Rhizophora Stylosa Griff Research Articles

Fine root dynamics of Kandelia obovata, Rhizophora stylosa and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza in a mangrove environment in Okinawa, Japan

The present study investigates the fine root dynamics including comparison of fine root production, mortality and decomposition of Kandelia obovata (S., L.) Yong, Rhizophora stylosa Griff. and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lamk. in the Manko Wetland of Okinawa, Japan considering the importance of fine root to the ecosystem carbon dynamics. Our objective was to investigate seasonal dynamics of fine root of the three species and explore whether there is variation among species using sequential core and ingrowth core methods. The root systems were separated into living and dead mass fractions and these were subsequently separated as very fine roots (<0.5 mm) and fine roots (0.5—2 mm). Total fine root production of K. obovata, R. stylosa and B. gymnorrhiza ranged from 4.7 to 7.1 Mg ha −1 y−1, 1.7 to 3.6 Mg ha −1 y−1 and 2.9 to 4.9 Mg ha −1 y−1, respectively whereas mortality ranged 2.9 to 5.9 Mg ha −1 y−1, 0.6 to 2.3 Mg ha −1 y−1 and 0.8 to 3 Mg ha −1 y−1. The mean fine root turnover of K. obovata, R. stylosa and B. gymnorrhiza were estimated as 3.42, 2.78 and 3.37 y−1 having a longevity of 3.46, 4.32 and 3.56 months, respectively. The amount of decomposition through sequential core and ingrowth core methods for K. obovata, was estimated at 47 and 28 g m−2y−1, respectively, whereas for R. stylosa and B. gymnorrhiza these were 6 and 11 g m−2y−1, and 15 and 19 g m−2y−1, respectively. Significant variation of soil salinity, soil N, soil pH among three species plots was observed although the result was insignificant in different seasons. Using ingrowth core method, we observed significant correlations of fine root production with soil salinity and soil pH, but the results were insignificant with sequential core data. Finally, the significant effect of soil pH was found in the regression model as the predictor of fine root production. Although the seasonal pattern was absent in fine root production, the seasonal change in the biomass and necromass was obvious. The high amount of fine root necromass available can be a great source of organic matter in the forest for carbon and nutrient cycling.

Red Mangrove (Rhizophora stylosa Griff.)-A Review of Its Botany, Phytochemistry, Pharmacological Activities, and Prospects.

Mangroves are ecologically significant plants in marine habitats that inhabit the coastlines of many countries. Being a highly productive and diverse ecosystem, mangroves are rich in numerous classes of phytochemicals that are of great importance in the field of pharmaceutical industries. The red mangrove (Rhizophora stylosa Griff.) is a common member of the Rhizophoraceae family and the dominant species in the mangrove ecosystem of Indonesia. R. stylosa mangrove species are rich in alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic acids, tannins, terpenoids, saponins, and steroids, and are widely used in traditional medicine for anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, and antipyretic effects. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the botanical description, phytochemical profiles, pharmacological activities, and medicinal potentials of R. stylosa.

Composition and diversity of Mangrove species in Camotes Island, Cebu, Philippines

Mangrove forests are one of the world’s most threatened tropical ecosystems. The study aimed of assessing the composition and diversity of Mangrove species in Camotes Island, Philippines, as basis for its conservation and protection. A Belt in line transect method was used, with a minimum length of 1000m and maximum of 2000m along landward, middle, and seaward at an interval of 100m. Quadrat of 10 x 10m were established within the transect line at an interval of 250m. All the plant species within the quadrats were identified and measured. A total of 42 mangrove species were recorded in the island, representing 31 true mangrove species, and 11 mangrove associates. Two species were identified as Endangered Pemphis acidula J.R.Forst. &amp; G.Forst and Camptostemon philippinense (S.Vidal) Becc, with a relative value of high species diversity (H’ = 3.0107). Camotes Island were dominated by the species of Sonneratia alba Sm, Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh Avicennia rumphiana Hallier f, Rhizophora apiculata Blume, and Rhizophora stylosa Griff. Jaccard’s and Sorensen dissimilarity matrix prove that the mangrove species of Camotes Island were forming three cluster. Conservation effort and Information Education Campaign were needed by the Local Government Units, to protect the high mangrove species diversity of Camotes Island.

Niches of nine mangrove species in a Sonneratia apetala-colonized area of Dongzhai Harbor, Hainan Island, China.

The distribution of mangroves is influenced by the environment. We aimed to understand the ecological adaptability of various mangrove species within the range of the exotic species, Sonneratia apetala Buch.‐Ham., in Dongzhai Harbor, Hainan Island, China. We used three niche breadth indexes (Simpson, Levins, and Shannon–Weiner) and two niche overlap indexes (Pianka and Levins) to quantitatively determine the niche characteristics of nine mangrove species. The results showed that the order of the niche breadth values of mangrove species was as follows: Aegiceras corniculatum (Linn.) Blanco > Kandelia obovata Sheue et al. > Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Poir. > Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. Hailanci > S. apetala > S. caseolaris (L.) Engl. > Rhizophora stylosa Griff > Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C. B. Rob. > B. sexangula (Lour.) Poir. Pearson correlation analysis revealed that the niche breadth of each population was significantly correlated with the importance value of the population in the whole sample (R1 = R2 = 0.771, R3 = 0.644, p < .05). The nine mangrove species were divided into three groups by Bray–Curtis cluster analysis; the groups were similar to the distribution of mangrove species in the natural state as determined by tide level. Niche similarity analysis showed that the niche similarity of most mangroves ranged between 0.5 and 0.8 and that the species pairs A. corniculatum–B. gymnorrhiza, A. corniculatum–Avicennia marina, and K. obovata–S. caseolaris were characterized by large niche similarity ratios. Although it had a moderate niche breadth, S. apetala had a relatively broad niche overlap with mangroves in the mid‐ and low‐tide zones (S. caseolaris, A. corniculatum, K. obovata, and Avicennia marina), a moderate overlap with B. gymnorrhiza and R. stylosa, only a slight overlap with C. tagal, and no overlap with B. sexangular. There was no obvious linear relationship between niche width and niche overlap of mangroves. Due to its inefficiency in utilizing certain resources and relatively high degree of resource selection, it seems likely that S. apetala will not pose a threat to the survival of native plants, let alone completely replace native species.

Aboveground biomass, productivity and carbon sequestration in Rhizophora stylosa mangrove forest of Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia

Abstract. Analuddin K, Kadidae LO, Haya LOMY, Septiana A, Sahidin I, Syahrir L, Rahim S, Fajar LOA, Nadaoka K. 2020. Aboveground biomass, productivity and carbon sequestration in Rhizophora stylosa mangrove forest of Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 1316-1325. This study was aimed at analyzing the trends of aboveground biomass (AGB), productivity and carbon sequestration of Rhizophora stylosa Griff. forest in Rawa Aopa Watumohai National Park (RAWNP), Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. The DBH was the best predictor for partial and whole AGB of R. stylosa trees. The mean AGB was 562.76 ton ha-1. The yearly biomass increment of living trees, biomass increment of whole stands, standing dead biomass, and litterfall in R. stylosa forest were estimated as 52.87, 50.09, 2.78 and 12.00 ton ha-1, respectively, while its net primary production was about 64.88 ton ha-1 yr-1 indicating higher mangrove productivity. The total carbon stock in R. stylosa forest was 264.50 ton ha-1, while the annual net carbon budget, carbon gain and carbon input in R. stylosa forest was 23.54, 24.85 and 5.64 ton ha-1. However, the total CO2 stored in R. stylosa forest was 969.83 ton ha-1, while the annual of net CO2 uptake, CO2 gained and CO2 input was 86.33, 91.12 and 20.86 ton ha-1. The higher carbon sequestration and CO2 uptake in R. stylosa forest indicate its significant role in the global carbon accumulation and reducing atmospheric CO2.

Sustainability ofTeredo navalis Land Environmental Management Strategies in the Pandemic Era COVID-19

The Wailukum Mangrove Ecosystem requires a community based environmental management strategy. The purpose of this study was to analyze the characteristics of mangrove roots and stems in medium tide zones, the dominance index ofTeredo navalis Land environmental management strategies in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic. This type of research is a case study. The research location is divided into two points, namely in the North and South. Sampling using the line transect method. Root and stem samples were observed using the quadratic method. The results of this study found that there are three types of mangroves that live in the medium tide zone, namelyRhizophora mucronata(Lamk.)Rhizophora apiculata and Rhizophora stylosa Griff. Characteristics of roots and stems have gaps and brittle easily. The dominance index ofTeredo navalis Lon the roots and stems is in the low category with the index range 0.01-0.62. Strategies that need to be used for environmental management of mangroves in Wailukum, East Halmahera Regency, are to open employment opportunities for the community, organize socialization and training of silvofishery systems for workers, make regulations to control community-based mangrove use and monitor violations of mangrove management.

Rhizophora stylosa Griff. stranded on the beach of Tahara City, Aichi Prefecture, Japan

Rhizophora stylosa Griff. stranded on the beach of Tahara City, Aichi Prefecture, Japan

Interspecific variation in herbivory level and leaf nutrients of mangroves Rhizophora

Trees and saplings of two mangrove species, Rhizophora stylosa Griff. and Rhizophora mucronata Lam. were observed in herbivory level (leaf damage area and percentage of herbivory) and leaf nutrients (total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, water content and deterrent tannin). We observed mangrove habitat located around Institut Teknologi Sepuluh November (ITS) Campus in Surabaya, East Java dominated by Rhizophora vegetation. Herbivorous insects showed an individual abundance of 15.15% of the total insects found in mangroves around the studied areas. Seedlings tended to be significantly higher in relative leaf damage and preferred by the herbivores than trees. One way ANOVA showed a non-significant difference in leaf area damage between two species (F=0.63, p-0.43; F=2.29; p-0.13). The concentration of leaf nutrients was significantly different between two species than habitus. Total nitrogen and water content in R. mucronata were significantly higher than in R. stylosa (F=5.10, p-0.03; F=142.13, p-<0.0001), whereas phosphorous and potassium (K) was significantly higher in R. stylosa than in R. mucronata (F=15.25, p-0.0002; F=75.916; p-<0.0001). Descriptively, R. stylosa leaves tended to be higher in deterrent tannins than R. mucronata, especially in seedling habitus. Leaf age, represented by plant habitus, is less to be related to high leaf palatability and insect herbivore nutrition than mangrove species.

Tracking the route of atmospheric nitrogen to diazotrophs colonizing buried mangrove roots.

Nitrogen-fixing activity has been observed in the rhizosphere of mangrove ecosystems, suggesting a close mangrove-diazotroph relationship. In regularly flooded soil, however, the pathway by which atmospheric nitrogen reaches the diazotrophs in the rhizosphere is unknown. This study provides evidence that mangrove aerial roots serve as pathways that supply nitrogen gas to the diazotrophs colonizing buried roots. A plastic chamber was attached on the exposed part of a Rhizophora stylosa Griff prop root, and 15N2 tracer gas was injected into it. The entire root, including the below-ground part, was collected for analysis of 15N labelling and nitrogenase activity. We detected 15N labelling in buried root materials 2h after gas injection. Compared with the δ15N contents in root material from an untreated tree, the increment was >10‰ in lateral roots. The nitrogenase activity measured on the other R. stylosa roots was highest in lateral roots, matching well with the results of 15N labelling. Our results indicate that atmospheric nitrogen is taken into aerial mangrove roots through lenticels, diffuses into the buried root system and is fixed by diazotrophs. The unusual appearance of mangrove aerial roots, which has intrigued researchers for many years, could be a key to the high productivity of mangrove ecosystems.

The Physicochemical Factors and Litter Dynamics (Rhizophora mucronata Lam. and Rhizophora stylosa Griff) of Replanted Mangroves, Rembang, Central Java, Indonesia

The Physicochemical Factors and Litter Dynamics (Rhizophora mucronata Lam. and Rhizophora stylosa Griff) of Replanted Mangroves, Rembang, Central Java, Indonesia

PRODUKSI BIOETANOL DARI BUAH BEBERAPA JENIS MANGROVE DI PAPUA

Mangrove plant has played important role in Papua, both to support the health of ecosystem and the livelihood of its community. As of now, there is only limited knowledge on the utilization of mangroves in Papua. Several varieties in Papua are known to contain carbohydrate and cellulose that can be used to produce food or bioethanol. This study aimed to examine the production of bioethanol using dry grinding and wet grinding methods. The varieties of mangroves used in this research were Rhizophora mucronata Lmk., Rhizophora stylosa Griff., and Bruguiera gymnorrizha. The content of bioethanol as well as the shape and dimension of these varieties were measured in this study. The shape of the mangroves fruit was cylindrical. The mass averages of these mangroves were 180.80 g, 40.39 g and 37.62 g, respectively. The length of the mangrove fruits were 72.33 cm, 41.00 cm and 23.33 cm respectively. The result of the research showed that the best method to produce bioethanol from mangrove fruit was the dry grinding method which resulting in average bioethanol content 6% v/m. Rhizophora stylosa Griff produced the highest bioethanol content, 9.26% v/m, using the dry grinding method and 7.14% with the wet grinding method. Keywords:mangrove fruits, bioethanol, dry grinding,wet grinding

Photosynthesis, respiration, and growth patterns of Rhizophora stylosa seedlings in relation to growth temperature

Rhizophora stylosa Griff. exhibits thermal acclimatization of leaf respiration, but does not maintain high photosynthetic performance under new growth temperatures. Mangrove plants are distributed across the majority of the world’s tropical and subtropical coastlines. How they respond to new growth temperatures is poorly understood. To obtain this information, we collected Rhizophora stylosa Griff. diaspores from a subtropical region with average daily mean and maximum temperatures of 24.0 and 26.7 °C. After 1-year-old seedlings had been grown in four glasshouse chambers at an air temperature of 15, 20, 25, or 30 °C for about 50 days, we evaluated photosynthesis, respiration, and growth. Seedlings grown at 15 and 20 °C showed PSII photoinhibition, especially in newly emerged leaves. The assimilation rate was greatest at 25 °C. Thermal acclimatization of respiration was observed at 20–30 °C in both newly emerged and pre-existing leaves, was unclear in stems, and was absent in roots. Stem growth rate was greatest at 25 °C, but seedlings grown at 30 °C produced the largest number of new leaves and marginally decreased biomass allocation to roots, which lacked thermal acclimatization capacity. These results indicate that R. stylosa growing in subtropical regions adapts its photosynthesis to the average daily mean or maximum temperatures, and minimizes carbon loss due to warm temperatures by use of the thermal acclimatization capacity of leaf respiration and plasticity of biomass allocation, which contribute to optimizing growth performance.

Interactive Effects of Intertidal Elevation and Light Level on Early Growth of Five Mangrove Species under Sonneratia apetala Buch. Hamplantation Canopy: Turning Monocultures to Mixed Forests

The introduced Sonneratia apetala Buch. Hamplantation plantations have occupied more than 3800 ha in China. The prevalence, fast growth rate, and high seed production of S. apetala have raised concerns about the risks to native mangrove habitats. Efforts are required to convert these introduced monocultures to mixed or native forests. In this study, we examined native mangrove colonization in the introduced S. apetala plantations at the Qi’ao Island, Zhuhai, China. A 12-month field study was conducted to evaluate the effects of intertidal elevation and light level on the survival and early growth of five native mangrove species, viz., Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Savigny, Kandelia obovata Sheue, Liu &amp; Yong, Aegiceras corniculatum (L.) Blanco, Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh., and Rhizophora stylosa Griff. Across intertidal elevations and light levels, the survival of B. gymnorrhiza was the highest. All the species had relatively higher survival rates under 30% canopy closure. Although the seedlings survived best at high intertidal elevation, the relative growth rate (RGR) was the highest at low intertidal elevation, and it was promoted by high light level. The stem height at low intertidal elevation was higher than that at high intertidal elevation, and it was the highest under 30% canopy closure. B. gymnorrhiza and R. stylosa at high intertidal elevation had relatively high leaf numbers, whereas K. obovata and A. marina showed a reverse tendency. The growth of stem diameter showed a decreasing trend initially and then increased with better performance at low intertidal elevations, and B. gymnorrhiza presented the best value under 30% canopy closure. Bruguiera gymnorrhiza showed the highest growth rate under similar conditions. Overall, intensive canopy thinning is an effective measure to promote native mangrove growth in S. apetala plantations. Additionally, increasing planting density especially at low intertidal elevations may improve native mangrove establishment and growth. Furthermore, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza is the best choice in the effort to plant native species in S. apetala plantations in the study area.

POTENSI DAN KANDUNGAN KARBON HUTAN MANGROVE DI KARANGSONG, INDRAMAYU, JAWA BARAT

The location of this study was originally abandoned ponds. The research aims to obtain information about potential species and carbon content of mangrove forests in the Karangsong, Indramayu, West Java. The plots were made in three places consisting of 12 samples of 10 x 10 m for tree inventory, saplings and seedlings with 20 m plot spacing. The results showed that in the mangrove forest of 15.9 ha, eight species were found. The dominant species for tree and sapling stages are Avicennia marina Blume with IVI 279.74% and 156.03%, respectively. The dominant species for seedling stage is Rhizophora stylosa Griff. with IVI 21.32%. Regeneration in mangrove forests is quite good. The biomass and carbon content at study site were dominated by R . mucronata Lam. with a biomass of 72.48 tons/ha (equivalent to 36.24 tons C/ha or 133 tons of CO 2 /ha) and A . alba Blume of 20.60 tons/ha (10.30 tons C/ha equivalent to 37.80 CO 2 /ha). Total biomass at the study site was 103.42 tons/ha (equivalent to 51.71 tons C/ha or 189.78 tons CO 2 /ha).

Sedimentary and elemental dynamics as a function of the elevation profile in a semi-arid mangrove toposequence

The effect of elevation and seasonal variations on the elemental status of sediments was investigated along a semi-arid mangrove profile in the Heart of Voh, New Caledonia. As other mangroves in the world, this mangrove site experienced an increase of tidal range that led to the recent colonisation of salt flats at the highest elevations landward by Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh subsp. australasica (Walp.) J. Everett. This young Avicennia stand was compared with an old Avicennia stand at lower elevations on its edge. Down the elevation profile, the sediment properties of a short Rhizophora stylosa Griff stand were compared with a taller Rhizophora stand seaward that experienced longer immersion periods. Our results show that centimetre-scale variation in elevation significantly affects all sediment properties along the semi-arid profile and induces a strong seasonal variation in reduction potential and pH at high elevations over the year. We suggest that during the dry season, the oxygenated sediments enhanced the oxidation of organic matter (OM), which led to the dissolution of Fe-S compounds and the subsequent acidification of the sediments. This in turn induced a loss of metal content (Fe, Cu Ni, Mn) compared to the sediments at lower elevation. Moreover, our results show that the accumulation of OM during the colonisation phase by Avicennia coincided with higher water content and higher total and exchangeable concentrations of N, P, Mg and K within the surface sediments than in the old Avicennia stand. The tall Rhizophora stand at the borders of the channel was characterized by an increase in elevation, denser sediments and a depletion of elements in several horizons of the depth profile compared to the short Rhizophora landward. These results provide a better understanding of i) the impact of elevation differences on major and minor elements in a semi-arid mangrove ecosystem, and ii) the changes of sediment properties mediated by a pioneer species within the early phase of succession in hypersaline mangroves.

Reproduction of the mangrove species Rhizophora stylosa Griff. at its southern latitudinal limit

A study of reproductive phenology and reproductive performance of the mangrove species Rhizophora stylosa was conducted in three estuaries spanning the southernmost 265 km of its known range on the east Australian coast. The timing of reproductive primordia, buds, flowers, fruit and propagule fall did not differ significantly over the latitudinal range of the study. Peak propagule fall occurred in April after a mean 19–20 months of development, only slightly longer than accounts for tropical latitudes. On average, 2.1% of buds matured to form viable propagules, with an average of 17.2% of buds becoming advanced fruit and 11.9% of advanced fruit becoming mature propagules, which compares well with the ranges published accounts for Australian tropical R. stylosa trees. However, there were relatively few buds per inflorescence on recorded shoots in this study, although formal studies on this in the tropics are absent. Within-site variation in bud and propagule production per shoot was greater than variability between sites in many cases, though our sample size was necessarily low due to the rarity of the trees at the southern limit and the detailed recording method. The species reproduces successfully at its known southern limit, with notable comparability to the eastern Australian Tropics. This suggests there is little thermal limitation on reproduction at the southern limit, where there is evidence of slow spread. “Precocious” reproduction as observed for young R. mangle at range limits in North America was not detected.

Analysis of mangrove forest vegetation in Wambona Village, South Wakorumba District, Muna Regency, Indonesia

The study aims to determine the type of vegetation that composes mangrove forests and their zoning patterns, to know the composition of mangrove vegetation types and to determine the level of mangrove forest diversity. This study was determined based on the characteristics of the research location ranging from those close to residential areas to those located close to the beach. The method used is systematic sampling which consists of nine observation blocks and each block is divided into four circular research plots. There are 9 types of vegetation that compose mangrove forests in Wambona Village, Wakorsel District, i.e. Avicenna alba BI, Bruguiera hainnessi, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lamk, Ceriops tagal (Perr), Rhizophora mucronata Lamk, Rhizophora stylosa Griff, Sonneratia alba J.E. Smith, Caseolaris sonneratia (L.) Engl. and Bruguiera parviflora (Roxb.) Important Value Index (IVI) of mangrove vegetation in Wambona Village, Wakorsel District namely; 300% for tree level, pole, stake and 200% for seedling level. Diversity of mangrove vegetation types in Wambona Village, Wakorsel District as a whole is in the moderate category (moderate stability) with each tree 1.54, pole 1.57, stake 1.49 and seedling 1.64.

Estuarine caridean shrimp (Palaemon debilis Dana, 1852) (Decapoda: Caridea) can differentiate olfactory cues from different mangrove species for microhabitat selection

Environmental cues in mangroves such as chemicals released from senescent leaf litter could help guide juvenile nekton to their nursery habitats. A laboratory olfactory choice experiment was conducted using a three-channel choice flume to assess the ability of juveniles of the caridean shrimp Palaemon debilisDana (1852) to distinguish between water containing leachates from the leaf litter of the mangroves Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh., Rhizophora stylosa Griff. and a mixture of the two species. Senescent leaves of these species of mangroves were soaked for 14 days in artificial seawater before being exposed to juvenile P. debilis in the flume. P. debilis spent significantly more time in R. stylosa water, followed by mixed R. stylosa and A. marina water, and least time in A. marina water. The consistent preference for R. stylosa water suggests that the chemical cues from senescent leaves of this mangrove species might influence choice selection by the shrimp. The olfactory choice experiment was further investigated to assess if the preference for senescent R. stylosa leachate (water) was due to the water-borne chemicals (either from the senescent R. stylosa leaf litter water or aged R. stylosa detritus) serving as an attractant to the shrimps, by comparing it to aged R. stylosa detritus and artificial seawater. Juvenile shrimp preferred senescent R. stylosa water, therefore suggesting a role of chemical attractants in the shrimp's choice of habitat.

Ecophysiological Responses of Viviparous Mangrove Rhizophora stylosa Seedlings to Simulated Sea-Level Rise

ABSTRACT Chen, L. and Wang, W., 2017. Ecophysiological responses of viviparous mangrove Rhizophora stylosa seedlings to simulated sea-level rise. As the only forests situated at the transition between land and sea, mangrove forests constitute one of the first ecosystems vulnerable to rising sea level. When sea-level rises, plants are exposed to increased salinity, as well as tidal flooding. The responses of mangrove forests to changing sea levels depend on the synergistic effects of tidal flooding and salinity on plants, especially plants at the seedling stage. Therefore, the aims of this paper were to assess the ability of viviparous mangrove Rhizophora stylosa Griff. seedlings to withstand tidal flooding given different seawater salinities, as well as to investigate the effects of tidal flooding and salinity on plant growth. To accomplish this, a mesocosm experiment was initiated to examine the synergistic effects of tidal flooding and salinity on the growth and physiology of R. stylosa samples subjecte...

Stand density management and blue carbon stock of monospecific mangrove plantation in Bohol, Philippines

Abstract Blue carbon pertains to carbon stock that is stored by marine ecosystems including mangrove forest. Density and blue carbon stock assessment was conducted covering mature Rhizophora stylosa Griff. plantations in Bohol, Philippines. Three stand types were assessed: thinned mature stand (0.34 tree m−2 at 55 years old; 35 ha); non-thinned mature stand (1.2 tree m−2 at 55 years old; 20 ha) and young stand (2.6 tree m−2 at 20 years old; 150 ha). These plantations were initially established with a plant spacing of 0.5 m × 0.5 m. Non-destructive plot sampling technique was used to account biomass and carbon stocks of trees and sediments. Five (5) sample plots measuring 200 m2 were allocated for each stand type. Results showed that the total carbon stock of plantations amassed to 64.5 ktC or 236.6 ktCO2e. More than half (at least 54%) of this stock is imbedded in sediment. Individual accounts showed that carbon stock was largest in non-thinned stand with 435.2 tC ha−1, followed by thinned stand (408.5 tC ha−1) and young stand (276.8 tC ha−1). There was no significant difference between thinned and non-thinned mature stands carbon stocks. Such finding suggested the potential of having thinning intervention. Following the self-thinning rule of 1.1 to 1.3 tree m−2, the local community can harvest as much as 423 trees ha−1 yr−1 for 35 years starting at the plantation age of 20 years. Further, the additional carbon stock between the ages 20 to 55 years could reach about 580 tCO2e ha−1 with an economic value of USD 2,962 ha−1. With this potential benefits, it is recommended that Banacon Island should pursue a carbon offset project for its plantations.