Zingiber Officinale Rhizome Research Articles

Effect of Orijin Bitters, Aqueous Extracts of Hibiscus Sabdariffa Calyx and Zingiber Officinale Roscoe Rhizome on the Liver of adult wistar rats

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Orijin bitters, Hibiscus sabdariffa and Zingiber officinale roscoe are consumed for medicinal properties and their effects were evaluated in this study on adult wistar rats’ liver. METHODOLOGY: Thirty rats were divided into 6 groups, 5 in each. Group 1 received distilled water, group 2, 70cl/70kg/bw orijin bitters, group 3 orijin bitters and 200mg/kg/bw Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx aqueous extract, group 4 orijin bitters and 500mg/kg/bw Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx aqueous extract, group 5 orijin bitters and 200mg/kg/bw officinale rhizome aqueous extract, group 6 orijin bitters and 500mg/kg/bw Zingiber officinale rhizome aqueous extract. After administration, the rats were sacrificed and the liver harvested for biochemical and histological analysis. RESULTS: Aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphate increased in group 2 while alanine transaminase decreased. Aspartate aminotransferase and alanine transaminase increased in most treatment groups while alkaline phosphate decreased. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Orijin bitters distorted the liver tissue while Hibiscus sabdariffa and Zingiber officinale roscoe extracts resulted in restoration. CONCLUSION: Orijin bitters may possess toxicity to the liver. Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx and Zingiber officinale roscoe rhizome due to antioxidants present ameliorated the effect.

Antibacterial Activity of sonicated Zingiber Officinale Rhizome Extract on Some Bacteria Isolated from Otitis media Patients

Background: Zingiber officinale is an herbaceous plant that belongs to the Zingiber officinale family Zingiraceae it is a abundant in the countries of east India, China and Sri Lanka as well as in some Arab countries. Materials and Procedures: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ethanolic sonicated of zingiber officinale Rhizome against the pathogenic bacteria (Streptococcus) isolated from patient of ear infection. 112 clinical specimens were collected from patient from Babylon hospital of both genders and different ages. From 1/October /2022 to 1/April /2023. The antibiotic susceptibility test was performed. The antimicrobial activity of sonicated ethanolic of zingiber officinale Rhizomes, the (MIC) the (MBC) of sonicated ethanolic of zingiber officinale of all isolates were determined. Result: The results of isolation 100(899.3%) specimens gave positive growth from 42 females and 58 from males, The isolates of Streptococcus isolates showed sensitivity to [Chloramphenicol, Vancomycin, but show resistance to Gentamycin, Clindamycin, Tetracyclines, Azithromycin, Erythromycin], The antimicrobial activity of sonicated ethanolic They showed (27,40,15) mm for sonicated ethanolic, sonicated aqueous, and (27,40,15) mm for sonicated ethanolic. The antimicrobial agents of sonicated aqueous and ethanolic extract by three different methods first (FESEM) was showed these range of sonicated particles between (10.20-27.28) µm (XRD) that showed (23.601-44.015), third (FTIR) was used in range 400-4000cm- the results were showed 64 Mg/l MIC,128mg/l MBC for Streptococcus Conclusion: In this study, it was found that the highest infection rate at the (1-15) years category and the number of meals with otitis infections is more than females. It was showed that the otitis infection patients in the Urban regions with highest percentage with the lowest percentage observed in rural regions and rate of chronic otitis infections as more that the rate of acute otitis infections.

Evaluation of Larvicidal Properties of Zingiber officinale Rhizome and Allium Sativum Bulbs against Aedes aegypti

This study evaluates the larvicidal potential of methanolic extracts derived from Zingiber officinale (ginger) rhizome and Allium sativum (garlic) bulbs against the 4th instar larvae of Aedes aegypti, a key vector responsible for transmitting diseases such as dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya, and Zika. Due to the increasing resistance of mosquitoes to conventional insecticides, there is a pressing need for alternative, eco-friendly vector control methods. Botanical extracts, known for their pesticidal properties, offer a promising solution. Methanolic extracts were collected from the selected test plant parts and different test solutions were prepared to test their larvicidal efficacy against the fourth instar larvae of Ae. aegypti. The results indicated a significant dose-dependent increase in larval mortality for both extracts. The extracts of Z. officinale consistently showed better larvicidal effects than outperformed the extracts of A. sativum at all tested concentrations, with mortality rates ranging from 14.29% at 62.5 ppm to 79.22% at 500 ppm. In contrast, A. sativum exhibited mortality rates from 11.69% at 62.5 ppm to 76.62% at 500 ppm. The LC50 values further highlighted the greater efficacy of ginger extract, with an LC50 of 219.10 ppm compared to 237.39 ppm for garlic. These results suggest the usage of extracts of ginger rhizomes and garlic bulbs as eco-friendly larvicides against Ae. aegypti mosquitoes.

Bioevaluation, pharmacokinetics and molecular docking study of terpenoid-rich rhizome essential oil of Zingiber officinale

The study focuses on the phytochemical composition, in vitro and in silico antioxidant and NO reduction potential of Zingiber Officinale rhizome essential oil (ZOREO). The GC–MS analysis has revealed the presence of 47 volatile constituents representing 94.35 % of the total area of EO. The major compounds identified were α-zingiberene (20.58 %), geranial (10 %), β-sesquiphellandrene (7.39 %), and neral (7.23 %). The EO was rich in sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (45.93 %) followed by monoterpene hydrocarbons (29.29 %). The EO showed moderate antioxidant activity compared to the standard (IC50 = 5.16 ± 0.4 mg/mL for DPPH assay and EC50 = 0.52 ± 0.6 mg/mL for FRAP assay). The cytotoxic analysis showed significant viability towards RAW 264.7 cell lines. Treatment with ginger EO at a concentration of 100 μg/mL showed significant anti-inflammatory activity by the significant reduction of LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production to 31.35 %, in comparison with the LPS-treated group. Further, the EO components were screened in order to provide mechanistic insights into Xanthine oxidase (XO) and iNOS inhibition. The docking results showed that the volatile constituents of ginger EO have substantial binding affinity with the active site residues of the receptor. The simulation conducted for the top compounds- geranyl acetate and β-eudesmol having the highest binding affinity towards both the proteins XO and iNOS respectively. Both the results showed the compounds steadily interacted with both of the proteins active site residues throughout the simulation. The current analysis showed the phytoconstituents showed better antioxidant activity than the EO. Hence these compounds could be further considered for in vitro and in vivo evaluation for the development of efficient phytopharmaceuticals.

Optimization, molecular dynamics and quantum parameters simulations of Zingiber officinale rhizome as a green corrosion inhibitor

This study combines experimental and theoretical approaches to investigate ginger root extract (GRE) as an eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in acidic environments at temperatures ranging from 303 to 333 K. Experimental techniques, including weight loss measurements, were used to assess the inhibiting performance and adsorption behavior of GRE, while GC-MS, FT-IR, and UV–visible spectrophotometric methods provided further characterization. Results indicated that the inhibition efficiency of GRE increased with higher concentrations and decreased with temperature, highlighting its potential to effectively prevent corrosion in H2SO4 medium. GC-MS analysis identified four major phenolic compounds—6-gingerol, 6-isoshogaol, zingerone, and vanillyl glycol—and two secondary metabolites, α-Farnesene and β-Bisabolene. Among these, 6-gingerol, the most active and abundant constituent, was selected for computational studies. Optimal corrosion inhibition of 81.3 % was achieved at 303 K with a GRE concentration of 10 g/L for 1 h. Thermodynamic activation parameters suggested a temperature-dependent process, and alignment with the Langmuir isotherm indicated a physical adsorption mechanism. Quantum chemical calculations for 6-gingerol revealed highest occupied molecular orbital energy (EHOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy (ELUMO) values of -6.286 eV and -0.366 eV, respectively, in its protonated state, and -8.338 eV and -0.247 eV, respectively, in its neutral state. Molecular simulations showed a binding affinity of -4.736 kJ/mol between 6-gingerol and the steel surface, supporting the experimental findings and underscoring the potential of GRE as an effective corrosion inhibitor.

Knockdown and Toxicity of Essential Oils from the Rhizome of Zingiber officinale (L) and the Bud of Syzygium aromaticum (L) to Periplaneta americana (L)

The American cockroach (Periplanata americana) is an important peridomestic pest that is responsible for the mechanical transmission of several disease pathogens. This study aimed to evaluate the knockdown and toxicity effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale) and cloves (Syzygium aromaticum) essential oils against Periplanata americana. Oils were extracted from the rhizomes and buds of ginger and cloves plants respectively. The oils were extracted using the hydrodistillation method and were serially diluted in 20% tween 80 solution to obtain seven concentrations (5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400μl/ml). Whatman No.1 filter paper was smeared with 1ml of each concentration of the oil and allowed to dry. Adult P. americana were exposed to the treated filter paper in a glass jar. Each experimental set up and the control had 20 adult cockroaches each. The control experiment had the cockroaches exposed to 1ml of 20% tween 80 solution. Each experiment was replicated 4 times. The knockdown effect was observed at 10 minutes intervals for 60 minutes while the mortality count was recorded after 24 and 48 hours. After 20 minutes of exposure to cloves oil, 100% knockdown was observed in the highest concentration (400μl/ml). For ginger oil, complete knockdown was observed in the highest concentration (400μl/ml) after 30 minutes of exposure. Both ginger and clove oil showed increased mortality as the concentration increased. After 48 hours of exposure, 100% mortality of adult P. americana were recorded in both oils at the highest concentration of 400μl/ml. While 25% and 40% mortality recorded at the lowest concentration of 5μl/ml for ginger and clove oil respectively at 48 hours. There was no mortality recorded in the control. Clove oil was more potent than ginger oil, this was judged by the 48 hours LC50 value of 7.344μl/ml while the 48 hour LC50 value for ginger oil was 56.564μl/ml. It was concluded from the study that both ginger and clove oils exhibited significant knockdown and toxicity activity against P. americana. Thus, it is recommended that the essential oils from these plants should be incorporated in the production of botanical pesticides for the management of P. americana, which is a well-known mechanical vector and common household’s pest.

Identification of putative α-glucosidase inhibitors and antioxidants in Zingiber officinale rhizome using LCMS-based metabolomics and in silico molecular docking

Metabolite profiling is required to reveal bioactive chemicals in ginger rhizome for supporting its traditional claim as anti-diabetic agent. This study aimed to evaluate α-glucosidase inhibitory (AGI) and antioxidant activities of the rhizome, to identify its putative α-glucosidase inhibitors, and to analyse the protein-ligand interaction of the inhibitors. The ginger extracts were tested to in vitro AGI assay and analysed using LCMS-based metabolomics to pinpoint the putative α-glucosidase inhibitors. The methanol extract exhibited the highest AGI activity (IC50 = 185.2 µg/mL) compared to the other extracts. This extract showed antioxidant activities with DPPH-IC50 and FRAP value of 125.0 µg/mL and 16.95 mmol TE/mgDW, respectively. The LCMS-based metabolomics revealed α-glucosidase inhibitors in the extract, namely 7-methoxycoumarin, supinine and 12-hydroxycorynoline. The presence of these compounds in ginger is being reported for the first time in this study. The activity of these compounds was supported by computational study using in silico molecular docking.

Zingiber officinale promotes autophagy and apoptosis in human oral cancer through the C/EBP homologous protein.

The rhizome of Zingiber officinale (Z. officinale), commonly known as ginger, has been characterized as a potential drug candidate due to its antitumor effects. However, the chemotherapeutic effect of ginger on human oral cancer remains poorly understood. In this study, we examined the effects of an ethanol extract of Z. officinale rhizomes (ZOE) on oral cancer and identified the components responsible for its pharmacological activity. ZOE exerts its inhibitory activity in oral cancer by inducing both autophagy and apoptosis simultaneously. Mechanistically, ZOE-induced autophagy and apoptosis in oral cancer are attributed to the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress response. Additionally, we identified two active components of ZOE, 1-dehydro-6-gingerdione and 8-shogaol, which were sufficient to stimulate autophagy initiation and apoptosis induction by enhancing CHOP expression. These results suggest that ZOE and its two active components induce ROS generation, upregulate CHOP, initiate autophagy and apoptosis, and hold promising therapeutics against human oral cancer.

Effects of biopesticides on the management of Myzus persicae Sulzer and Phenacoccus manihoti

Aphids (Myzus persicae Sulzer) and mealybugs (Phenacoccus manihoti) are two economically important pests affecting agricultural crops in Guyana. The principal mode of control is the application of synthetic insecticides, which can be prejudicial on the environment and human health. Alternatively, these pests can be controlled using plant extracts with insecticidal and repellent properties. This article highlights the effects of three plant extracts obtained from locally cultivated crops in Guyana. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis was performed to identify the chemical compounds present in each extract with high insecticidal activity against aphids and mealy bugs revealing the presence of 8, 15, and 7 chemical compounds with “eucalyptol” common to all extracts. Laboratory bioassays were conducted under environmental conditions to determine the efficacy of methanol extracts obtained from Zingiber officinale rhizome, Mentha viridis, and Jatropha curcas leaves in controlling M. persicae Sulzer and P. manihoti using the leaf dip method. Results obtained indicated that the three plant extracts were significantly (p < 0.05) toxic to M. persicae Sulzer and P. manihoti after 48 h exposure.

Intra-peritoneal lavage of Zingiber officinale rhizome and its active constituent gingerol impede inflammation, angiogenesis, and fibrosis following post-operative peritoneal adhesion in male rats

Post-operative peritoneal adhesions (PA) are a common and important clinical problem. In this study, we focused on the ameliorative efficacy of ginger and gingerol compounds on surgical-induced peritoneal adhesion, and their strategies that disrupted the PA formation pathways to suppress their incidence. First, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was established to separate and identify several chemical groups of ginger rhizome extract. In the next steps, male Wistar albino rats were randomly selected and divided into various groups, namely sham, control, ginger extract (0.6, 1.8, 5 %w/v), and gingerol (0.05, 0.1, 0.3, and 1 %w/v). Finally, we investigated the macroscopic parameters such as wound healing, body weight as well as spleen height and weight. In addition, visual peritoneal adhesion assessment was performed via Nair et al and Adhesion Scoring Scheme. Moreover, the microscopic parameters and biological assessment was performed via and immunoassays. The present findings revealed significant improvement in wound healing and reduction of the adhesion range, as Nair et al. and Adhesion Scoring Scheme scoring, in both the ginger and gingerol groups compared to the PA group (P < 0.05). Whereas, gingerol (0.3 % w/v) was able to increase the body weight in rats (P < 0.0001) at end stage of experiment. Also, inflammation, angiogenesis, and fibrosis were significantly decreased due to the downregulation of interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), respectively, in the ginger and gingerol groups compared to the PA group (P < 0.05). In contrast, the levels of IL-10 were increased in the ginger and gingerol groups compared to the control group (P < 0.01). Our results proved that ginger rhizome and gingerol, as novel therapeutic compounds, could be used to prevent PA for their beneficial anti-inflammatory as well as anti-fibrosis properties in clinical trials. However, further clinical studies are required to approve the effectiveness of ginger and gingerol.

ANTISAPROLEGNIA ACTIVITY OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF ZINGIBER OFFICINALE IN BUNNEI (BARBUS SHARPEYI) HATCHERY

Usage of chemicals such as malachite green to disinfect fish eggs in aquaculture has been banned in many countries around the world due to its environmental negative impact. This study aimed to evaluate the Zingiber officinale rhizomes extract as an antifungal agent during incubation period of Bunnei eggs and comparison of its effects with malachite green. For this purpose 24 hours after fertilization, methanolic extract of Zingiber officinale rhizomes in four groups with a concentration of 500, 750, 1000, and 1250 mg/L and three replications per concentration in a (10 minute) bath every 12 hours and malachite green group with a concentration of 0.1 mg/L for (6 minutes) bath was used twice a day and control group without antifungal agents under the same physiochemical conditions as other treatments were tested. The present study showed that the highest percentage of fungal infection was 41.82±0.5 % for the control group and the lowest 0.3±0.5 % was obtained for the treatment of 1250 mg/L of Zingiber officinale rhizomes. Also, the results showed that there were significant differences between treatments of different concentrates of Zingiber officinale rhizomes and with malachite green group in fungal infection, percentage of fertilization and survival do not exist (P&gt;0.05.) No apparent deformity and abnormality were observed in the hatched larvae of Bunnei, so the extract of Zingiber officinale rhizomes with concentration 500 mg /L can be used to disinfect Bunnei eggs during Incubation period and safe material for humans and the environment.

UFLC-MS Method Development of Vasicinone, Pellitorine, 6-Gingerol, Costunolide, Dehydrocostuslactone, Apigenin, and Validation of Piperine, Biflorin in Polyherbal Formulations

Standardisation of polyherbal formulations is necessary for the quality, safety, quantity, and efficacy of botanicals in marketed and newly established formulations. The Ministry of Ayush, Govt of India, recommended using polyherbal formulations to treat COVID-19, i.e., Kabusura kudineer, Nilavembu kudineer, etc., Kabusura kudineer is a Siddha-based formulation. It prevents and treats COVID-19 due to some botanicals in Kabusura kudineer, which have proven anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, and immunomodulatory effects. The current work focuses on establishing a standard protocol for the Kabusura kudineer marketed, a novel dosage form called Hydaljss08, and in plant species, mainly present in both formulations. Both formulations contain some similar crude drugs and their active constituents. They are Zingiber officinale rhizome, Syzygium aromaticum flower buds, Adhatoda vasica leaves, Anacyclus pyrethrum roots, Saussurea lappa roots, Piper longum fruits, Clerodendrum serratum roots, Coleus amboinicus roots, contain active phytopharmaceuticals are 6-gingerol, biflorin, vasicinone, pellitorine, costunolide, dehydrocostuslactone, piperine, and apigenin. Existing liquid chromatography methods were reported for individual above active compounds, but not in these formulations and combined dosage forms. Working UFLC methods have not been reported individually nor combined for the Biflorin. The current study aims to develop UFLC methods for 6-gingerol, biflorin, vasicinone, pellitorine, costunolide, dehydrocostuslactone, piperine, and apigenin in polyherbal formulations Kabusura kudineer marketed, Hydaljss08 and in isolated, fractions, extract of plant species present in both dosage forms. The preliminary identification of the phytopharmaceuticals in the polyherbal formulations, isolated fractions, and extract of plant species was done by TLC and IR spectrum. The developed liquid chromatography method was novel, simple, linear, and rapid for estimating 6-gingerol, biflorin, vasicinone, pellitorine, costunolide, dehydrocostuslactone, piperine, apigenin in a plant species, and Ayush-based formulations.

The Effects of Body Fat Reduction through the Metabolic Control of Steam-Processed Ginger Extract in High-Fat-Diet-Fed Mice.

The prevalence of metabolic syndrome is increasing globally due to behavioral and environmental changes. There are many therapeutic agents available for the treatment of chronic metabolic diseases, such as obesity and diabetes, but the data on their efficacy and safety are lacking. Through a pilot study by our group, Zingiber officinale rhizomes used as a spice and functional food were selected as an anti-obesity candidate. In this study, steam-processed ginger extract (GGE) was used and we compared its efficacy at alleviating metabolic syndrome-related symptoms with that of conventional ginger extract (GE). Compared with GE, GGE (25-100 μg/mL) had an increased antioxidant capacity and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity in vitro. GGE was better at suppressing the differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes and lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells and promoting glucose utilization in C2C12 cells than GE. In 16-week high-fat-diet (HFD)-fed mice, GGE (100 and 200 mg/kg) improved biochemical profiles, including lipid status and liver function, to a greater extent than GE (200 mg/kg). The supplementation of HFD-fed mice with GGE (200 mg/kg) resulted in the downregulation of SREBP-1c and FAS gene expression in the liver. Collectively, our results indicate that GGE is a promising therapeutic for the treatment of obesity and metabolic syndrome.

In vivo anti-inflammatory activity of the essential oil of zingiber officinale rhizomes on Wistar rats

Background: Zingiber officinale is a spice consumed in Chad and traditionally used against osteoarthritis, migraine and rheumatic pain, but few pharmacological studies of this plant have been carried out. The aim of this study was to assess the in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of Z. officinale rhizomes essential oil (EO). Methods: A preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out on the EO of Z. officinale rhizomes; the anti-inflammatory activity of the given plant extract was then assessed at the concentrations of 0.20%, 1% and 5% on three experimental models: egg yolk-induced oedema, cotton pellet-induced granuloma and formalin. In addition, the essential oil was tested for its in vitro antioxidant capacity using the 2,2-Diphényl-2-picryl-hydrazyle Free Radical Scavenging Test, acide 2,2'-azino-bis 3éthylbenz- thiazoline-6-sulfonique Radical Test and the Ferric reducing antioxidant power Test. The study was extended to the acute toxicity of the EO of the rhizomes of Z. officinale using the sequential method. Results: Qualitative phytochemical screening of the EO of Z. officinale rhizome revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, triterpenes, terpenoids and free quinones. In the egg yolk-induced edema model, the EO of Z .officinale rhizomes significantly inhibited (p &lt; 0.01) oedema by 25.28%, 31.12% and 68.27% at the concentrations of 0.20%, 1% and 5%, respectively, when compared to controls. In the formalin-induced paw edema model, EO of Z. officinale rhizomes inhibited oedema by 24.27%, 30.14% and 43.14% at the concentrations of 0.20%, 1% and 5%, respectively, when compared to the controls. In the cotton pellet-induced granuloma model, EO of Z. officinale rhizomes induced an anti-granulomatous effect of 32.68%, 38.27% and 41.51% at the concentrations of 0.20%, 1% and 5%, respectively, as compared to controls. Additionally, the EO of the rhizomes of Z. officinale also induced in vitro antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity and iron reduction. Definitely, the LD50 of the EO of Z. officinale rhizomes was estimated as more than 2000 mg/kg b.w. Conclusion: The EO of Z. officinale rhizomes exhibited anti-inflammatory activity. This effect can be explained, at least partly to its chemical content and its antioxidant potential.

THE APOPTOSIS INDUCTION OF Zingiber oficinale ETHANOLIC EXTRACT-Treated HeLa (HUMAN CERVICAL CANCER) CELLS AND ACTIVE COMPOUND PROFILING USING GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY/MASS SPECTROMETRY

Cervical cancer accounts for the highest percentage of cancer-related deaths in Indonesia, accounting for nearly 60% of all cancer cases. Therefore, research into the anticancer mechanisms needs to be conducted. The ethanolic extract of Zingiber officinale (EEZO) contains zingiberene, a chemical known for its anticancer activity. Understanding the mechanism underlying the apoptosis-inducing effects is crucial. This study aimed to elucidate the apoptotic pathway and analyze the gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) profile of EEZO cells. The research commenced with the maceration of Zingiber officinale rhizomes using 75% ethanol to obtain EEZO. Apoptosis assays were conducted on both a negative control group and an EEZO-treated group of HeLa cells (cervical cancer cells). The apoptotic mechanism was evaluated using forward scattered light-side scattered light (FSC-SSC), fluorescein isothiocyanate (FTIC), and phycoerythrin (PE) flow cytometry. Apoptotic results were analyzed by comparing the control and EEZO samples, which revealed the number of viable cells, apoptotic cells, and cells in the sub-G1 phase. The major constituent of EEZO, which is expected to be a potent apoptosis inducer, was detected using GC/MS. The FSC-SSC results indicated a lower number of viable cells in the EEZO-exposed group than in the control group. FTIC results demonstrated that EEZO significantly increased apoptotic cell death, increasing from 68 to 1537 cells. PE flow cytometry revealed an elevated sub-G1 cell population, indicating the induction of apoptosis by EEZO. GC/MS analysis revealed five dominant components in EEZO, which had the potential to induce apoptosis: L-borneol, zingiberene, farnesol, beta-sesquiphellandrene, and alpha-curcumene ...

In-vivo and in-silico studies to identify toxicity mechanisms of permethrin with the toxicity-reducing role of ginger.

In this study, the toxic effects of permethrin on Allium cepa L. and the protective role of Zingiber officinale rhizome extract (Zoex) were investigated. In this context, 6 different groups were formed. While the control group was treated with tap water, the groups II and III were treated with 10µg/mL and 20µg/mL Zoex, respectively, and the group IV was treated with 100µg/L permethrin. The protective effect of Zoex against permethrin toxicity was studied as a function of dose, and groups V and VI formed for this purpose were treated with 10µg/mL Zoex + 100µg/L permethrin and 20µg/mL Zoex + 100µg/L permethrin, respectively. After 72h of germination, cytogenetic, biochemical, physiological, and anatomical changes in meristematic cells of A. cepa were studied. As a result, permethrin application decreased the mitotic index (MI) and increased the frequency of micronuclei (MN), and chromosomal abnormalities. The increase in malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) and the decrease in glutathione (GSH) indicate that permethrin causes oxidative damage. Compared to the control group, a 68.5% decrease in root elongation (p < 0.05) and an 81.8% decrease (p < 0.05) in weight gain were observed in the permethrin-treated group. It was found that the application of Zoex together with permethrin resulted in regression of all detected abnormalities, reduction in the incidence of anatomical damage, MN and chromosomal aberrations, and improvement in MI rates. The most significant improvement was observed in group VI treated with 20µg/mL Zoex, and Zoex was also found to provide dose-dependent protection. The toxicity mechanism of permethrin was also elucidated by molecular docking and spectral studies. From the data obtained during the study, it was found that permethrin has toxic effects on A. cepa, a non-target organism, while Zoex plays a protective role by reducing these effects.

Investigation of possible heavy metal contaminants of Zingiber officinale rhizomes and Allium sativum bulbs sourced from a market in Enugu State of Nigeria using rat models

Natural products such as plants, animals, microorganisms, and aquatic organisms have been employed by humans from ancient time for treatment and prophylaxis of diseases. In the last decade, attention is being diverted towards traditional medicine partly due to high cost of synthetic and semi-synthetic drugs, increase in multidrug resistant disease causing microorganisms, and unavailability of certain drugs. A major limitation is heavy metal contamination. This study is aimed at investigating the possible heavy metal contaminants of Zingiber officinale rhizomes and Allium sativum bulbs sourced from a market in Enugu State of Nigeria using rat models. Phytochemical analysis and acute toxicity studies were done according to standard methods with slight modifications. The Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) technique was used for extraction and assay of the possible heavy metal contaminants. The phytochemicals in Zingiber officinale were alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, steroids and terpenoids and those of Allium sativum were alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, and glycosides. The actual lethal doses (actual LD50) of Zingiber officinale, Allium sativum and combination of the two were 8,660, 4,472, and 5,477 mg/kg body weight respectively. The respective amounts of the tested heavy metals (lead, cadmium, mercury, chromium and arsenic) present in the samples were 0.041, 0.082, 0.084, 0.061 and 0.041 ppm in Zingiber officinale and 0.012, 0.018, 0.039, 0.045 and 0.030 ppm in Allium sativum. These were below the WHO permissible limits. This study therefore concluded that heavy metals contamination of herbal products are inevitable but can be controlled and minimized to WHO acceptable limit.

Anti-Quorum Sensing and Anti-Biofilm Activity of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Rhizomes against Multidrug-Resistant Clinical Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

The aim of this study was to determination of Anti-Quorum Sensing (AQS) and anti-biofilm potential of the methanol extract of ginger (Zingiber officinale) rhizomes against multidrug-resistant clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). The AQS activity of ginger was determined against Chromobacterium violaceum (C. violaceum) ATCC 12472 (CV12472), a biosensor strain, in qualitative manner using the agar well diffusion method. The violacein pigment inhibition was assessed to confirm AQS activity of ginger. The AQS potential of sub-minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (sub-MICs) of the ginger extract was determined by targeting different QS regulated virulence factors, including swarming motility (using swarm diameter measurement method), pyocyanin pigment (using chloroform extraction method), Exopolysaccharide (EPS) (using phenol-sulphuric acid method), and biofilm formation (using microtiter plate assay), against clinical isolates (CIs 2, 3, and 4) and standard reference strain of P. aeruginosa (PA01). The AQS activity of methanol extract of ginger was confirmed against C. violaceum (CV12472) as inhibition of violacein pigment formation without effecting the growth of CIs and PA01 of P. aeruginosa. The ginger extract exhibited concentration-dependent inhibition of virulence factors and biofilm formation. The maximum reduction was found in swarming motility, pyocyanin, EPS and biofilm formation against PA01 (51.38%), CI3 (57.91%), PA01 (63.29%) and CI2 (64.37%), respectively at 1/2 MIC of ginger extract. The results of present study revealed the effective AQS and anti-biofilm potential of Zingiber officinale rhizome methanol extract at a reduced dose (sub-MICs). The extract may be explored as an agent of antimicrobial compounds having AQS and anti-biofilm activity for controlling microbial infection and also for reducing the chances of emergence of resistance in P. aeruginosa.

An effect-based approach to identify α-amylase inhibitors from the essential oil of Zingiber officinale rhizome: Experimental and computational studies

Numerous studies showed that ginger extracts have antidiabetic effects, but there hasn't been any research on the effect of ginger oil on α-amylase, a possible target for the management of diabetes. This work was designed to characterize the volatile compounds in ginger oil, to estimate the inhibitory potency of oil on α-amylase activity, to detect and identify the bioactive constituents in the oil, and study how the active compounds interact with the enzyme. Ginger oil was extracted by water distillation, and analyzed using GC techniques. The inhibition potency of oil against α-amylase was evaluated based on the colored starch-iodine reaction. A TLC-bioautography method was used to find and separate α-amylase inhibitors from the oil, and then GC methods were used to identify the separated bioactive constituents. Molecular docking was performed to study the binding mode among active constituents, and enzyme. The GC analyses of ginger oil showed the presence of fifty-one compounds with α-zingiberene (13.0%), geranial (12.5%), neral (9.4%), camphene (7.0%), and β-phellandrene (6.0%) as the primary components. The half-maximum inhibitory concentration value for α-amylase inhibition potency of the oil was 684.00 (648.50–721.40) μg/mL. α-Amylase inhibition-directed analysis of the oil led to the identification of α-terpineol as one of the active constituents. In addition to other interactions, α-terpineol forms a hydrogen bond with the catalytic residue Asp197 of α-amylase, according to in silico investigations. These findings show that ginger oil could be considered a potential source of α-amylase inhibitors with antidiabetic activity.

Ginger Update

The spice ginger is prepared from the rhizome of Zingiber officinale (Rosc.) belonging to the family Zingiberaceae. The unique aromas and flavors of the many cultivars make them suited for multiple food-related purposes. Besides being used in the preparation of pickles, candies, gingerbread, biscuits, soups, puddings, alcoholic beverages, and soft drinks, ginger and its extracts are also packaged in dietary supplements. Ginger has been a part of traditional medicine for thousands of years treating such ailments as gastrointestinal disorders, nausea, pain, cold, and asthma. In the past 10 to 15 years, a considerable number of preclinical and clinical studies have explored in more detail the potential of ginger to ameliorate diverse conditions such as nausea and vomiting, glycemic dysfunction, pain, and the metabolic syndrome. This narrative review provides an update on the clinical evidence related to potential benefits of ginger and discusses future research opportunities.