Rice Consumption Data Research Articles

Health risk assessment using in vitro simulation in assessing bioavailability of cadmium in rice from main producing areas across China

Rice is a recognized source of cadmium (Cd) exposure. In this study, a total of 102 rice samples were obtained from main producing rice regions of China, and the bioavailability of Cd in rice were assessed by using an in vitro digestion method combined with a Caco-2 cell monolayer model. The results revealed that the average (range of) concentration of Cd in the rice samples was 0.2840 (0.0123-2.4710) mg/kg, and the average (range of) bioavailability of Cd in the rice samples was 23.94% (7.47-39.73%). We analyzed the recent rice consumption data and calculated the target hazard quotients (THQs) to evaluate the noncarcinogenic health risk of Cd in rice consumption for adults and children, respectively. We suggested that the most of investigated regions showed low risks of Cd in rice for general population, and the regions of Cd in rice near the limit deserves might be attracted more attention after taking bioavailability into account. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The cadmium content of rice itself will affect its corresponding bioavailability to a certain extent. By studying the in vitro bioavailability of cadmium rice with different pollution levels, it is helpful for the dose selection of animal experiments or toxicity tests, and finally, we may provide some references for the establishment of appropriate treatment scheme of rice Cd poisoning.

X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of heavy metals in selected rice samples sold on the Liberian market: a case study conducted in Paynesville City, Greater Monrovia

Background: Environmental pollution with toxic heavy metals can be lead to the possible contamination of rice. Rice is a staple food widely consumed in the urban and rural parts of Liberia daily. Rice is cultivated in approximately 113 countries and a fundamental source for energy and protein. Objective: The study assesses selected heavy metals (As, Pb, Cd, Se, and Cr) concentration in selected imported rice and traditionally grown rice and bulgur wheat in Liberia. Methods: Six grade of imported rice, Bulgar wheat, and traditionally grown rice were purchased from the Duport Road and Red-Light markets in Greater Monrovia and analyze using X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer. All data were analyzed using XLSTAT, and data was used to calculate the risk factor of each rice sample. Results: The mean concentration of heavy metal found in the rice as follow: As, 1.31ppm; Cd, 9.42ppm; Cr. 12.3ppm; Se, 5.73ppm; and Pb, 1.75ppm. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) were calculated in combination with the rice consumption data. The mean intakes of As, Cd, Cr, Se, and Pb through rice were estimated to be 1.32, 9.42. 12.4. 5.74, and 1.75 mg/kg BW/day. Chromium has the average estimated daily intake. The combined hazard index for the heavy metals in each sample and the total cancer risk for each sample contributed most significantly to a cancer risk of rice consumption during adult life expectancy.Conclusion: The selected heavy metal concentration from the rice sample was above the FAO/WHO reference Standard but was within the range of the contaminant level except for chromium, which is above the accepted range. However, the hazard index and the total cancer risk indicate a potential non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk. Â

Essential nutrient element profiles in rice types: a risk-benefit assessment including inorganic arsenic.

Rice is consumed by nearly half of the global population and a significant source of energy and nutrients. However, rice consumption can also be a significant pathway of inorganic arsenic (iAs) exposure, thus requiring a risk-benefit assessment. This study assessed nutrient element (NE) densities in fifty-five rice types (white, brown and wild rice) marketed in the UK. Densities of essential NE were used to rank rice types in meeting daily NE targets under different consumption scenarios through a newly developed optimisation approach. Using iAs data from these rice types, we assessed the margin of exposure (MOE) for low (the UK) and high (Bangladesh) rice intake scenarios. Our results showed that brown and wild rice are significantly higher in many NE and significantly contribute to dietary reference value (DRV). Our modelling showed that switching to brown or wild rice could increase the intake of several essential nutrients by up to eight times that of white rice. Using rice consumption data for mid-to-high-consumption countries, we estimate that brown rice could provide 100 % adult DRV for Fe, Mg, Cr, P and Mo, and substantial contributions for Zn, Se and K. Our results show that the amount of rice primarily determines risk from iAs consumed rather than the type of rice. Therefore, switching from white to brown or wild rice could be beneficial, provided iAs concentration in rice is within the recommended limits.

A Comparative Study of Indonesian Estimated Rice Production and Consumption

The permit of two million tons of rice import in 2018 has tickled Indonesia's ability to fulfill its own rice needs. Farmers' anxiety that rice import can affect rice prices proved by its declining. The distribution of imported rice indeed has not been optimal. People say that imports are carried out without proper planning. This study aims to estimate the rice production and consumption data of Indonesia in 2014 to 2019, compare those data, and conclude whether Indonesia needs to import the rice at those years based on the comparison result. Estimating rice production and consumption were carried out using secondary data consisted of paddy production data, per capita rice consumption data, and population projection data which obtained from the website of the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) and/or the Ministry of Agriculture. Based on the comparison result between rice production and consumption data from 2014 to 2019, it can be concluded that from 7 islands in Indonesia, only 2 islands have the estimated rice consumption which always more than the estimated production, namely Maluku and Papua. The total estimated rice consumption in Indonesia is always lower than the estimated production. A rice surplus on a nearby island, Sulawesi, should be able to cover shortages in Maluku and Papua. If the estimated rice consumption in these three islands is totaled, the amount is always smaller than the estimated rice production in these three islands. This is because the production of rice on the island of Sulawesi is very large. The estimated total consumption of rice in 2019 is only 60% of production.

A Comparative Study of Indonesian Estimated Rice Production and Consumption

The permit of two million tons of rice import in 2018 has tickled Indonesia's ability to fulfill its own rice needs. Farmers' anxiety that rice import can affect rice prices proved by its declining. The distribution of imported rice indeed has not been optimal. People say that imports are carried out without proper planning. This study aims to estimate the rice production and consumption data of Indonesia in 2014 to 2019, compare those data, and conclude whether Indonesia needs to import the rice at those years based on the comparison result. Estimating rice production and consumption were carried out using secondary data consisted of paddy production data, per capita rice consumption data, and population projection data which obtained from the website of the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) and/or the Ministry of Agriculture. Based on the comparison result between rice production and consumption data from 2014 to 2019, it can be concluded that from 7 islands in Indonesia, only 2 islands have the estimated rice consumption which always more than the estimated production, namely Maluku and Papua. The total estimated rice consumption in Indonesia is always lower than the estimated production. A rice surplus on a nearby island, Sulawesi, should be able to cover shortages in Maluku and Papua. If the estimated rice consumption in these three islands is totaled, the amount is always smaller than the estimated rice production in these three islands. This is because the production of rice on the island of Sulawesi is very large. The estimated total consumption of rice in 2019 is only 60% of production.

Relationship between heavy metals and alpha particles as a marker of environmental pollution in rice consumed in Najaf, Iraq

This study focuses on the emission of alpha particle rates (EAPR) and heavy metal concentrations (HMC) in the rice from Najaf markets. Nuclear Track Detectors and Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry, were used respectively. This study shows the pollution in the environment through AP and HM and also finds the relationship between AP and HM. The highest EAPR was found to be about 0.0249 mBq cm−2 in the basmati rice, whereas, the lowest EAPR (0.0092 mBq cm−2) was found in the Indian basmati rice. Highest Fe was found to be about 2.7237 mg/kg in basmati rice, while the lowest Fe (0.3997 mg/kg) was found in the USA basmati rice. Highest Cd was found to be about 0.0468 mg/kg in Iraqi Alnasryah rice, while the lowest Cd (0.0034 mg/kg) was found in Indian basmati rice. The most upper Pb was found to be about 0.2431 mg/kg in Babil Anbar Iraqi rice, while the lowest Pb (0.0695 mg/kg) was found in Indian basmati rice. Pb and Cd were lower than the FAO/WHO recommended limits (Pb, Cd: 0.50 mg/g) and the European Union acceptable dietary limits. In the combination of recent rice consumption data, an estimated weekly intake of toxic element was calculated for the Iraq population. A statistically significant correlation was found between EAPR and HMC in rice at the 0.05 level.

Consumer Preferences and Welfare Evaluation under Current Food Inspection Measures in China: Evidence from Real Experiment Choice of Rice Labels

Frequent food quality and safety issues result in various food inspection measures in China, while some are not widely acknowledged by the public and are less efficient. Consumer demand is significant for priority setting in food policy. This study investigates Chinese consumers’ heterogeneous preferences for selected food inspection measures and estimates welfare effects based on willingness-to-pay (WTP) calculation. Rice consumption data from a 2018 nationwide consumer survey designed using the real choice experiment is analyzed by the random parameters logit and the latent class model. The findings reveal that consumers place a high value on government certification, and brand is valuable especially when public management is perceived as weak. However, the insufficient market demand for third-party certification may increase transaction costs due to overlapping functions and consumers’ distrust. Moreover, there should be a need to broaden consumers’ understanding of traceability and grading systems. This study emphasizes the necessity of direct governmental involvement and the existence of unnecessary policy cost.

Multiple Mycotoxins in Rice: Occurrence and Health Risk Assessment in Children and Adults of Punjab, Pakistan.

Mycotoxin contamination in rice can create a health risk for the consumers. In this study, the measurement of 23 mycotoxins in rice samples (n = 180) was performed using a validated LC–MS/MS method. A food frequency questionnaire was used to get rice consumption data for the assessment of mycotoxin dietary exposure, before calculating the health risk in adults and children of north and south regions of the Pakistani Punjab province. The prevalence of aflatoxin B1 (56%), aflatoxin B2 (48%), nivalenol (28%), diacetoxyscirpenol (23%), fumonisin B1 (42%), zearalenone (15%), HT-2 toxin (10%), deoxynivalenol (8%), and ochratoxin A (6%) was estimated in samples with a mean concentration range between 0.61 and 22.98 µg/kg. Aflatoxin degradation by traditional Pakistani cooking recipes was evaluated and observed to be 41–63%. The dietary exposure to aflatoxins exceeded the tolerable daily intake at all levels, and ochratoxin A and zearalenone posed health risk at high contamination and high consumption levels. The margin of aflatoxin B1 exposure ranged between 10 and 69 in adults and 10 and 62 in children. The mean cancer risk by aflatoxin B1 exposure was 0.070 (adults) and 0.071 (children) cases/year/100,000 people in South Punjab population, and 0.122 (adults) and 0.127 (children) cases/year/100,000 people in North Punjab population. This study will provide new insights for the planning and management of mycotoxins in Pakistan.

Concentration of some heavy metals in rice types available in Shiraz market and human health risk assessment

This investigation was conducted to survey the levels of some heavy metals such as cadmium, lead, chromium, nickel and cobalt in domestic cultivated and imported rice sold on the Shiraz – Iran markets. The potential human health risk assessment was conducted by considering estimated weekly intake (EWI) of toxic metals from eating rice and compared calculated values with provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI). The mean values for lead and cadmium in domestic cultivated and imported rice were considerably higher than allowable limits set by FAO/WHO. In combination of recent rice consumption data, the estimated weekly intakes of toxic element were calculated for Iranian population. EWI for cadmium, nickel, chromium through imported and domestic cultivated rice consumption was lower than the PTWI. The EWI for lead were considerably higher than other measured toxic metals. The highest mean level of EWI for lead was observed in some imported rice samples (25.76μg/kgbodyweight).

Health risk assessment of heavy metals in rice to the population in Zhejiang, China.

Environmental pollution with toxic heavy metals can lead to the possible contamination of the rice. Selected metals (As, Cd, Hg and Pb) and their accumulation in rice collected from Zhejiang, China were analyzed to evaluate the potential health risk to the local adults and children. The mean levels found in rice were as follows: As, 0.080 mg/kg; Cd, 0.037 mg/kg; Hg, 0.005 mg/kg; Pb, 0.060 mg/kg. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) were calculated in combination of the rice consumption data. The mean intakes of As, Cd, Hg and Pb through rice were estimated to be 0.49, 0.23, 0.03 and 0.37 µg/kg bw/day for adults, and 0.34, 0.29, 0.04 and 0.47 µg/kg bw/day for children. The 97.5th percentile (P97.5) daily intakes of As, Cd, Hg and Pb were 1.02, 0.64, 0.37 and 1.26 µg/kg bw/day for adults, and 0.63, 0.83, 0.47 and 1.63 µg/kg bw/day for children. The risk assessment in mean levels showed that health risk associated with these elements through consumption of rice was absent. However, estimates in P97.5 level of Cd and Pb for children, and Hg for adults have exceeded the respective safe limits.

Concentrations of cadmium, lead, mercury and arsenic in Chinese market milled rice and associated population health risk

A survey of the levels of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) such as cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg) and arsenic (As) in milled rice sold on the Chinese market was carried out in 2005–2008. The mean levels found were as follows: Cd, 0.05 mg/kg; Pb, 0.062 mg/kg; Hg, 0.0058 mg/kg; total As, 0.119 mg/kg. In combination of recent rice consumption data, the estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of these PTEs were calculated for eight age–sex categories of Chinese population using a probabilistic method. The target hazard quotients (THQs) and hazard index (HI) were calculated to evaluate the non-carcinogenic health risk from individual and combined PTEs due to rice consumption. THQs of individual element for Chinese population were all less than one, indicating that health risk associated with the intake of a single element through consumption of rice was absent. However, consumption of the combined metals would lead to potential health risks for high-exposed children, since the HI values for four age categories of children (2–14 years) based on the 97.5th percentile estimate through rice consumption were 1.216–1.677.

Organophosphorus pesticide residues in milled rice ( Oryza sativa ) on the Chinese market and dietary risk assessment

The present study investigates the occurrence of acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-inhibiting organophosphorus (OP) pesticide residues in milled rice samples obtained form local markets in China during the period 2004–2006 and estimates their cumulative exposure. Concentrations of OP pesticides were determined by gas chromatography with flame photometric detection (GC–FPD). The results showed that 9.3% of the samples contained detectable residues of at least one of the seven target OP pesticides (chlorpyrifos, dichlorvos, omethoate, methamidophos, parathion-methyl, parathion and triazophos) mainly used for agriculture in China, with concentrations ranging 0.011–1.756 mg kg−1. Rice consumption data was obtained from an individual food consumption survey. Relative potency factors (RPFs) for each pesticide were calculated with methamidophos as the index compound (IC), using 1- or 2-year chronic non-observed adverse effect levels (NOAEL) for AChE inhibition, mostly in rat brain, obtained from international evaluations of pesticides. Exposure to AChE-inhibiting pesticides for the population above 7 years old at P99.9 represented 52–94.5% of the acceptable daily intake (ADI) expressed as methamidophos. Estimated exposure for children aged 2–4 and 4–7 years at P99.9 were 119 and 104.3% of the ADI level, respectively. This study suggests that a yearly monitoring program for OP pesticide residues and strict implementation of the national safety standard for milled rice is necessary.

Geographical Variation in Total and Inorganic Arsenic Content of Polished (White) Rice

An extensive data set of total arsenic analysis for 901 polished (white) grain samples, originating from 10 countries from 4 continents, was compiled. The samples represented the baseline (i.e., notspecifically collected from arsenic contaminated areas), and all were for market sale in major conurbations. Median total arsenic contents of rice varied 7-fold, with Egypt (0.04 mg/kg) and India (0.07 mg/kg) having the lowest arsenic content while the U.S. (0.25 mg/kg) and France (0.28 mg/kg) had the highest content. Global distribution of total arsenic in rice was modeled by weighting each country's arsenic distribution by that country's contribution to global production. A subset of 63 samples from Bangladesh, China, India, Italy, and the U.S. was analyzed for arsenic species. The relationship between inorganic arsenic contentversus total arsenic contentsignificantly differed among countries, with Bangladesh and India having the steepest slope in linear regression, and the U.S. having the shallowest slope. Using country-specific rice consumption data, daily intake of inorganic arsenic was estimated and the associated internal cancer risk was calculated using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) cancer slope. Median excess internal cancer risks posed by inorganic arsenic ranged 30-fold for the 5 countries examined, being 0.7 per 10,000 for Italians to 22 per 10,000 for Bangladeshis, when a 60 kg person was considered.

A NOTE ON RICE PRODUCTION, CONSUMPTION AND IMPORT DATA IN INDONESIA

Debate about Indonesian rice policy has focused on estimates of production and consumption levels, and the level of imports they imply. However, Indonesian rice production and consumption data are controversial. Rice consumption as estimated from household survey data is much lower than officially reported rice production. This suggests that Indonesia is a net rice exporter, but in fact it has generally been a net importer. Some researchers argue that rice consumption data are underestimated; others contend that production is over-estimated because of inaccuracies in ‘eye estimates’ of harvested area. This paper reviews how rice production and consumption are measured, notes major weaknesses, and surveys attempts to reconcile consumption and production data and examine their consistency with rice import data. It concludes that rice prices are the only accurate indicator of the balance between supply and demand, and hence of the appropriate level of imports.

Cadmium content in rice and rice field soil in China, Indonesia and Japan, with special reference to soil type and daily intake from rice.

The present study was carried out to: 1) assess cadmium content in both rice and soil of China, Indonesia and Japan, 2) determine the relation of cadmium content in rice and soil to soil type and country, and 3) estimate the average daily cadmium intake from rice from the results of cadmium analysis and rice consumption data of FAO. Much data on cadmium content in rice and soil of Japan have been reported (Iimura 1981; Masironi et al., 1977; Morishita 1981; Moritsugu et al., 1964; Nakatsuka et al., 1988; Yanagisawa 1984), but those for Indonesia are limited (Suzuki et al., 1988; Rivai et al., 1990). Moreover, the only data on cadmium content in rice of China have been reported by Rivai et al.(1990), none are available on the cadmium content in soil of China. Rice is a major source of cadmium intake for man in rice eating countries such as China, Indonesia and Japan. Thus, rice may be the best indicator to monitor cadmium exposure. Iimura (1981) reported the mean cadmium content in brown rice and paddy soil of Japan to be 90 and 450 ppb, respectively. Yanagisawa et al. (1984) found this parameter in brown rice and paddy soil from polluted area of Japan to be 0.37 and 1.35 ppm, respectively. Hutton et al. (1987) found the major sources of cadmium pollution to the agriculture land in England to be sewage disposal, manufacture manufacture and phosphate fertilizer. Morishita (1981) and Asami (1981) reported that rice grown in polluted soil contains more cadmium than that of non polluted soil. However, there are no data on relationship between cadmium content in rice and soil to the soil type. Assessment of the accumulation of cadmium content in rice and soil by soil type may also facilitate environmental monitoring. Daily cadmium intake from rice may be estimated from cadmium content in rice multiplied by daily rice consumption. Ohmomo (1981) reported the daily cadmium intake from rice of Japan to be 26 μg/person. Though the biological role of cadmium is not known for plants, under certain conditions it may accumulate in some plants to levels hazardous for animals and finally for man at the end of the food chain. This element, after entering into the soil would not be leached out and thus accumulate. Some of it is absorbed by plants that are a part of the ecological cycle. The hydrochloric acid extraction method can be used to detect the soluble fraction of the element absorbable from the roots of rice plants (Nihon Dojo Hiryo Gakkai 1986).