Rice Husk Surface Research Articles

Synthesis of rice husk activated carbon by fermentation osmotic activation method for hydrogen storage at room temperature

In the present study, an innovative method of fermentation osmotic activation was employed to produce activated carbon derived from rice husk. The fermentation procedure dismantles the robust lignin present on the rice husk surface, thereby liberating amorphous SiO2, enhances osmotic activation, and promotes pore development. Following the high-temperature osmosis treatment utilizing a KOH solution, a significant portion of the amorphous SiO2 on the husk's surface is successfully dissolved and removed, leading to the formation of numerous carbon skeletons. This procedure culminates in the production of activated carbon characterized by a high specific surface area and substantial pore volume, attributed to the role of K ions during carbonization. The sample DFRO1-AC exhibited the most effective hydrogen gravimetric storage capacity of 1.21 wt% at room temperature (25 °C) and 80 bar pressure, featuring a BET specific surface area of 2270 m2/g. Compared to other activated carbons used for hydrogen storage, our materials demonstrate superior hydrogen storage capacity and employ renewable agricultural waste, indicating high feasibility and broad application prospects.

Effect of pickling on pyrolysis characteristics and adsorption properties of biomass

ABSTRACT In order to explore the influence of pickling on the pyrolysis characteristics and adsorption performance of biomass, this paper used pickled rice husk as raw material, and used TG-FTIR coupling instrument to explore the pyrolysis characteristics and product changes of rice husk; The Coats-Redfern (C-R) method was used to analyze the pyrolysis kinetics, and the adsorption performance of pyrolysis biochar on heavy metal Cu was investigated. The results show that pickling can effectively reduce AAEMs, change the pyrolysis path, increase the release of volatiles, and increase the calorific value of raw materials by about 17.10%. The surface of rice husk retains abundant functional groups, and the vibration of characteristic peaks is more intense. The C-R kinetic analysis showed that the pyrolysis process was consistent with the reaction order n = 1, and the influence on the activation energy of rice husk was sulfuric acid > phosphoric acid > nitric acid. The pickling pyrolysis biochar can promote the adsorption of heavy metal Cu2+ in the aqueous phase, the adsorption capacity is up to 41.4 mg·g−1, and the adsorption efficiency is up to 82.8%.

Biosourced silica / Ag composite materials as a new adsorbent for the removal of mercury ions from water

In this study, the synthesis of a new composite adsorbent using rice biosourced silica, silver nanoparticles and triethoxysilane as the raw materials for removal aqueous mercury ions from water is presented. The new composite material was synthesised by modification of the surface of rice husk based silica with silane groups and farther decoration with silver nanoparticles. Characterization was carried out through, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra analysis, N2 adsorption-desorption (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). Synthetic and real mercury containing water sampled from Balkyldak lake-reservoir, Kazakhstan were tested. The results demonstrated that the affinity of the composite for mercury is high and the removal mechanism is adsorption accompanied by an amalgamation reaction between silver and mercury.

Removal of nickel ions from aqueous solution using treated rice husk: an adsorption study

This article deals with the biosorption of nickel metal on the surface of rice husk and its acid treated form under batch experimentations. Various parameters were studied such as time, concentration of synthetic solution, pH and bio sorbent dose to determine the effect of adsorption of nickel metal on the surface of rice husk. Equilibrium time was found to be 92 min. The amount of nickel adsorbed increased with increase in their contact time. It was found that acid treated rice husk has good ability to remove highest amount of nickel in comparison with raw form of rice husk. The percentages for the removal of nickel was achieved as 86% and 66% for treated and raw form of rice husk respectively. It could be concluded that the removal efficiency was enhanced by increasing wastewater initial concentration in the first percentage of adsorption and then decreased due to saturation of rice husk particles.

Evaluation of the mechanisms of adsorption of microcystins and nodularin-R onto rice husk-based biochar

• Non-electrostatic and electrostatic interactions govern cyanotoxin adsorption onto RH. • Charge-neutral MC-RR displays high adsorption onto RH at different concentrations. • MC-LR and NOD-R at low concentrations experience attractive interactions with RH surface. • MCs with net negative charge and NOD-R show less adsorption onto RH than MC-RR. • Lateral electrostatic repulsions are more pronounced for MC-LA than for MC-LW and MC-LF. Adsorption mechanisms of individual and collective sorption of microcystins (MCs) and nodularin-R (NOD-R) onto heat-treated rice husk (RH) at neutral pH were evaluated. The functional groups on cyanotoxin standards and RH surface as well as their charge indicate that non-electrostatic and electrostatic interactions are present. Surface area and porosity of RH were determined indicating that MCs and NOD-R can be adsorbed in secondary micropores and mesopores of RH. Positively charged guanidinium ion in arginine-containing MCs and NOD-R created attractive electrostatic forces with the negatively charged RH surface (pH PZC ∼3.3). MCs and NOD-R experience electrostatic repulsion with the surface due to the presence of negatively charged carboxylate groups. MC-RR, even at significantly high toxin concentrations, could be removed by RH as it had a strong attraction to the surface due to two arginines and its neutral charge. Other congeners adsorbed on RH experienced lateral intermolecular repulsion and repulsion with molecules in solution. At low sorbate concentrations, MC-LR and NOD-R had electrostatic attraction to the RH surface and MC-LA, MC-LW, and MC-LF experienced electrostatic repulsion with the surface at all concentrations. Non-electrostatic forces govern the adsorption process of MC-LA, MC-LW, and MC-LF, and electrostatic forces are significant for the adsorption of MC-LR, MC-RR and NOD-R at low concentrations (1-100 ng/mL) as well as the adsorption of MC-RR at high concentrations (1000 ng/mL). The presence of 0.3 M NaCl increases the adsorption of MC-LA and MC-LF proving that those molecules undergo repulsive interactions with RH. The adsorption of MCs and NOD-R onto RH is pH dependent, and it appears to be improved at pH values < pH PZC . Overall, the adsorption of MCs and NOD-R onto RH biochar depends on congener concentration, structure, and charge, and can be modified through optimization of structural properties of RH sorbent and sorption conditions, such as ionic strength and pH.

An innovative strategy on co-production of porous carbon and high purity hydrogen by alkaline thermal treatment of rice husk

An innovative biomass conversion method was proposed to co-produce porous carbon and high purity hydrogen by alkaline thermal treatment (ATT). Hydrogen with purity over 80 vol % and porous carbon with a specific surface area of 2298.5 m2/g were co-produced at 500 °C for the first time. In this study, the effects of various reaction parameters on hydrogen production and the properties of porous carbon were investigated. The composition of gas products was tested, and the pore structure, morphology, graphitization degree and crystal structure of porous carbon were analyzed. The results showed that the optimum experimental conditions were alkali/rice husk mass ratio of 3:1, reaction temperature of 500 °C and reaction time of 60 min. A variety of characterization results showed that alkali etched the surface of rice husk at appropriate temperature, forming a large number of pore structures, and releasing volatile substances and hydrogen. The addition of alkali reduced the microcrystalline structure between graphite layers and increased the proportion of amorphous structure in porous carbon. Electrochemical test results showed that the specific capacitance of porous carbon prepared under the best reaction conditions reached 228.94 F/g at the current density of 0.2 A/g.

Optimization of Acid-Catalyst Hydrolysis Process in Lactic Acid Production from Rice Husk by Using Lactobacillus bacteria

Lactic acid is an important component of manufacturing polylactic acid (PLA), which can be produced with high-lignocellulosic biomass, still few of them have utilized that. The production process starts with Alkaline Hydrogen Peroxide (AHP) pretreatment, acid-catalyzed (H2SO4) hydrolysis followed by post-hydrolysis, and fermentation using a mixture of Lactobacillus brevis + Lactobacillus rhamnosus and single Lactobacillus delbrueckii bacteria. The effectiveness of pretreatment results was analyzed by using Thermal Gravity Analysis (TGA), which resulted in the removal of lignin and cellulose are 32.60% and 43.18%, respectively. Lignin reduction results are supported by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) for morphology analysis; it is shown the surface of rice husk becomes rough and cracks after pretreatment. Cellulose reduction was analyzed by using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and shown the Crystallinity Index (CrI) decrease after chemical pretreatment. The optimum operating condition of hydrolysis was also studied using Face Centered Composite Design (FCCD) by Response Surface Methodology (RSM), and get the optimum conditions at a 4 M H2SO4 for 30.7 minutes 63.1 . Followed by post-hydrolysis for 10 minutes at 121 , it resulted in sugar concentration of 15.3056 g/L, which was analyzed by using dinitrosalicylic-acid (DNS) with Root Mean Square Error of 0.78009. The last process is fermentation which is carried out at 125 rpm 37 , for 48 hours. Through High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis, the lactic acid concentration of a single bacterium and a mixture was 24.595 and 24.975%, respectively. Similar research has been previously carried out using palm waste raw materials with the enzymatic hydrolysis method without optimization of RSM. This study investigates the effect of AHP pretreatment in the lignin removal process, the effectiveness of acid-catalyzed hydrolysis in the optimized sugar reduction through FCCD, and compares lactic acid concentrations obtained from the fermentation process with L. delbrueckii and culture L. rhamnosus + L. brevis.

Removal of beta-lactam antibiotic in water environment by adsorption technique using cationic surfactant functionalized nanosilica rice husk

This study aims to investigate the adsorption characteristics of cationic surfactant, cetyltrimethylamonium bromide (CTAB) onto negatively nanosilica rice husk surface and the application for antibiotic treatment in water environment. Adsorption of CTAB onto nanosilica increased with an increase of solution pH, due to an enhancement of the electrostatic attraction between cationic methylamomethylamonium groups and negatively charged nanosilica surface enhanced at higher pH. Adsorption of CTAB decreased with a decrease of ionic strength while a common intersection point (CIP) was observed for adsorption isotherm at different ionic strengths, suggesting that hydrophobic interactions between alkyl chains in CTAB molecules significantly induced adsorption and admicelles with bilayer formation were dominant than monolayer of hemimicelles. The CTAB functionalized nanosilica (CFNS) was applied for removal of beta-lactam amoxicillin (AMX). The best conditions for AMX treatment using CFNS were selected as pH 10, contact time 60 min and CFNS dosage 10 mg/mL. Removal efficiency of AMX using CFNS reached to 100% under optimum conditions while it was only 25.01% using nanosilica without CTAB. The maximum AMX adsorption capacity using CFNS of about 25 mg/g was much higher than other adsorbents. The effects of different organics such as humic acid, anionic surfactant, and other antibiotics on AMX removal using CFNS were also studied. A two-step model can fit CTAB uptake isotherms onto nanosilica and AMX onto CFNS well at different KCl concentrations. Based on the desorption of CTAB with AMX adsorption as well as adsorption isotherms, the change in surface charge and functional vibration groups after adsorption, we indicate that AMX adsorption onto CFNS was mainly controlled by electrostatic interaction. We reveal that CFNS is an excellent adsorbent for antibiotic treatment from aqueous solution.

A study on the utilization of rice husk as a biosorbent material for Cr (VI) removal from industrial effluent

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Purpose: To study Cr (VI) removal from waste water using chromium-resistant bacterial strains in combination with rice husk.&#x0D; Methods: Two strains of Exiguobacterium sp. resistant to chromium (VI) were applied in the present work. Rice husk (RH) was used as an agricultural waste for Cr (VI) removal. The elimination of Cr from the husk was chemically facilitated using hydrochloric, sulphuric and citric acids, as well as formaldehyde and potassium dihydrogen phosphate Investigation of optimum physical factors such as pH, temperature, shaking speed and biomass concentration on Cr (VI) removal was carried out using citric acid-processed rice husk alone, and in combination of bacterial strains. Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy was performed to determine the contributions of different functional groups involved in Cr (VI) binding. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of treated and untreated RH was also performed.&#x0D; Results: Citric acid-processed RH was most effective in the removal of chromate (97.3 %). The two bacterial strains combined with rice husk proved highly efficient in Cr (VI) removal from sterile and non-sterile industrial effluents. FTIR spectra showed the involvement of esters, amines and aliphatic functional groups in Cr (VI) binding, while SEM displayed the damaging effects of Cr (VI) on the surface of RH; however, bacterial inoculation minimized the damage.&#x0D; Conclusion: Exopolysaccharides from Exiguobacterium strains and citric acid-processed rice husk demonstrated high efficiency for Cr (VI) removal. Hence, RH with these bacterial strains are potential biosorbents for control of heavy metal contamination arising from industrial effluents.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution by biochar derived from rice husk

In this work, biochar produced from Indonesian rice husks. Then used as adsorbent of Cr(VI) in aqueous solution. The XRD pattern of biochar showed the characterization pattern at 23º (002) reflection, appearance of silicate oxide, and the carbon vibrations. The surface area and SEM morphologies confirmed that after pyrolysis treatment the surface of rice husk has changed. The surface area of biochar increased after thermal treatment. The adsorption study of Cr(VI) by biochar demonstrate 2nd-order reaction, and Langmuir isotherm models. The maximum adsorption capacity of biochar derived rice husk to adsorb Cr(VI) is 161.290 mg/g, and biochar showed the good potential as reuseable adsorbent to remove heavy metal in aqueous solution.

Rice Husk Demineralization: Effect of Washing Solution on Its Physicochemical Structure and Thermal Degradation

Generally, biomass consists of various amounts of minerals. These minerals influence the biomass characteristics and behavior during their use in a thermochemical process such as pyrolysis. The conversion during pyrolysis and its final product will be affected. This research was carried out to study the impact of washing treatment in water and acid solutions on the rice husk as the raw material for pyrolysis. Also, the effect of acid strength (citric acid as the weak acid while nitric acid as the strong acid) and its concentration (1, 5, and 10 wt.%) was investigated. The results confirmed from the thermogravimetry (TGA/DTG) analysis, surface analysis (SEM), and spectra (FTIR) analysis describe the treatment using water caused less change on the rice husk surface structure and its thermal degradation. However, it seems hard to reduce the minerals (proved from XRF analysis). Meanwhile, the treatment using acids solution resulted in lower mineral composition than the rice husk without treatment. This result is more visible for demineralization using a 5 wt.% nitric acid solution. However, for a higher concentration (washing treatment using 10 wt.% solutions of nitric acid), the degradation on rice husk structure was more occurred.

Surface modification of carbonised waste rice husks by mild hydrothermal treatment

Carbonisation process is a way in exploiting rice husk to produce alternative carbon material. In this study, rice husk was carbonised at 500°C, 2 h in inert environment. Mild hydrothermal treatment of carbonised rice husk was conducted by using potassium hydroxide (KOH) and potassium persulfate (KPS) as reactants in different parameters: 1) the reactants molar ratio; 2) reaction time. The treated carbonised rice husks were tested for its dispersion, morphology observation, elements and functional groups determination. From the results, the modified carbonised rice husks showed improvement in its dispersion with polar solvent while no defects in the structures were observed from the SEM images. High oxygen content was found in EDX analysis for modified carbonised rice husks treated in KOH: KPS with molar ratio of 3:1. The presence of hydroxyl and carboxyl groups from the FTIR spectra shows that the treatment successfully introduced functional group to the carbonised rice husk surface.

Fabrication of Porous Recycled HDPE Biocomposites Foam: Effect of Rice Husk Filler Contents and Surface Treatments on the Mechanical Properties.

In this study, a biodegradable, cheap and durable recycled high-density polyethylene (rHDPE) polymer reinforced with rice husk (RH) fibre was fabricated into a foam structure through several processes, including extrusion, internal mixing and hot pressing. The effect of filler loading on the properties of the foam and the influence of RH surface treatments on the filler–matrix adhesion and mechanical properties of the composite foam were investigated. The morphological examination shows that 50 wt.% filler content resulted in an effective dispersion of cells with the smallest cell size (58.3 µm) and the highest density (7.62 × 1011 sel/cm3). This small cell size benefits the mechanical properties. Results indicate that the tensile strength and the Young’s modulus of the alkali-treated RH/rHDPE composite foam are the highest amongst the treatments (10.83 MPa and 858 MPa, respectively), followed by UV/O3, which has shown considerable increments compared with the untreated composite. The flexural and impact tests also show the increment in strength for the composite foam after chemical treatment. Although the UV/O3 surface treatment has minor influence on the mechanical enhancement of the composite foam, this method may be a reliable surface treatment of the fibre-reinforced composite.

Enhanced removal of Cd(II) from water using sulfur-functionalized rice husk: Characterization, adsorptive performance and mechanism exploration

By grafting sulfur-bearing groups onto rice husk with magnesium xanthate, a novel biosorbent (RH-M) was synthesized for removal of cadmium from water. New sulfur containing binding sites were achieved efficiently according to Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and elemental analysis, and the alternation of surface morphology of RH-M was presented by Scanning Electron Microscopy. The adsorption performance of xanthate-modified biosorbent including adsorbent dosage effect, pH-dependence, kinetic curves and equilibrium isotherms were systematically investigated. The Cd(II) adsorption of RH-M was found to follow Langmuir isotherm model with maximum adsorption capacity of 137.16 mg g−1, significantly higher than that of many other reported adsorbents. The high-density sulfur-bearing groups on the functionalized rice husk surface are believed to improve the cadmium uptake due to a combination of ion exchange and chelation. Moreover, RH-M exhibited fast Cd(II) uptake ability in an exceptionally high correlation with pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Besides, Desorption experiments demonstrated that 0.5 M HNO3 solution could effectively desorb Cd(II) from the biosorbent with recovery rate up to 75% after four consecutive cycles. All these results recommend RH-M as a promising biosorbent for cadmium removal in aqueous solution.

Effect of surface modified rice husk (RH) on the flexural properties of recycled HDPE/RH composite

The hydrophilic nature of rice husks (RH) is incompatible with hydrophobic polymer matrix and has a tendency to form aggregates Therefore, surface modification plays a major role in order to improve and develop natural fiber reinforced polymer composites with better mechanical properties. In this study, modification of RH surfaces by alkali, acid and ultraviolet-ozonolysis (UV/O3) treatment were carried out. The untreated and treated RH was characterised by FTIR, TGA and SEM. The composites of treated and untreated RH containing 30 wt% of RH fibers were then prepared by extrusion and comparative study is being done. Flexural strength of untreated RH, alkali-treated RH, acid-treated RH and UV/O3-treated RH composites are 27.97, 31.25, 30.22 and 30.87 MPa respectively. All surface treated RH composites was found to improve its adhesion with polymer matrix. Flexural strength of composites filled with UV/O3-treated RH shows similar results compared to alkali treatment. Therefore, UV/O3 treatment can be used as an alternative method to modify RH surface in order to improve the adhesion between hydrophilic RH fibre and hydrophobic rHDPE polymer matrix.

Direct growth of ZnO nanorods on biogenic hierarchical rice husk SiO2 and their application to dye degradation

ZnO nanorods/hierarchical SiO2 porous composites are successfully obtained from biogenic-template method with ZnCl2 and rice husks as raw material by a simple double-step annealing process. The structure and optical properties were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, XPS and UV–Vis spectra to understand the growth mechanism of ZnO nanorods on biogenic hierarchical SiO2. Vertically aligned with high regularity and density ZnO nanorods were developed on porous SiO2 when the treated temperature was 600 °C under N2 gas and post-treating in muffle furnace at 450 °C in the air. The results showed that ZnCl2 played an important role in acting as the zinc source and morphology director during the formation of ZnO nanostructures. At initial stage, ZnCl2 melted from the raw material and diffused onto the rice husk surface to formed flake structure ZnOCl2·H2O when the treated temperature was lower than 500 °C under N2 gas. The former was responsible for proto-nanorods (template) formation of ZnO nanorods. The as-prepared samples displayed high photocatalytic activity for the degradation of rhodamine B under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation.

Enhanced Removal of Arsenite from Ground Water by Adsorption onto Heat-Treated Rice Husk

The effect of heat treatment for rice husk was investigated on the removal of arsenite in ground water by the adsorption onto the rice husk surface. The heat treatment was performed at the temperature from 80oC to 300oC in the closed system under anoxic environment. The continuous adsorption column method was applied for the removal of arsenite. The removal efficiency (75%) with rice husk treated at 150oC was better compared to those (54%) obtained with untreated rice husk. Therefore, the heat treatment of rice husk at relatively low temperature was effective for the enhancement of arsenic removal from water. The treatment conditions of As removal from aqueous solution were optimized. The developed treatment technique was applied into the real ground water sample in Bangladesh. The As concentration in sample water after treatment was approximately 18 and 8 μg/L, which was below the WHO guideline value of maximum admissible level of arsenic in ground water for Bangladesh (50 μg/L). The developed technique might become a potential avenue for simple and low cost arsenic removal methods.

Simultaneous Adsorption of Cr(VI) and Phenol from Binary Mixture Using Iron Incorporated Rice Husk: Insight to Multicomponent Equilibrium Isotherm

Fe modified rice husk was prepared as a low cost biosorbent for the removal of Cr(VI) and phenol both singly and in combination from single and binary simulated synthetic waste water. Rice husk was modified by treating with FeSO4·7H2O. The results showed that impregnation of iron onto the surface of rice husk improved the adsorption capability of both Cr(VI) and phenol. The effects of process parameters for multicomponent system such as pH, adsorbent dose, and contact time onto the percentage removal of both Cr(VI) and phenol were investigated. The experimental data for the adsorption of both Cr(VI) and phenol onto the surface of Fe modified rice husk applied to various kinetic and adsorption isotherm models. Multicomponent isotherm models such as Nonmodified Langmuir, Modified Langmuir, Extended Langmuir, Extended Freundlich, Competitive Nonmodified Redlich Peterson, Competitive Modified Redlich Peterson were applied. The results show that Extended Freundlich model best described the experimental data for both Cr(VI) and phenol from binary solution. Pseudo second-order model agreed well with Cr(VI) while pseudo first-order model agreed well with phenol. Maximum adsorption capacity in synthetic binary solution of Cr(VI) and phenol was found to be 36.3817 mg g−1for Cr(VI) and 6.569 mg g−1for phenol, respectively.

Effect of polycarbosilane addition to a mixture of rice husk and coconut shell on SiC whisker growth

In this paper, we report the synthesis of SiC whiskers by the carbothermal reduction of a mixture of rice husk (RH) and coconut shell (CS). Addition of polycarbosilane (PCS) to the mixture of RH and CS led to extensive growth of the whiskers. The phase and microstructural analysis of the synthesized whiskers were carried out by X-ray diffraction and electron microscopic techniques, respectively. The synthesized whiskers were single crystals of β-SiC, grown on a (111) plane along the 〈111〉 direction. The vapor–solid and vapor phase mechanisms played a more dominant role in massive whisker growth than the vapor–liquid–solid mechanism. The increased SiO gas concentration, due to the evolved SiO and CO gases from the highly reactive SiOC ceramics formed from the PCS, facilitated the extensive growth of SiC whiskers. The whisker growth was more on the CS surface than on the RH surface, and attributed to the higher surface area and the carbon reactivity of the CS. The Raman spectroscopy showed the presence of 4H-SiC, 6H-SiC and 15R-SiC type stacking faults in 3C β-SiC.

Transgenic cry1C⁎ gene rough rice line T1C-19 does not change the host preferences of the non-target stored product pest, Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae), and its parasitoid wasp, Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)

Rough rice grains are often stored for extended periods before they are used or consumed. However, during storage, the rough rice is vulnerable to insect infestation, resulting in significant economic loss. Previous studies have shown that volatiles cues, physical characteristics, and taste chemicals on the grains could be the important key behavior factors for storage insect pests to locate the hosts and select oviposition sites. It is also well known that the transgenic Bt rough rice line T1C-19, which expresses a cry1C⁎ gene has a high resistance to Lepidoptera pests. However, there were no evidences to show the consequences of host preference for non-target insect pests after growing Bt transgenic rice. In this study, the potential key factors of Bt rough rice were investigated for their impacts on the behaviors of non-target pest lesser grain borer Rhyzopertha dominica, the main weevil pest of grain and its parasitic wasps Anisopteromalus calandrae, the natural enemy of the beetle. Both electronic nose and electronic tongue analyses showed that the parameters of Bt rough rice were analogous to those of the non-Bt rough rice. The volatile profiles of Bt and non-Bt rough rice examined by gas chromatographic mass spectrometry (GC–MS) were similar. For most volatile compounds, there were no significantly quantitative differences in compound quantities between Bt and non-Bt rough rice. The densities of sclereids and trichomes on the rough rice husk surface were statistically equal in Bt and non-Bt rough rice. The non-target pest, R. dominica, and its parasitoid wasp, A. calandrae, were attracted to both rough rice and could not distinguish the transgenic T1C-19 from the isogenic rough rice. These results demonstrated that Bt rough rice has no negative impacts on the host preference behaviors of non-target stored product pest R. dominica and its parasitoid A. calandrae.