate amylose content (20.71-23.14 %) while the local rice varied in amylose and gel consistency. Abakiliki-Mas (27.00 mm) and R-8 (33.67 mm) were of hard gel-consistency, intermediate (21.11 %) and high amylose (27.21 %) content respectively and have not been exploited although they would be appropriate for making canned rice, dry mixes and rice-noodles.

Potentials of rice as a suitable alternative for the production of ogi (a cereal-based starchy fermented gruel).

In the present study, the physicochemical and sensory properties of ogi (a cereal-based starchy fermented gruel) produced from two local rice varieties, Abakaliki and Tapa, were determined. Ogi from white maize served as the control. There was a gradual increase in temperature from approximately 28 to 30°C during fermentation. White maize exhibited the highest acidity level throughout the fermentation period. Tapa and Abakaliki rice ogi samples (i.e., TRO and ARO, respectively) were higher in yields and amylose contents than white maize ogi (WMO). WMO had significantly (P < 0.05) lower moisture content (54.14%) than ARO (62.18%) and TRO (68.02%). The highest and lowest sedimentation rates recorded for WMO and TRO, respectively, were attributed to difference in moisture contents and granule bulk densities. WMO showed higher solubility indices (3.54 to 4.66%) at all the temperatures (60 to 100°C) tested. TRO and ARO had higher final and setback viscosities, as well as pasting temperatures than WMO, but were lower in breakdown viscosity. Ogi samples from rice recorded significantly (P < 0.05) higher L* values and distinct color characteristics with reference to a sample from maize, and this was suspected to have partially influenced their higher preference by the panelists during sensory evaluation. Rice is not just suitable for ogi production but looks promising to enjoy even more consumer acceptability than maize in this respect. However, there are notable peculiarities, such as major roles attributable to amylose contents. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The study confirms the potential of rice as a promising alternative to white maize in the production of ogi while comparing the quality attributes of products from the two cereal types. Results from the study represent useful scientific insights into the distinct variations in some properties of rice and maize during fermentation. Production of ogi from rice, such as Abakaliki and Tapa varieties, may present an effective strategy to support government's political will aimed at promoting local rice in Nigeria and in Africa at large.