Rice Growers Research Articles

Impact of tillage methods and cultivars on phenology & productivity of wheat-rice system under irrigated conditions

The research was conducted at the Agricultural Research farm of the Agronomy Department at Palampur, Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya (CSK HPKV) and Rice and Wheat Research Center (RWRC) Malan, Himachal Pradesh to study the impact of tillage methods & crop species on phenology & production of wheat-rice crops under irrigated conditions. The study's basic premise was to identify wheat and rice cultivars that can perform well under specific tillage options. The trial was conducted from the winter 2019 to the rainy season of 2021, using a split-plot design. Four tillage methods- zero tillage, conventional tillage, natural farming and reduced tillage- were tested on three species of rice (HPR 2656 (Him Palam Dhan 1), HPR 2795 (Him Palam Dhan Lal 1) & HPR 1156 (Sukara Dhan Lal 1) and three species of wheat (HPW 368 (Him Palam Gehun 2), HS 562 (Central Dwarf wheat) & HPW 349). The results showed that in both crops, traditional farming (conventional tillage) methods were more efficient than other methods in terms of crop yield.Conversely, the lowest grain yields were observed with natural farming for both crops. Specifically, the adoption of zero tillage, natural agriculture, and reduced tillage results in wheat grain yield reductions of 10.9%, 4.6%, and 59.4%, respectively, compared to conventional tillage. Similarly, rice grain yields declined by 10.8%, 34.0%, and 16.1% with zero tillage, natural farming, and reduced tillage, respectively, compared to conventional tillage. Among the cultivars evaluated, HPW 368 for wheat and HPR 2795 for rice produced significantly higher grain yields at both locations over the two years. The findings of the present investigation would help the wheat and rice growers identify suitable cultivars that would be economically grown with varying tillage options and under natural farming conditions.

Prevalence and Distribution of Rice Root Knot Nematode in Rice Nurseries in Chitwan and Lamjung Districts of Nepal

To determine the natural infection of the rice root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne graminicola Golden & Brichfield) in rice nurseries, a survey was carried out in Chitwan and Lamjung in June and July of 2022. Rice nurseries were randomly selected based on geographical location, agro-ecological region, land type, cropping practice, and soil type. Forty rice nurseries were surveyed i.e. twenty from each district and 100 seedlings from each nursery as the sample for the study using the simple random method of sampling were evaluated. Field survey revealed that M. graminicola was widely distributed in most rice growing areas of Chitwan and Lamjung districts. Most of the rice nurseries in Lamjung district were found to be infested with M. graminicola as compared to that of the Chitwan district. Disease severity was reported up to 23.26% in Lamjung and 20.2% in Chitwan district. Additionally, the study showed that dry bed conditions were more likely to be affected by rice root-knot disease than wet bed conditions. The majority of farmers planted seedlings on upland (dry) soil, where second-stage juvenile (J2) populations and rice root-knot disease were more common. Most farmers (87.5%) have limited knowledge about rice root knot nematodes and their control methods. This suggested a significant loss in rice output and a high danger of nematode multiplication. This information will provide knowledge about the prevalence of nematode and enabling rice growers in this region to design and implement an appropriate control strategy for managing M. graminicola.

Rice Blast Disease

The purpose of this document is to increase awareness of rice blast disease by describing its lifestyle, symptoms, and current disease mitigation practices. Given that the Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA) plays a vital role in rice cultivation, this publication is also intended for Florida rice growers to be used as a diagnostic field guide in the identification and management of rice blast disease. Written by Nalleli Garcia, Rachel Kalicharan, and Jessie Fernandez Garcia, and published by the UF/IFAS Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, September 2024.

Awareness and Implications of the Rice Tariffication Law (Republic Act 11203) among Irrigation Association Members in Dipolog City, Philippines

The Rice Tariffication Law, enacted in the Philippines in 2019, aimed to reduce rice prices for consumers while supporting rice growers through various assistance measures. This study assessed the awareness and implications of the Rice Tariffication Law (Republic Act 11203) among irrigated rice farmers in selected barangays of Dipolog City, Philippines. Interviews with 82 farmers revealed that although 71% were aware of the law, their understanding of its objectives (71%) and key provisions (70%-77%) was limited. Nevertheless, all participants received government assistance in the form of farm mechanization, fertilizers, financial aid, and seeds. Farmers unanimously acknowledged both the positive and negative effects of the law. Statistical analysis showed a significant difference in the average income per hectare of rice farmers before and after the law's implementation. The study recommends educational initiatives, particularly through institutions like Jose Rizal Memorial State University, to enhance farmers' understanding and dissemination of the law's objectives and key provisions.

Production and marketing of aromatic (katarni) rice cultivation in Bihar : an economic analysis

Bihar has been traditionally an aromatic rice growing state of India, where varieties like Katarni, Tulsi, Manjari, Badshahbhog, Br9 etc. are grown since decades. Among these, the most important katarni rice is being cultivated in about 368 ha, area in district of Bhagalpur, Bhanka and Munger. Due to its aromatic and other qualities this variety has also been awarded G.I. Tag in the year 2016. The present study is based on primary data (kharif 2019) collected from a sample of 90 katarni rice growers selected randomly from the Jagadishpur block of Bhagalpur district to analyzecost of cultivation, resource use efficiency, marketable surplus, price-spread and constraints. The findings show that the average cost of cultivating katarni rice was estimated as Rs. 50326 per ha, including 82.84 and 17.16 per cent of variable and fixed cost, respectively. The yield of katarni rice was estimated as 24.52 q ha-1. The resource use efficiency showed that seed, fertilizer, irrigation and labor were underutilized and therefore their quantity is to be increased to increase the yield of katarni rice. The marketable surplus of katarni rice was estimated as13.70 and 37.17 quintals on two categories of farms, respectively. The higher producers' share in consumers' price (71.79 per cent) was found under Channel II and Channel III while it was 68.33 per cent under Channel I. The major production constraints identified were rainfall pattern (Garrett Score: 65.48) followed by quality seed (GS: 54.27), availability of urea (GS: 55.63) and pest & diseases (GS: 62.50). The important marketing constraints included selling produce at village market (GS: 64.44). The area under this variety is found to be declining due to introduction of other high yielding varieties.The study concludes that in spite of low productivity and various constraints, the farmers of area are traditionally & religiously attached with katarni rice and feel proud to cultivate it. Therefore, to protect this premium rice variety there is need for assured availability of quality seed, irrigation and post-harvest processing including marketing with remunerative price.

Herbicide evaluation in direct seeded rice in the middle Gangetic plains of India

AbstractA field experiment was conducted in Samastipur district of Bihar, India during kharif season of 2021 and 2022 to identify suitable herbicides for control of composite weed flora in direct seeded rice. Compared to weedy check, application of bispyribac sodium + pyrazosulfuron ethyl as tank mixture effectively reduced weed density at 50 days after seeding during both the cropping season (82% and 86%, respectively) and weed dry weight (7.62 and 7.18 g m−2, respectively) over control and as a result yielded maximum during both the cropping season (47.92 and 51.32 q ha−1, respectively). Based on overall performance, bispyribac sodium + pyrazosulfuron ethyl may be considered as viable weed management option in direct seeded rice for the rice growers of middle Indo‐Gangetic region.

Analysis of Factors Influencing Farmers’ Decisions in Using Certified Seeds in Pemayung District Batang Hari Regency

This study was conducted with the objectives: 1). To identify factors that influence farmers' decisions in using certified seeds in Pemayung District. 2). To analyze factors that influence farmers' decisions in using certified seeds in Pemayung District. The study was carried out in the Batang Hari Regency's Pemayung District. Because the majority of rice growers here utilize certified seeds, this location was selected. After the discussion, a constant value (a) of -3.085 was determined. This indicates that the value of the seed usage decision is -3.085 if all the factors under study (age, income, experience, education level, and land area) have values equal to zero (0). The value of the age coefficient (b1) is 0.142. This indicates that, provided the values of the other variables remain constant, an increase of one unit in the age variable will result in a 0.142 unit drop in the seed usage decision's value. The coefficient value (b2) for education level is 0.518. The results of Nagelkerke R Square demonstrate the influence of the variables of age (X1), education (X2), farming experience (X3), land area (X4), and income (X5) on this variable. This indicates that a 42% explanation of the dependent variables can be attributed to the independent variables in the model. Other factors not included in this study, such as the activity of farmer groups, risk preferences, land ownership status, and others, account for the remaining 58% (100% - 58%). The Education variable, with a Wald value of 4.613 and a Significance value of 0.032, and the Business Experience variable are the variables with a Wald value larger than 3.841 and a significance level lower than 0.05. While other factors, such as income, land area, and age, have significance values larger than 0.050 and Wald values smaller than 3.841, they have no effect on farmers' decisions to use certified seeds.

Trend analysis of groundwater level of Raipur district: A survey of rice growers

Trend analysis of groundwater level of Raipur district: A survey of rice growers

Effect of Organic NPK Granules and Inorganic Fertilizers on Growth, Yield and Economics of Rice

Modern intensive agriculture, which sparked the "Green Revolution" in the early 1970s, degraded the environment, which decreased productivity and had other negative impacts on the environment and public health. In order to improve the health of the agricultural environment, organic farming, which primarily forgoes the use of chemicals in agriculture, depends on a comprehensive production and management system. The multitude of microorganisms in the soil under this holistic management method ensures that the soil is alive, active, and productive by keeping it biologically active. It is a reality that plants can and do absorb huge amounts of big organic molecules, such as vitamins, chelated minerals, hormones, and other substances that are advantageous to them, refuting the claim that plants only ever take up nutrients in inorganic form. To investigate further, a field experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm, Department of Agronomy, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Cuddalore District of Tamil Nadu from June to September 2023 to study the effect of combined application of graded levels of inorganic fertilizers along with organic NPK granules on growth, yield and economics of rice. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with seven treatments, comprised of different levels of inorganic fertilizers and organic NPK granules. Among the treatments evaluated, application of 70% NPK through inorganic fertilizers and 30% NPK through organic NPK granules registered higher growth, yield attributes and yield of rice. However the net income and benefit cost ratio was observed under application of 100% NPK through inorganic fertilizers which was comparable with application of 70% NPK through inorganic fertilizers and 30% NPK through organic granules. Therefore it can be concluded that combined application of 70% NPK through inorganic fertilizers and 30% NPK through organic granules is an environmental safe and economically viable nutrient management practice for getting higher yield and income from rice and it can be recommended to the rice growers.

Assessment of Impacts of Climate Change on Oil Producing Communities in Ahoada West

This study examined the impact of climate change on oil-producing communities in Ahoada West, located in Nigeria’s Niger Delta region. It explored the causes of climate change in Ahoada West and assessed the response of multinational oil and gas companies to the resulting issues. A total of 260 participants were randomly chosen for the study. The Impacts of Climate Change on Oil Producing Communities in Ahoada West Structured Questionnaire (ICCOPCAWSQ) was given to all participants and successfully collected without any invalid responses. The data was analyzed using simple percentages. The findings showed that burning fossil fuels, industrial activities by oil and gas companies (like exploration and extraction), agricultural practices (such as livestock farming and rice growing), and emissions from transportation (including cars and planes) all significantly contribute to climate change. Additionally, burning bushes, clothes, and papers, as well as methane emissions from natural sources like wetlands and termites, were also identified as contributing factors. The study concluded that human activities are the main cause of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. Based on these results, it was recommended that oil and gas companies should stop gas flaring to reduce environmental damage. Instead, the flared gas should be converted into cooking gas for household use.

IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON RICE PRODUCTIVITY IN KHYBAR PAKHTUNKHWA, PAKISTAN

Climate change is currently the most significant concern on the planet. This study examined the impacts of climate change on rice yield across agro-ecological zones of Khybar Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. This study focused only on four districts across four agroecological zones in Khybar Pakhtunkhwa based on the availability of data on areas under rice, rice production, and meteorological variables. Districts Swat from Zone A, Mansehra from Zone B, Mardan from Zone C, and D.I. Khan from Zone D were selected. This study covered 33 years (1986-2018) of data across these four districts. Panel unit root tests of LLC and IPS suggested that all variables included in the model were stationary. Durbin Wu Hausman's test favored the fixed effect model compared to the random effect model. Diagnosis of fixed effect model results showed that it was plagued with problems of cross-sectional dependency, heteroscedasticity, and autocorrelation. Final findings were estimated using the Feasible Generalized Least Squares (FGLS) model to overcome the problems in the fixed effect model. Results revealed that area under rice crop has a positive and significant effect on rice yield. The estimated critical temperature for the maximum yield of rice was 34.48 ºC in the sowing stages, 35.85 ºC in the vegetative stages, and 29.43 ºC in the maturity stages, and Rainfall in the vegetative stages was 152 mm. It is concluded that rice yield showed a decline when temperature and rainfall exceeded the critical levels. The government needs to use afforestation and other appropriate measures to keep the temperature from rising in these three zones (zones A, C and D). The extension department needs to inform rice growers about adaptation strategies to climate change.

One policy but different interpretations: A case of agricultural policy implementation in Indonesia

AbstractThe Indonesian governments developed the Upsus Pajale policy to achieve a goal and solve the problem of food self‐sufficiency. Rice, corn, and soybean were the main commodities in the plan of Upsus Pajale Policy implementation. UPSUS Pajale improve rice, corn, and soybean production for food self‐sufficiency. This study examined UPSUS Pajale policy implementation at the province, district, subdistrict, and farmer levels. This study examined rice growing in Banyuasin's tidal lowlands, Ogan Komering Ilir's swamplands, and East Ogan Komering Ulu's irrigated rice fields. The research method used a combination model of quantitative and qualitative (mixed method). Sampling data used purposive sampling. NVivo 12 software examined provincial, district, subdistrict, farmer interviews, and group discussions. Results affected typology management constraints differently. Production input costs were the most common issue. This study found that policy was differently implemented at various levels. It would be impacted to the success of the policy.

Are the Adivasi Rice Growers of Sub-Himalayan North Bengal Efficient Enough? Role of Machine Learning in Farm Business After COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic and the consequent lockdown have disrupted the farming communities across the planet; however, the indigenous communities such as the Adivasi people of tea garden areas in India have been hit hard. It becomes more crucial when we talk about marginalized communities. In India, the Adivasi tribe found in the sub-Himalayan North Bengal cultivates folk rice that needs immediate energy-efficient measures as the production has been increased after receiving the geographical indication tag. Energy efficiency estimation often applied a two-step data envelopment analysis model in agricultural production. However, in most of the previous articles, the applications discussed the factors affecting energy use efficiency with rare studies on efficiency prediction. In this article, first, data envelopment analysis was used to estimate the energy efficiency of rice growers, and in the second stage, extreme gradient boosting, a state-of-the-art machine learning algorithm, was employed to derive the key leading efficiency determinants. The findings revealed wide variation among efficient and inefficient rice growers in the first stage and derived the most salient factors predicting energy efficiency in the second stage. The optimal use of energy inputs combined with effective education, better credit delivery mechanism, arable land availability and years of farming experience provided improvement for the future energy use efficiency of the Adivasi farmers. Further, the novel application of extreme gradient boosting as a machine learning algorithm in energy efficiency evaluation suggests decision-making solutions with a prediction accuracy of 80.91%. Moreover, this study aims to assist future researchers in examining and predicting the key leading determinants to affect energy utilization.

Assessment of outcrossing potential between cultivated and weedy rice under alternate wetting and drying irrigation management

AbstractIn recent years, water conservation efforts in rice production have necessitated the use of reduced irrigation input systems such as alternate wetting and drying (AWD) as a substitute to conventional continuous flood‐irrigated systems (FLD), but little is known about the role of AWD in altering outcrossing potentials between cultivated rice and weedy rice (WR). In the United States, rice growers often control WR by cultivating varieties that possess herbicide resistance. However, an ongoing concern with such technology is hybridization or outcrossing between herbicide‐resistant rice cultivars and WR over time. Such outcrossing may result in transferring of herbicide resistance with increased occurrence of herbicide‐resistant WR ecotypes and reduction in the efficacy of herbicide management. This study compared and quantified outcrossing rates between two Clearfield rice varieties (CL142AR and CL261) that are herbicide resistant and two common WR genotypes, strawhull (SH) and blackhull (BH), under FLD and AWD management. Outcrossing was evident in all four genotype combinations (i.e., CL142AR or CL261 cultivated rice and SH or BH weedy rice) in both FLD and AWD; however, outcrossing rates with CL261 averaged about 6.5 times lower than those with CL142AR. Additional analysis revealed that higher outcrossing rates were associated with increased synchrony of flowering times and closer vertical proximity of panicles of WR to CL142AR than with CL261. AWD irrigation reduced outcrossing in SH weedy rice, suggesting that reduced outcrossing of SH weedy rice might be an additional benefit from AWD irrigation management.

Optimization of seeding rates and nitrogen scheduling in direct-seeded rice (Oryza sativa) under drought-prone environment in middle Indo-Gangetic plains

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy (kharif) seasons of 2014 and 2015 at Patna, Bihar to optimise the seeding rates and nitrogen scheduling for direct-seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.) under the rainfed drought-prone environment. The soil of the experimental plot was loamy, low in organic carbon (0.42) and available N (149.6 kg/ha), high in available phosphorus (25.8 kg/ha), medium in available potash content (183.6 kg/ha) and slightly alkaline (pH 7.7). The treatments consisted of 3 seeding rates (S1: 20 kg/ha; S2 : 30 kg/ha; and S3 : 40 kg/ha) in main-plot and four nitrogen schedules (N1 , 1/3 N as basal and 2/3 N at maximum tillering; N2 , 1/3 N as basal and 1/3 N at maximum tillering and 1/3 N at panicle initiation; N3 , 1/2 N at first shower/enough moisture availability preferably after first weeding and 1/2 N at maximum tillering; and N4 , 1/3 N at first shower/enough moisture availability preferably after first weeding, 1/3 N at maximum tillering and 1/3 N at panicle initiation stage) in sub-plot and replicated thrice in split-plot design. The results revealed that the grain yield was significantly higher with S3 (3.2 t/ha) than that to S1 (2.4 t/ha), but statistically at par with that obtained with S2 (3.1 t/ha). Varying nitrogen schedules did not affect the grain yield markedly. Comparatively higher grain yield was recorded with N4 (3.0 t/ha) followed by N3 (2.94 t/ha) and N1 (2.87 t/ha). The gross returns (32.1 ×103 /ha), net returns (15.9 × 103 /ha) and benefit: cost ratio (1.64) were significantly higher with 40 kg/ha seed rate compared to 20 kg/ha ( 22.4 ×103/ha, 6.2 ×103/ha and 1.26 but statistically similar to 30 kg/ha ( 28.9 ×103 /ha, 13.4 ×103/ha and 1.55. The net returns were significantly higher with N4 closely followed by N3. Hence, growing of direct-seeded rice using 40 kg/ha seed rate along with split application of 1/3rd N at first shower/enough moisture availability preferably after first weeding, 1/3rd N at maximum tillering and 1/3rd N at panicle initiation stage is an ideal and sustainable approach in terms of productivity and profitability under rainfed drought-prone environment of Eastern India.

Dynamics of weeds and main pests in different rice planting systems supplemented with biodecomposer

Biodecomposers are used as an alternative in pest and weed management by utilizing antagonistic microbes. This study aimed to identify the optimal treatment for suppressing weed growth and controlling the main rice pests, promoting environmentally friendly agricultural practices. Observations were made on three phases of rice growth on land that used biodecomposer and did not use biodecomposer. Weed sampling used a quadrant, which represents each treatment. All weeds were analyzed for density and summed dominance ratio. Pests were observed from the sweep net method. Pests were analyzed with the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H’). Ten species of weeds are found; the most common and dominant was Cyperus difformis, while the least were Ipomoea aquatica and Ludwigia octovalvis. There were seven pest species; the most common was Nephothettix virescens, while the least was Valanga nigricornis. Using bio-decomposers combined with a two-row planting system was effective in suppressing the development of weeds and pests with a decreasing trend as the rice growing phase increases. Biodecomposers are environmentally friendly even though the process is slow, and have the potential to reduce weeds and pests.Keywords: biodecomposers, Jarwo 2:1, Tegel, trichoderma

Machine learning system to assess rice crop change detection from satellite-derived RGVI due to tropical cyclones using remote sensing dataset

Tropical cyclones strike massive devastation of agricultural crops in South Asian countries practically every year. For assessing impacts on primary land use and land cover (LULC) classes of Patuakhali district in Bangladesh, this study utilized the Landsat-8 image dataset to compute change detection indices of a consistent cyclone landfall period in the late rainy season (October and November). Different stage of cyclones based on their wind speed (km/h) were also analyzed to explore agricultural crop change detection due to the tropical cyclone (TC) Bulbul (made landfall on November 9th, 2019). Three years later, cyclone Sitrang made landfall on October 24th, 2022, and was employed for the test results that the Bulbul's rice growth vegetation index (RGVI)-CD trained in the study's machine learning (ML) system. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine rice crop changes from RGVI due to a cyclone (Bulbul) to evaluate growth change status by another cyclone (Sitrang) using machine learning system. In Patuakhali district, the rice crops were damaged mainly and affected in classification as moderately changed detected (MCD) 26.07%, very changed detected (VCD) 48.83%, and extremely changed detected (ECD) 17.73% in total agricultural lands area (1548.93 km2). It was also significantly monitored for the rice crops to change as rice growth vegetation index (RGVI)-CD related to cyclone wind speed (km/h), DEM, distance from the rivers, and shorelines. From the result, the symmetric regression of coefficient (R2) of (i) linear regression, (ii) fine tree, (iii) support vector machine, (iv) ensemble boosted trees, and (v) trilayered neural network were obtained 0.735, 0.734, 0.737, 0.756 and 0.736 as good-fitted test outcomes respectively. Applying the five machine learning models that were created from cyclone Sitrang, it was discovered that the test set in this system was accurate to the observed forecast with acceptable RMSE and MAE values. Therefore, study can be helpful for researchers creating new damaged and yield loss area assessment policies to help TC-affected farming communities, especially rice growers, prepare an effective emergency response plan for their socioeconomic needs fulfillment in the changing climate perspectives for attaining sustainable development.

Методический подход к оценке экономической эффективности рисоводства

Domestic rice growing is characterized by a high level of capital intensity and technological advancement of the industry. The high deterioration of irrigation and drainage structures, the imperfection of the organizational and economic mechanism, and low investment attractiveness have led to a decrease in the rice planting area, gross yield and economic efficiency. In this regard, there is a need to develop methodological approaches to assessing the economic efficiency of the industry. The purpose of the article is to present a methodological approach to assessing the economic efficiency of rice farming, based on the calculation of an integral efficiency indicator. Theoretical methods of semantic analysis and synthesis, abstract-logical method and comparison method are used in the study. The article presents a methodology for assessing the economic efficiency of rice farming based on the compatibility of indicators that reflect all aspects of the economic activities of rice-growing organizations. An assessment of the current state of the rice growing industry in the Krasnodar region is given. Rice-growing organizations in the region are ranked according to a comprehensive integral index. The proposed approach will enable to obtain reliable information about all parameters of the production process in the industry, adapted to the rice growing characteristics and natural and climatic conditions of the region, as well as to justify priority directions for increasing the economic efficiency of rice growing in the region.

Effects of organic nutrient management on aromatic rice (Oryza sativa)-linseed (Linum usitatissimum) sequence

The experiment was conducted during 2019 and 2020 at the Instructional-cum Research (ICR) Farm, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam to study the impact of different combinations of organic nutrient sources on aromatic rice (Oryza sativa L.) (rainy-kharif) and their residual effect on linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) (winter- rabi) crop for developing a double cropping sequence for rice growers of Assam with organic management. The experiment comprised three aromatic rice cultivars, viz. Kola joha, Keteki joha and Chakhao poireiton and five combinations of organic nutrient sources. Out of the organic nutrient sources, application of N @30 kg/ha through vermicompost along with pre-season green manuring of Sesbania bispinosa and root dip treatment of rice seedlings with Azospirillium and phosphorus solubilising bacteria @3.5 kg/ha each (N3) resulted the highest number of panicles/ m2 (216.72 in 2019 and 223.96 in 2020), highest yield of rice (30.26 q/ha in 2019, 32.58 q/ha in 2020 grain yield and 65.99 q/ha in 2019, 68.98 q/ha in 2020 straw yield). The highest seed yield (394.52 kg/ha in 2019, 416.97 kg/ha in 2020) and stover yield (890.09 kg/ha in 2019, 896.63 kg/ha in 2020) of succeeding relay sown linseed were recorded with the N3 treatment. The highest available N (250.10 kg/ha), P2O5 (20.40 kg/ha) and K2O (140.06 kg/ha), organic C (0.65%), soil organic carbon (SOC) stock (13.29 t/ha), soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC) (183.43 µg/g of soil) in soil were recorded with the N3 treatment after harvest of linseed in 2020. The study affirmed the suitability of rice-linseed cropping sequence for efficient utilization and conservation of resources.

A Study on Agri-preneurial Behaviour of Kalanamak Rice Growers in Siddharth Nagar and Sant Kabir Nagar District of Uttar Pradesh, India

Kalanamak rice, hailed for its nutritional potency and health benefits, presents a promising avenue for alleviating these challenges. This study, titled “A Study on Agri- preneurial Behaviour of Kalanamak Rice Growers in Siddharth Nagar and Sant Kabir Nagar District of Uttar Pradesh, India,” delves into this potential within the precincts of Siddharth Nagar and Sant Kabir Nagar district. The investigation hones in on two blocks – Birdpur in Siddharth Nagar, and Santha in Sant Kabir Nagar. Methodologically rigorous, the study selected six villages from each block and engaged with a total of 120 Kalanamak growers. Data collection unfurled through personalized interviews, facilitated by a meticulously crafted questionnaire. To unravel patterns and nuances, statistical tools such as frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation orchestrated the classification of data. The coefficient of correlation `r` was invoked to fathom the interplay between Kalanamak growers` attributes, their knowledge, and their adoption of Kalanamak rice. Analysis of the respondent demographics spotlighted several noteworthy trends. A preponderance (70.83%) emerged from the middle age group, with educational attainments peaking at the middle school (34.17%). In terms of occupation, 45% were engaged in agriculture, The agrarian landscape was marked by a significant representation from the Other Backward Classes (OBC) category (49.17%), Landholding skewed towards the smaller end (49.17%), Family dynamics, as reflected in size and structure, were characterized by medium level (64.17% and 90.83%, respectively).