Rhenium Sulfide Research Articles

Natural rhenium sulfide clusters formed under conditions of laser desorption-ionization.

Cluster forms of rhenium sulfides have important practical applications as catalysts in oil refining and thus present high interest. However, only a limited number of rhenium sulfide clusters have been described previously. It is known that cluster formation actively occurs under conditions of laser desorption-ionization; nevertheless, detailed studies of rhenium sulfides under such conditions were apparently not conducted previously. A sample of natural rhenium sulfide, collected from the fumarolic field of Kudriavy volcano (Iturup island, Russia) in 2002, was investigated using the laser desorption-ionization mass spectrometry method. The formed rhenium sulfide clusters were registered by a time-of-flight detector and identified programmatically using the software developed in IPCE RAS. The identification involved a comparison of the distribution of isotopic peak intensities, observed in the resulting mass spectra, with the theoretical probabilities of occurrence of various isotopologues for hypothetical rhenium sulfide species. Over 60 rhenium sulfide clusters of RexSy + and RexSyOz - types containing up to 10 rhenium atoms were formed when a sample of natural rhenium sulfide was exposed to laser desorption-ionization conditions. Several isolated heterometallic ReXMoSY + and ReXMoSYOZ - clusters containing up to eight rhenium atoms were additionally observed in the resulting mass spectra. The species with compositions, for which the electrically neutral analogs are known, apparently were the most stable rhenium sulfide clusters among the detected ones. The obtained data allowed summarizing the patterns of formation of rhenium sulfide clusters under conditions of laser desorption-ionization. The ability of rhenium and sulfur to form cluster species containing from 7 to 10 atoms of rhenium was likely discovered for the first time. The majority of the rhenium sulfide clusters described in this study, notably RexSy + ions containing over seven atoms of rhenium, were apparently not observed previously.

Automated Identification of Ions Observed in Mass Spectra of Inorganic Compounds Using Isotopic Distribution Brute Force: Methodology and Performance Measurements.

This Article describes the method of isotopic distribution brute force, which can be used to identify ions registered in mass spectra of inorganic compounds in an automated manner when a library search cannot be conducted. A detailed description of the isotopic distribution brute force methodology is presented, including a discussion of computation-related difficulties. The ability of the proposed algorithm to identify various inorganic ions is tested on a small set of real-life low-resolution mass spectra of lead halides and copper halides. An evaluation of the isotopic distribution brute force performance is conducted using the low-resolution experimental mass spectra of natural rhenium sulfide and lead(II) chloride. Based on identification results and obtained performance measurements, we formulate the empirical restrictions on the input data, ensuring that the application of isotopic distribution brute force is feasible from the standpoints of search space reduction and identification time.

Enabling built‐in electric fields on rhenium‐vacancy‐rich heterojunction interfaces of transition‐metal dichalcogenides for pH‐universal efficient hydrogen and electric energy generation

AbstractMost advanced hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalysts show high activity under alkaline conditions. However, the performance deteriorates at a natural and acidic pH, which is often problematic in practical applications. Herein, a rhenium (Re) sulfide–transition‐metal dichalcogenide heterojunction catalyst with Re‐rich vacancies (NiS2‐ReS2‐V) has been constructed. The optimized catalyst shows extraordinary electrocatalytic HER performance over a wide range of pH, with ultralow overpotentials of 42, 85, and 122 mV under alkaline, acidic, and neutral conditions, respectively. Moreover, the two‐electrode system with NiS2‐ReS2‐V1 as the cathode provides a voltage of 1.73 V at 500 mA cm−2, superior to industrial systems. Besides, the open‐circuit voltage of a single Zn–H2O cell with NiS2‐ReS2‐V1 as the cathode can reach an impressive 90.9% of the theoretical value, with a maximum power density of up to 31.6 mW cm−2. Moreover, it shows remarkable stability, with sustained discharge for approximately 120 h at 10 mA cm−2, significantly outperforming commercial Pt/C catalysts under the same conditions in all aspects. A series of systematic characterizations and theoretical calculations demonstrate that Re vacancies on the heterojunction interface would generate a stronger built‐in electric field, which profoundly affects surface charge distribution and subsequently enhances HER performance.

Study on interface engineering and chemical bonding of the ReS2@ZnO heterointerface for efficient charge transfer and nonlinear optical conversion efficiency.

Rhenium sulfide (ReS2) has emerged as a promising two-dimensional material, demonstrating broad-spectrum visible absorption properties that make it highly relevant for diverse optoelectronic applications. Manipulating and optimizing the pathway of photogenerated carriers play a pivotal role in enhancing the efficiency of charge separation and transfer in novel semiconductor composites. This study focuses on the strategic construction of a semiconductor heterostructure by synthesizing ZnO on vacancy-containing ReS2 (VRe-ReS2) through chemical bonding processes. The ingeniously engineered built-in electric field within the heterostructure effectively suppresses the recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs. A direct and well-established interfacial connection between VRe-ReS2 and ZnO is achieved through a robust Zn-S bond. This distinctive bond configuration leads to enhanced nonlinear optical conversion efficiency, attributed to shortened carrier migration distances and accelerated charge transfer rates. Furthermore, theoretical calculations unveil the superior chemical interactions between Re vacancies and sulfide moieties, facilitating the formation of Zn-S bonds. The photoluminescence (PL) intensity is increased by the formation of VRe-ReS2 and ZnO heterostructure and the PL quantum yield of VRe-ReS2 is improved. The intricate impact of the Zn-S bond on the nonlinear absorption behavior of the VRe-ReS2@ZnO heterostructure is systematically investigated using femtosecond Z-scan techniques. The charge transfer from ZnO to ReS2 defect levels induces a transition from saturable absorption to reverse saturable absorption in the VRe-ReS2@ZnO heterostructure. Transient absorption measurements further confirm the presence of the Zn-S bond between the interfaces, as evidenced by the prolonged relaxation time (τ3) in the VRe-ReS2@ZnO heterostructure. This study offers valuable insights into the rational construction of heterojunctions through tailored interfacial bonding and surface/interface charge transfer pathways. These endeavors facilitate the modulation of electron transfer dynamics, ultimately yielding superior nonlinear optical conversion efficiency and effective charge regulation in optoelectronic functional materials.

Investigation of charge collection layers for thin film rhenium sulfide solar cells

Rhenium sulfide (ReS2) is an exciting two-dimensional (2D) material employed in various optoelectronic applications due to panchromatic visible absorption properties. However, unlike other transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) such as Mo(S/Se)2 and W(S/Se)2, ReS2 has not been explored for solar energy conversion applications. In this work, ReS2 nanolayers are employed as photoabsorber in both liquid and solid-state dye-sensitized type solar cells, in combination with TiO2 and SnO2 as electron transporting layers (ETLs). Various devices with compact/mesoporous TiO2 and mesoporous SnO2 ETLs were tested for photovoltaic performance with spiro-OMeTAD hole conductor as well as with different redox mediators. While no photovoltaic response was seen for mesoporous TiO2 (both liquid and solid-state), a clear photovoltaic performance was observed for mesoporous SnO2 solid-state devices. This was attributed to the energy level alignments unsuitable for charge carrier injection from ReS2 to ETL in the former and suitable in the latter cases. In the case of only compact layer TiO2 ETL, devices in both solid and liquid-state configurations exhibited photovoltaic response with latter showing higher photocurrent than the former, due to additional role played by the energy level of redox mediator. While impedance measurements revealed limitations in conductivity of ReS2 photoabsorber, presence of photovoltaic response in them indicate the significant role played by the energy level alignment of individual components. The presence of photovoltaic effect for compact layer TiO2 devices, in spite of unsuitable energy level alignment seen for TiO2, is attributed to the charge carrier injection assisted by the trap states.

Rhenium oxide/sulfide binary phase flakes decorated on nanofiber support for enhanced activation of electrochemical conversion reactions

Because of their versatile application potential, such as fuel cells and water electrolysis, boosting electrochemical half-cell reactions has been highlighted to realize energy conversion systems. However, sluggish multi-charge transfer reactions lower the energy efficiency for cell operation. Tailoring hierarchical catalyst nanostructures comprising heterogeneous crystalline phases allows for the improvement of limited activities and reaction performance. This study examines the controllable synthesis of heterogeneous rhenium oxide (ReOx) and rhenium sulfide (ReS2) nanoflakes vertically aligned on carbon nanofibers (CNFs) by thermal chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Their potential application as electrocatalysts in various electrochemical half-cell reactions for fuel cells and water electrolysis is elucidated. The phase portion of oxide and sulfide in the ReOx/ReS2 nanoflake-decorated CNF catalyst can be thermally tuned from an oxide-rich phase to a sulfide-rich phase, thereby optimizing the catalytic activities for hydrogen evolution (Eonset: −0.24 V) and oxygen reduction reactions (Eonset: 0.778 V, number of electron: 3.8), which is comparable to the performance of commercial Pt/C catalysts. The morphological and structural evolution mechanism of the ReOx/ReS2 nanoflake-decorated CNF catalyst materials is investigated using diverse material characterizations. This study suggests a synthetic method for temperature-dependent heterogeneous phase control of non-precious-metal-based hierarchical materials and offers a basis for developing efficient catalyst alternatives for application to sustainable energy conversion and storage systems.

Rhenium Sulfide Incorporated in Molybdenum Sulfide Nanosheets for High-Performance Symmetric Supercapacitors with Enhanced Capacitance.

Supercapacitors are considered potential energy storage devices and have drawn significant attention due to their superior intrinsic advantages. Herein, we report the synthesis of ReS2 embedded in MoS2 nanosheets (RMS-31) by a hydrothermal technique. The prepared RMS-31 electrode material demonstrated superior pseudocapacitive behavior in 1 M KOH electrolyte solution, which is confirmed by the heterostructure of RMS-31 nanosheet architectures. RMS-31 has a specific capacitance of 244 F g-1 at a current density of 1 A g-1 and a greater areal capacitance of 540 mF cm-2 at a current density of 5 mA cm-2. The symmetric supercapacitor device with the RMS-31 electrode delivers an energy density of 28 W h cm-2 with a power density of 1 W cm-2 and reveals long-term stability at a constant current density of 5 mA cm-2 for 10,000 cycles while accomplishing a retention of 66.5%. The high performance of this symmetric device is attributed to the synergistic effect of ReS2 and MoS2 and the presence of the metallic 1T-MoS2 phase in the RMS-31 electrode. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of increasing the interlayer spacing of 2H-MoS2 by incorporating ReS2 for symmetric supercapacitor applications.

Pain reduction by radiosynoviorthesis in rheumatism-induced synovitis of the elbow : Results of a retrospective multicenter data analysis

Radiosynoviorthesis (RSO) is anuclear medical local treatment modality for inflammatory joint diseases. It is indicated in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in joints with persistent synovitis despite adequate pharmacotherapy. Arthritis of the elbow joint occurs in up to2/3 of patients with RA. Intra-articular radiotherapy using the beta emitter [186Re] rhenium sulfide leads to sclerosis of the inflamed synovial membrane with subsequent pain alleviation. The clinical efficacy in cubital arthritis, however, has so far only been described in small monocentric studies. The degree of pain alleviation by RSO was analyzed in patients with rheumatoid cubital arthritis, treated in several nuclear medical practices specialized in RSO. The subjective pain intensity before and after RSO was documented in atotal of 107patients with rheumatic cubital arthritis using a10-step numeric rating scale (NRS). Adifference of ≥ -2 is rated as asignificant improvement. Follow-up examinations were done after amean interval of 14months after RSO (at least 3months, maximum 50months). The mean NRS value was 7.3 ± 2.1 before RSO and 2.8 ± 2.2 after RSO. Asignificant pain alleviation was seen in 78.5% of all patients treated. The subgroup analysis also showed asignificant improvement in the pain symptoms in all groups depending on the time interval between the RSO and the control examination. Asignificant pain progression was not observed. The degree of pain relief was independent of the time of follow-up. Using RSO for local treatment of rheumatoid cubital arthritis leads to asignificant and long-lasting pain relief in more than ¾ of the treated patients.

New van der Waals Heterostructures Based on Borophene and Rhenium Sulfide/Selenide for Photovoltaics: An Ab Initio Study

One of the urgent tasks of modern materials science is the search for new materials with improved optoelectronic properties for various applications of optoelectronics and photovoltaics. In this paper, using ab initio methods, we investigate the possibility of forming new types of van der Waals heterostructures based on monolayers of triangulated borophene, and monolayers of rhenium sulfide (ReS), and rhenium selenide (ReSe2), and predict their optoelectronic properties. Energy stable atomic configurations of borophene/ReS2 and borophene/ReSe2 van der Waals heterostructures were obtained using density functional theory (DFT) calculations in the Siesta software package. The results of calculating the density of electronic states of the obtained supercells showed that the proposed types of heterostructures are characterized by a metallic type of conductivity. Based on the calculated optical absorption and photocurrent spectra in the wavelength range of 200 to 2000 nm, it is found that borophene/ReS2 and borophene/ReSe2 heterostructures demonstrate a high absorption coefficient in the near- and far-UV(ultraviolet) ranges, as well as the presence of high-intensity photocurrent peaks in the visible range of electromagnetic radiation. Based on the obtained data of ab initio calculations, it is predicted that the proposed borophene/ReS2 and borophene/ReSe2 heterostructures can be promising materials for UV detectors and photosensitive materials for generating charge carriers upon absorption of light.

Impact of multiple lymphatic basin drainage in truncal melanoma patients

In many patients with cutaneous melanoma that affects the trunk area, there is lymphatic drainage to multiple basins (MLBD). This study aimed to examine whether MLBD is associated with disease outcomes. Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy were performed in 161 patients with truncal melanoma. The number and location of draining nodal basins were established during the preoperative lymphoscintigraphy using technetium-99m rhenium sulphide nanocolloid. MLBD was present in 59 (37%) patients, and single lymphatic basin drainage (SLBD) in 102 (63%) patients. Patients with MLBD showed no increased risk for SLN metastasis compared to patients with SLBD (27% versus 29%, respectively). There was no significant difference in disease-free survival (DFS) between patients with MLBD and those with SLBD. Five-year DFS was 64% for patients with MLBD and SLBD. Multivariate analysis showed that the presence of ulceration (p=0.01) was an independent predictor of SLN metastasis, while melanoma thickness (p=0.01) and SLN metastasis (p=0.01) were independent predictors of DFS. In patients with a negative SLN, five-year DFS was 74% for patients with MLBD and 73% for those with SLBD. Multivariate analysis showed that melanoma thickness (p=0.00) was an independent predictor of DFS. MLBD does not negatively impact the disease outcome in patients with truncal melanoma.

Reductive liquefaction of lignin to monocyclic hydrocarbons: ReS2/Al2O3 as efficient char inhibitor and hydrodeoxygenation catalyst

Thermochemical processing of lignin ends up with a major problem which is the high yield of char remained from lignin conversion, causing low yields of desired products. The ReS2/Al2O3 catalyst, used in this work, exhibited a high char-suppressing potential and high hydrodeoxygenation efficiency in the reductive liquefaction of kraft lignin. Compared to NiMo/Al2O3, as a conventional sulfide catalyst, ReS2/Al2O3 showed significantly better catalytic performance with 72.4 % lower char yield, due to its high efficiency in stabilizing the lignin-depolymerized fragments. The remarkable catalytic performance of ReS2/Al2O3 is attributed to its high oxophilicity, the metal-like behavior of rhenium sulfide and sufficient acidity. The effects of reaction temperature and different catalyst supports (Al2O3, ZrO2 and desilicated HY zeolite) were also studied. In an alkali (NaOH)-assisted depolymerization of lignin, it was revealed that ReS2/Al2O3-to-NaOH (stabilization-to-depolymerization) ratio plays a crucial role in determining the reaction pathway toward either solid char residues or liquid monomeric products.

CVD growth of rhenium sulfide on carbon nanotubes as an anode for improving the performance of lithium ion batteries

Lithium ion batteries have widely been used for electronic devices and electric vehicles. However, commercial anodes, generally graphite, have not been improved a great deal. Thus, we successfully constructed ReS2/carbon nanotube (CNT) composites by a chemical vapor deposition method, which exhibit excellent electrochemical performances when serving as anode materials for lithium ion batteries (LIBs). We confirmed that ReS2 crystals are grown on the surface of the CNTs by using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. As a result, the LIBs show much better long-cycle and rate performances than bare ReS2 and CNTs. The ReS2/CNTs were assembled in coin cells CR2025, presenting a stability capacity of 488 mAh g−1 at a rate of 5C. The anodes maintain a reversible capacity of 1050 mAh g−1 after nearly 60 cycles at 0.2C, which indicates that it is a promising technique to improve the performance of LIBs.

High-efficiency and stable photocatalytic hydrogen evolution of rhenium sulfide co-catalyst on Zn0.3Cd0.7S

Photocatalytic hydrogen evolution is an attractive technology to solve the growing energy crisis.

Rhenium enrichment in the northwest Pacific arc

Rhenium (Re) is one of the least abundant elements in the silicate Earth. However, independent rhenium sulfide was reported in the Usu and Kudryavy volcanos, namely rheniite (ReS2, 74.5 wt% of Re). This raises questions about the sources of the Kurile–Kamchatka volcanic island arc magmas and geochemical cycling of Re. The oxidation-reduction cycle on the Earth’s surface is the major process that concentrates Re in reduced sediments. The northwest part of the Pacific plate mainly consists of Jurassic to Cretaceous oceanic crust, with abundant organic-rich sediments. During plate subduction, Re is remobilized early due to the devolatilization of organic-rich sediments and then the decomposition of sulfide (e.g., pyrite), and is subsequently added to the mantle wedge at shallow depths, which is usually not sampled by arc magmas unless there is a major change in the subduction regime. Ridge subduction in the northwest Pacific was initially characterized by low angle subduction. When slab rollback started, rhenium-enriched components were involved in arc magmas, and further concentrated in volcanic vents because of the volatility of Re, forming rheniite.

Rhenium Sulfide Nanoparticles as a Biosafe Spectral CT Contrast Agent for Gastrointestinal Tract Imaging and Tumor Theranostics in Vivo.

Spectral computed tomography (CT) imaging as a novel imaging technique shows promising prospects in the accurate diagnosis of various diseases. However, clinically iodinated contrast agents suffer from poor signal-to-noise ratio, and emerging heavy-metal-based CT contrast agents arouse great biosafety concern. Herein, we show the fabrication of rhenium sulfide (ReS2) nanoparticles, a clinic radiotherapy sensitizer, as a biosafe spectral CT contrast agent for the gastrointestinal tract imaging and tumor theranostics in vivo by teaching old drugs new tricks. The ReS2 nanoparticles were fabricated in a one-pot facile method at room temperature, and exhibited sub-10 nm size, favorable monodispersity, admirable aqueous solubility, and strong X-ray attenuation capability. More importantly, the proposed nanoparticles possess an outstanding spectral CT imaging ability and undoubted biosafety as a clinic therapeutic agent. Besides, the ReS2 nanoparticles possess appealing photothermal performance due to their intense near-infrared absorption. The proposed nano-agent not only guarantees obvious contrast enhancement in gastrointestinal tract spectral CT imaging in vivo, but also allows effective CT imaging-guided tumor photothermal therapy. The proposed "teaching old drugs new tricks" strategy shortens the time and cuts the cost required for clinical application of nano-agents based on existing clinical toxicology testing and trial results, and lays down a low-cost, time-saving, and energy-saving method for the development of multifunctional nano-agents toward clinical applications.

Ultra-small ReS2 nanoparticles hybridized with rGO as cathode and anode catalysts towards hydrogen evolution reaction and methanol electro-oxidation for DMFC in acidic and alkaline media

Cost-effective non-noble metal electrocatalysts are of crucial significance to the successful use of direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) and hydrogen generation. Rhenium sulfide (ReS2) is a semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenide with very week interconnect between its layers. Herein, we report ReS2/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite (ReS2/rGO) for advanced dual-applications towards methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in acidic and alkaline medium. For MOR, ReS2/rGO catalyst displays 198 μA cm–2 in alkaline and 38 μA cm–2 in acidic media. Also, the ReS2/rGO reveals a maximum power density of 38.6 mW cm−2 and 14.5 mW cm−2 at 60 °C in alkaline and acidic media, respectively. For HER, the Tafel slope of 67 mV dec–1 and 92 mV dec–1 and overpotential of 148 mV and 296 mV at the current density of 100 mA cm−2 obtain in acidic and alkaline media, respectively. Also, ReS2/rGO shows the double-layer capacitance of 1200 μF cm-2 and charge transfer resistance of 99 Ω. These excellent performances are assigned to the separated thin layers of ReS2 that increase specific surface area and edge sites of the catalyst and the presence of rGO, which increases the conductivity of catalyst.

Radiochemical purity of technetium-99m-nanocolloid rhenium sulphide is not influenced by heating.

Despite a mistake during the preparation of technetium-99m (Tc)-nanocolloid rhenium sulphide (Nanocis) because of lack of heating, the apparent radiochemical purity (RCP) of this product was correct. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the impact of absence of heating on the RCP of Tc-nanocolloid rhenium sulphide and the effect of heating on particle size. Five Tc-Nanocis were prepared according to the manufacturer's instructions and five others were realized without any heating step. Quality controls were performed for each preparation. To evaluate the effect of heating on particle size, preparations were filtered through a 0.22 µm sterilizing membrane filter before and after 30 min of heating. The radioactivity was measured before and after the filtration. The results showed that absence of heating does not influence the apparent RCP of Tc-nanocolloid of rhenium sulphide. In terms of the particle size, 72% of particles had a diameter less than 0.22 µm before heating, as opposed to 21% after heating. To conclude, this study underlines a problem of quality control of the Tc-nanocolloid rhenium sulphide preparation, which cannot detect a lack of heating and can lead to the release of preparations that would not be suitable for scintigraphy.

Abstract P3-03-38: Sentinel lymph node biopsy procedure: using surgical pliers eliminate radiation exposure risk

Abstract Introduction The use of radioactive compounds for sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is now generally accepted for surgical treatment of breast cancer albeit the risk of radiation exposure to the surgeon. The purpose of our study was to compare the theoretical maximal radiation dose (TMRD) at the injection site of the breast versus fingers radiation dose (FRD) of the surgeon performing SLNB. Patients, Material and Methods This is a monocentric, prospective study on a single surgeon performing SLNB with different dosimetric measurements. Periareolar intradermal injections of technetium-99m colloidal rhenium sulphide (Nanocis® of Curium Laboratory) were administered in the nuclear medicine unit. For one and two day protocols, the activity was 25 MBq and 40 MBq ± 10%, respectively. During surgery, the nodes in the axilla were visualized with the injected blue dye and by a hand-held gamma probe. During surgery, the absorbed dose to the surgeon's right (dominant) and left hands were recorded using thermoluminescent dosimetry in a ring form From Landauer Laboratory. This lithium fluoride dosimeter enables monitoring equivalent skin dose “Hp007” with a minimum dose threshold of 0.1 mSv. On the hands, one ring was placed on each thumb under the surgical glove and another dosimeter on the nipple of the breast, covered in two thin surgical gloves. The radiation exposure to the hands of the surgeons (FRD) and injection site of the breast (TMRD) were measured by the rings' dosimeters from incision to the cutaneous stitch. Results Between 02-01-2018 and 04-30-2018, a total of 38 SLNBs were included in this study: 9 mastectomies, 28 lumpectomies and 1 sentinel node alone were performed by the same surgeon. The mean patient age was 57 years (range, 31-81). For one day protocol, 36 patients received 22.8 MBq (range, 15-26), and for the last two patients in the 2 day protocol, the activity was 39 and 40 MBq. The mean exposure time was 57 min (range, 19-73) and the overall time of exposure was 33 h and 31 min. In our study, the TMRD is around 8.8 mSv for 3 months and represents approximatively 35 mSv per year for a breast surgeon. The FRD is similar between right and left hand, 0.16 and 0.15, respectively for 3 months and about 0.6 mSv per year. Discussion It is evident that the surgeon received the highest radiatiodose in the operating theatre, the 3 months TMRD was 8-fold higher in injection site than the FRD, 35-fold per year. Nevertheless, the maximal dose at the injection site was below the critical dose (150 mSv) recommended by the French Nuclear Safety authority (ASN). Surgical techniques using tools such as pliers significantly decrease the dose on surgeon's finger (8.8 vs 0.15mSv for 3 months). According to a French Directive, workers exposed to radiations must be monitored if the effective extremity's annual dose is likely to exceed 50 mSv. Radioactivity in operating room is systematically monitored at our institute. We encourage young surgeons to perform surgery using surgical pliers to manipulate the radioactivity injection site of in the breast, to minimize exposure to radioactivity. Citation Format: Tunon de Lara C, Rois M, Caron J, Herit S, Stein P, Lortal B, Cazeau AL, Godbert Y. Sentinel lymph node biopsy procedure: using surgical pliers eliminate radiation exposure risk [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-03-38.

Sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer: review on various methodological approaches.

Sentinel lymph node biopsy has been accepted as a standard procedure for early stage breast cancer. In this retrospective analysis, the results obtained with different methodological approaches using radiocolloid with or without blue dye were examined. A total of 158 sentinel lymph node biopsies were performed in 152 patients. Group A (85 patients) underwent lymphatic mapping using a combination of periareolar intradermal radiocolloid and subareolar blue dye injections. Group B (73 patients) underwent only periareolar intradermal radiocolloid injection. One large tin colloid and two small radiocolloids (nanocolloid of serum albumin -NC- and colloidal rhenium sulphide -CS-) were used. Successful lymphatic mapping was attained in 157 of 158 procedures (99.4%). Radiocolloids localized sentinel lymph nodes in 99.4% and blue dye in 75.3% of the cases. The number of sentinel lymph nodes removed was greater in nanocolloid and colloidal rhenium sulphide groups (P ≤0.05). Among 60 metastatic sentinel lymph nodes, frozen section analysis using hematoxylin and eosin staining failed to detect 1 macro- and 10 micrometastasis. Radiocolloid uptake was higher in sentinel lymph nodes accumulating blue dye (1643 ± 3216 counts/10 sec vs 526 ± 1284 counts/10 sec, P <0.001). Higher count rates were obtained by using larger sized colloids (median and interquartile range: tin colloid, 2050 and 4548; nanocolloid, 835 and 1799; colloidal rhenium sulphide, 996 and 2079; P = 0.01). Only 2 extra-axillary sentinel lymph nodes were visualized using periareolar intradermal injection modality. Radiocolloids were more successful than blue dye in sentinel lymph node detection. More sentinel lymph nodes were harvested with small colloids, but different sized radiocolloids were similarly successful. Sentinel lymph nodes having higher radiocolloid uptake tended to accumulate blue dye more frequently. Sentinel lymph nodes manifested higher count rates when a larger colloid was used. Frozen section was very successful in detecting macrometastatic disease in sentinel lymph nodes, but the technique failed in most of the micrometastates.

First experiences with a new radiopharmaceutical for sentinel lymph node detection in malignant melanoma: (99m)Tc colloidal rhenium sulphide

AIM of this study was to localize the sentinel lymph node by lymphoscintigraphy using technetium-99m colloidal rhenium sulphide (Nanocis), a new commercially available radiopharmaceutical. Due to the manufacturers' instructions it is licensed for lymphoscintigraphy. 35 consecutive patients with histologically proved malignant melanoma, but without clinical evidence of metastases, were preoperatively examined by injecting 20-40 MBq Nanocis with (mean particle size: 100 nm; range: 50-200 nm) intradermally around the lesion. Additionally blue dye was injected intraoperatively. A hand-held gamma probe guided sentinel node biopsy. During surgery, the preoperatively scintigraphically detected sentinel lymph nodes were identified in 34/35 (97%) patients. The number of sentinel nodes per patient ranged from one to four (mean: n = 1.8). Histologically, metastatic involvement of the sentinel lymph node was found in 12/35 (34%) patients; the sentinel lymph node positive-rate (14/63 SLN) was 22%. Thus, it is comparable to the findings of SLN-mapping using other technetium-99m-labeled nanocolloides. (99m)Tc-bound colloidal rhenium sulphide is also suitable for sentinel node mapping.