Rice Husk Particles Research Articles

Comparative study on tensile and morphological properties of resin and rice husk reinforced polymer composite gyroid lattice structures

This study aims to compare the tensile behaviour of 3d printed resin and rice husk-reinforced resin-based gyroid lattice structures. The work was completed in two phases, firstly a resin gyroid lattice structure with two design configurations of unit cell sizes (3, 4, 5, and 6) and solidity percentages (30, 40, and 50) was developed according to the ASTM638 (4) standard. The 12 designs were manufactured using VAT polymerization additive manufacturing and investigated for tensile strength. In the second phase, the poorest tensile testing results were chosen to develop the rice husk-reinforced resin samples with a mixing proportion of 10–20%–30%. The experiment results revealed that the fracture is localized inside the gauge length according to the standard. Remarkably, the rice husk composite-based gyroid lattice samples exhibit 4.29, 6.55, and 9.35 times higher tensile strength than the selected resin sample (U3–30). Additionally, a homogeneous distribution of rice husk particles has been observed in the micrograph analysis (SEM).

Properties changes of rice husk-particleboard during indoor and outdoor exposure

Rice husk particles were used as a major material in making of particleboard. The experimental research used a factorial randomized block design with two factors. The first factor was the relative humidity (RH) that consisted of indoors RH of 83-85% and outdoors RH of 87-91%; the second factor was the exposure time (1-6 week(s)). The physical and mechanical properties changes of rice husk-particleboard during 6 weeks of indoor and outdoor exposures were measured. The internal bond (IB), modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE) of rice husk-particleboard decreased and the thickness of swelling as well as density of rice husk-particleboard increased during exposing to indoors and outdoors open-air.

Interactive influence of particle size and carbonization temperature on Silicon availability in Rice husk biochar

ABSTRACT This study examined the influence of rice husk (RH) particle size, carbonization temperature, and their interaction on the availability of Silicon (Si) in RH biochar obtained from the carbonization of different particle sizes of RH (≤1 mm, >1 mm, and the original size, i.e., the unmodified RH biomass (O_RH)) at varying carbonization temperatures from 300 to 700°C. Silicon content in the biochar was extracted with 0.01 M CaCl2. Results showed that the influence of RH particle size on available Si is modified by temperature. The maximum available Si from the RH biochar were 2145 mg kg−1 at 700°C for O_RH, 2428 mg kg−1 at 600°C for > 1 mm RH and 2562 mg kg−1 at 500°C for ≤ 1 mm RH. These were an increase of 171%, 207% and 224% respectively, compared to the uncarbonized original rice husk (790 mg kg −1). Smaller particle sizes attained the maximum values of available silicon at lower temperatures compared with the original RH probably due to the efficient heat transfer to the smaller RH particle surface because of the smaller packing/void volume between the particles. Thus, the carbonization of smaller particles of RH will produce higher available Si content at a lower carbonization temperature than that required to achieve the same effect in the original RH biomass, thereby saving energy and time.

Study of Improved Crack Toughness of Unsaturated Polymers with Rice Husk Fiber and Sago Flour as Strengthening Materials

The development of environmentally friendly composites from natural fibers is an absolute thing to do to replace non-degradable synthetic composites. Some of the weaknesses of natural fiber composites are low mechanical strength, ease of cracking, no moisture resistance, and high-temperature resistance. One of the things that has been done is to make a combination of synthetic materials as a matrix derived from unsaturated polyester reinforced with natural fibers from crushed rice husk particles and starch from sago flour which is used to reduce the percentage of synthetic materials to be able to form composites that are easily decomposed. From the research, it was found that the strength of crack resistance could be increased with a mixture of polyester reinforced with rice husk fiber and sago flour, obtaining an increase in crack resistance strength until the addition of rice husk with a percentage of 15%. While increasing the RH content above 15%, the crack strength value decreases due to the saturation of the RH molecules in the UP which is no longer bound to the UP molecules. The highest crack strength values occurred for the addition of the percentage of RH and SS to the UP material with the addition of 5% SS, which obtained a cracking force of 550 N while the strength of pure polyester was only 37 N. This shows that RH and SS materials can bond with UP molecules and some molecules of RH and SS can prevent cross-linking of polyester molecules. Meanwhile, the addition of SS up to 10% decreases the fracture force obtained, indicating that not all of the sago starch can bind to the polyester molecules.

Morphology, Thermal and Mechanical Property of Thermoplastic Starch Biocomposite

Thermoplastic starch bio-composite compound of cross-linked cassava starch has been produced by a twin screw extruder. Rice husk powder, bacterial cellulose fiber and glycerol were incorporated into the starch at various compositions. Bio-composite compounds were thermally compressed into a mechanical test specimen. Influences of reinforcing materials and plasticizer contents were investigated. An extrusion (160°C) and compression (200°C) at higher temperature produced a greater structural deformation of the cross-linked starch than a processing at lower temperature. Morphology of the bio-composite showed a homogeneous distribution of reinforcement in the matrix at high temperature processing and showed good adhesion between rice husk particle, bacterial cellulose fiber and starch matrix. Flexural and tensile mechanical properties of the bio-composite significantly improve with only 0.71%wt bacterial cellulose incorporation.

Komparasi sifat mekanik antara komposit epoksi berpenguat abu dan sekam padi

Indonesia is an agricultural country because most of the population works in the agricultural sector. One of them is from agricultural products, namely rice. The milled rice produces rice and rice husks. Rice is used by the people of Indonesia as a staple food. Meanwhile, rice husks and ashes have not been utilized optimally. Seeing the great potential of rice husk and ash, efforts have been made to optimize the use of rice husk and ash as composite materials. The research aimed to obtain tensile strength, bending strength and porosity analysis of each composite using 230 mesh size rice husk particles or rice husk ash. The different volume fraction variations are 25% rice husk particles or its ashes and 75% epoxy matrix for the first variation, while for the second variation, it is 40% rice husk particles or its ashes and 55% epoxy matrix. The process of making composite materials was carried out using the hand lay-up and vacuum bag method with the test sample size according to the test standards used, namely ASTM D3039 for tensile strength testing and ASTM D790-61 for bending strength testing. The results of the mechanical properties test obtained the greatest tensile strength value in the epoxy composite reinforced with rice husk ash (40% wt) of 12.73 MPa and the greatest bending strength was in the epoxy composite reinforced with rice husk (40% wt) of 63.87 MPa. Preliminary characterization of rice husk and ash-reinforced epoxy composites met SNI standards.

The Effect Of Grain Size To Physico Mechanic Properties Of Particle Board Based On Rice Husk and Liquid Rubber Compound

Particle board research produced from a number of grain size of Rice Husk and liquid rubber compound has been carried out. First particle board was produced by mixing rice husk with a number of grain size were 10-25 mesh; 25-50 mesh; 50-75 mesh and <75 mesh with liquid rubber compound as much as 45% to form a particle board with size of 5 x 10 x 7.5 cm in length, width and height and then dried. Then the particle board is pressed to get a thickness of 2.5 cm and then carried out the characterization of the MOR, MOE, screw pull resistance, water content and density. The results showed that the best rice husk particle size was obtained at 25-50 mesh grain size. At this grain size, the value of MOR, MOE, screw pull resistance, water content, and density of particle board were 9054,8 g/mm2; 15090 g/mm2; 69 g/mm2; 4,1% and 0,83 gr/cm3 respectively. The results of this study still do not meet the standards according to SNI 03-2105-2006

The effect of particle size on physicochemical and thermal analysis of rice husk for explosion studies

The effect of rice husk particle size on physicochemical and thermal behaviour was studied for identify whether it has the potential to explode. The thermal degradation of the lignocellulosic constituent in rice husk was evaluated via thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Rice husk morphology and elemental composition were evaluated via scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX). Results showed that the rice husk samples were richer in cellulose than in lignin in terms of weight percent, indicating that they were combustible. Uncontrolled combustion propagation can lead to an explosion. However, the presence of ±5 wt% silicon in rice husk may reduce the explosion severity due to its low thermal conductivity. Furthermore, the smallest particle size, 71 µm recorded faster thermal degradation and more explosive as compared to 106, 160 and 250 µm. This preliminary data is very useful to improve the safety technique specifically for rice husk dust explosion protection, prevention, and mitigation.

Rice Husk for Adsorbing Dyes in Wastewater: Literature Review of Agricultural Waste Adsorbent, Preparation of Rice Husk Particles, Particle Size on Adsorption Characteristics with Mechanism and Adsorption Isotherm

This study aims to evaluate the adsorption characteristics of unmodified natural rice husk particles (sizes of 74, 177, and 500 μm) in adsorbing dyes in wastewater. The adsorption isotherm analysis was performed in batch mode. Turmeric was selected as a model for organic dyes. Ten isotherm models were used to predict and determine the characteristic parameters: Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Dubinin-Radushkevich, Flory-Huggins, Fowler-Guggenheim, Hill-de-Boer, Jovanovic, Harkin Jura, and Halsey isotherm models. The adsorption isotherm analysis showed the phenomena that occur during adsorption are physical, with multilayer formation on the surface of the adsorbent and the occurrence of adsorbate-adsorbate repulsive interaction. The pore-filling molecules occur at the largest and medium particle sizes, whereas the small particle size has no pore-filling molecules. This study reveals that the natural rice husk (unmodified) could be employed as a low-cost and effective sorbent for wastewater treatment, supporting current issues in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Development of lignocellulosic-plastic composite from rice husk and polyethylene

As the demand for wood and wood-based resources keeps outstripping its regeneration, forests are depleting rapidly. To curtail this, it is imperative to shift towards the use of alternative raw materials such as agricultural residues. This study entails the development of lignocellulosic-plastic composites from Rice Husk (RH) and Recycled Low-Density Polyethylene (RLDPE) binder with the potential of augmenting the wood-based composites. Herein, RH was milled, graded into two particle sizes (2 mm and 4 mm), and mixed with RLDPE at two binder ratios (40 wt% and 50 wt%). The obtained composites were evaluated by density, water absorption (WA), thickness swelling (TSW), tensile strength (TS) and bending properties - modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR). In general, the increase of binder from 40% to 50% resulted in significant improvement of both physical and mechanical properties; while the increment of RH particle size showed slight differences in the properties. Composite with 50% binder content and 4 mm particle size was observed to have the best performance which conforms to the requirements for general-purpose application and door core application.

Metode Peningkatan Ketahanan Retak Resin Polyester Terhadap Penambahan Serat Sekam Padi

Polymer materials have been widely developed as alternative materials to replace metal materials due to various advantages such as having low density and an easy manufacturing process. Still, polymers have many disadvantages, including not having high mechanical strength, easy to crack when hit by impact. One of the materials studied is an unsaturated polyester polymer widely used for composite matrices in vehicle structural components, aircraft and ship bodies, and vehicle components. One of the studied fibers is rice husk particle fiber. The study of cracks is essential because it causes the material to no longer be able to support the load according to the previous plan and causes failure to occur more quickly. One way to overcome material failure due to cracks in the composite material is to prevent crack propagation by adding reinforcing material. In this study, a composite material was made using rice husk fiber to increase the crack resistance of the polyester composite matrix. From the results of crack testing, there is a tendency to increase the percentage of rice husks by 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. The value expected to be obtained for determining the crack resistance of the material is the value of the stress intensity factor (K1). The most significant K1 value was obtained at a 15% rice husk percentage variable of 1,558 MPa.m0.5. This price could increase the value of the pure polyester stress intensity factor K1 by 0.667 MPa.m0.5, indicating an increase of 233.58%.

Physical, Mechanical and Thermal Insulation Properties of Foam Made from Natural Rubber Compounded with Ground Rice Husk

This research attempted to prepare thermal insulation material made of naturally occurring products. Natural rubber (NR) foam comprised of ground rice husk as a filler was practically investigated. STR 5L played as a solid commercial NR was mixed with various chemicals on a two-roll mill. Dicumyl peroxide (DCP) and di-nitroso pentamethylene tetramine (Supercell DPT) were employed as curing and blowing agents, respectively. Physical, mechanical and thermal insulation properties of NR composite foams were studied with various particle sizes (mesh 40 and 60) and quantities (0-80 phr) of the ground rice husk. Cure characterization and preparation of all NR compounds were performed at 160 °C. As a result of tensile properties, the bigger particle size (mesh 40) and the highest amount of the ground rice husk at 80 phr resulted in the maximum tensile strength and elongation at break (%) of the NR composite foams. The thermal insulation property of the NR composite foams carried out by ASTM C177 revealed that the lowest thermal conductivity among three representative NR formulations was found to be 0.0862 W/m.K for the NR foam reinforced with the ground rice husk mesh 40 at 20 phr. Closed cell NR composite foam with a smaller amount of ground rice husk particles provides good compressive strength and heat insulation properties but not good tensile properties.

Removal of nickel ions from aqueous solution using treated rice husk: an adsorption study

This article deals with the biosorption of nickel metal on the surface of rice husk and its acid treated form under batch experimentations. Various parameters were studied such as time, concentration of synthetic solution, pH and bio sorbent dose to determine the effect of adsorption of nickel metal on the surface of rice husk. Equilibrium time was found to be 92 min. The amount of nickel adsorbed increased with increase in their contact time. It was found that acid treated rice husk has good ability to remove highest amount of nickel in comparison with raw form of rice husk. The percentages for the removal of nickel was achieved as 86% and 66% for treated and raw form of rice husk respectively. It could be concluded that the removal efficiency was enhanced by increasing wastewater initial concentration in the first percentage of adsorption and then decreased due to saturation of rice husk particles.

Experimental investigation on alkali treated (NaOH) groundnut shell (Arachis hypogaea L.) and rick husk (Oryza sativa) particle epoxy hybrid composites

Natural fiber materials and recycled materials are often abundant throughout the universe. The main goal of research work is to focus on material characterization. However, these resources can be reused to modify the mechanical properties. Commonly NaOH treatment is highly expectable to enhance the chemical composition in natural fiber materials and, in conjunction with the discovery of materials, can improve the properties of compounds. The combination of groundnut shell and rice husk particles has superior characteristics and it is recommended for preparing hybrid polymer composites. The experimental setup exploits the composition of natural fiber materials Rice husk (Oryza sativa) and groundnut shell (Arachis hypogaea L.) of two different percent of the prepared material: 75E + 25GR and 80E + 20GR (E – Epoxy, G – Groundnut shell and R – Rice husk). Both alkalies, as well as the other direct and derivation-free substances, are handled. After 1 h of alkali treatment, the combination of 80E + 20GR has an appealing interfacial bonding, with a maximum hardness and tensile strength value of 79 shore-D and 2.6 MPa. Mechanical qualities are considerably diminished when a high percentage of groundnut shell and rice husk is applied. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to examine the morphology for alkali-treated (NaOH) surfaces and tensile fractured surfaces of the hybrid polymer composites.

Influence of Rice Husk Particles on Mechanical and Vibration Damping Characteristics of Roto-Molded Polyethylene Composites

Influence of Rice Husk Particles on Mechanical and Vibration Damping Characteristics of Roto-Molded Polyethylene Composites

The use of rice husk particles to adjust the rheological properties of 3D printable cementitious composites through water sorption

This work presents an experimental investigation on the use of rice husk fine particles to produce 3D printable cementitious composites. Rice husk was chosen as a potential component for printable composites due to its high-water sorption capacity and its high amount of embodied biogenic carbon. These key features were used to adjust the fresh-state properties of the composites, required for the printing process, while decreasing its environmental impact. In this study, a high-early strength Portland cement was used, and the rice husk content varied from 5 to 15 %, in mass of solids. The hydration kinetics was studied using isothermal calorimetry while the rheology of the composites was evaluated using a viscosimeter equipped with a Vane spindle. The rheological parameters were used to assess the buildability and printability of the concrete mixtures. Results demonstrated that rice husk delays the hydration, but this effect can be mitigated through alkaline treatment of the particles. The rheological tests showed that the water sorption by the particles plays an important role on the fresh properties of the composites. The use of rice husk increased the initial yield stress from 176.5 Pa to 2251.9 Pa, and the structuration rate from 6.03 Pa/min to 23.4 Pa/min, when 15 % of particles were used. Finally, rice husk particles increased the maximum object height and reduced the maximum time between layers, which proved the feasibility of using high water sorption biomass particles to produce 3D printable cementitious composites.

Equilibrium and kinetic studies on the removal of Cu(II) from aqueous solution using acid treated modified rice husk: A Comparative Study

This study deals with the removal of Cu(II) using rice husk and its acid treated modified form as adsorbents under batch experiments. Different parameters have been investigated for the adsorption of copper metal. Equilibrium time for copper adsorption was found 90 minutes. Maximum percentage for removal of Cu(II) was found at pH=4 in both raw form of rice husk and its treated form. Percentage removal of copper metal was up to 90% for treated rice husk and up to 70% for raw form of rice husk. It could be concluded that the removal efficiency was enhanced by increasing wastewater initial concentration in the first percentage of adsorption and then decreased due to saturation of rice husk particles. Also according to achieved results, calculated saturation capacity in per gram rice husk for Cu(II) were 36.587 and 45.267 mg/g from raw rice husk and treated form of rice husk respectively. The amount of Cu(II) adsorbed increased with increase in their contact time. The rate of reaction was fast. So that 20–30 min after the start of the reaction, between 40 and 50 % of metal ions were removed. The pseudo second order kinetic model provided the best correlation of the used experimental data compared to the pseudo first model with a R2 of 0.984 and 0.979 for raw rice husk and treated form of rice husk respectively.

Pyrolysis and CO2 gasification of biomass in high-temperature stage microscope: Morphological evolution and thermal behaviors

The morphological evolution of biomass particles during pyrolysis and char gasification was investigated by a high-temperature stage microscope (HTSM), and realistic particle shrinkage characteristics were obtained in combination with weight loss properties. Also, product properties were obtained on a fixed-bed and the influence of the physicochemical properties of the char on the gasification activity was considered. Several typical biomass samples were selected, including poplar sawdust, rice husk, and steamed rice. As a starchy biomass, steamed rice particles underwent intense swelling at 300–330 °C, followed by shrinkage, and finally formed an internal loose and porous char, which was significantly different from lignocellulosic biomass. For lignocellulosic biomass, poplar sawdust and rice husk particles showed similar shrinkage processes during pyrolysis. By comparing the curves of particle shrinkage and weight loss, the development of internal pore volume of particles was reflected in a general way, which can better guide the construction of biomass shrinkage mechanism model. The gasification activity of the three biomass pyrolysis chars differed considerably and consistent conclusions were obtained in terms of particle shrinkage, weight loss, and gas products. The poplar sawdust char showed acute shrinkage of particles and loss of weight, exhibiting the strongest gasification activity, 6 times that of rice husk char and steamed rice char. The gasification activity of the char depended mainly on the degree of graphitization and was almost independent of the mesoporous structure. In the temperature range of 800–900 °C, higher gasification temperatures corresponded to more rapid particle shrinkage and weight loss, higher gas product yield, and greater gasification activity.

Three-dimensional flow modelling of air and particle in a low-density biomass combustor chamber at various declination angles of tangential and secondary air pipes

Visual understanding of air and particle flow is important and useful in guiding biomass combustor design. This study investigates the effects of declination angles of tangential and secondary air pipes in a low-density biomass combustor chamber to achieve perfect contact between air and rice husk particle. The simulation was aided by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method using the standard k-ε turbulent model. According to the result, tangential air pipes with a declination angle of 75 o provide the most intense air-particle contact which is maximal turbulent intensity of 168%, swirl amount of 3.0–3.5, particle path length of 5.1 m, and particle residence time of 2.3 s. Furthermore, four secondary air pipes with a declination angle of 60 o lower the escaped particle amount to 11.45% from previously 71.24%. This configuration can also create recirculation zones in the bottom area of the combustor which elevates the particle residence time to 766.9 s. • The air-particle turbulent flow behavior is complex phenomena. • CFD has been widely exploited to visualize the air-particle turbulent flow behavior. • Tangential air pipe declination of 75 o gives the most intense air-particle contact. • Secondary air providence creates a recirculation zone in the combustor bottom area. • Perfect air-particle contact is expected to complete biomass combustion conversion.

Effect of Rice Husk Filler on Hardness and Impact Strength of Basalt Fiber Epoxy Polymer Composite

Natural fiber composite (NFCs) are gaining importance in various fields of engineering due to their eco-friendly nature and low cost. The aim of this present work was to evaluate the influence of basalt fiber and variation of rice husk powder (10%, 15%, and 20%) on the impact strength and hardness of basalt fiber epoxy polymer composites. By using the compression molding method the compositions were prepared by varying the proportion of rice husk powder. Filler was used to modify the epoxy composite: basalt fiber (BF), epoxy composite, and Rice Husk Particle (RHP). After the materials are subjected to hardness by Rockwell hardness method and impact strength by Charpy method. The results of the conducted research confirm that the addition of a rice husk particle to the basalt fiber reinforced with epoxy polymer composites is an effective method of improving their hardness and impact characteristics.