Rhaphanus Sativus Research Articles

The Growth and Yield of The Radishes (Raphanus Sativus L.) to doses of nitrogen fertilizer and Potassium fertilizer

The Radish (rhaphanus sativus l.) is a horticultural plant that enters into the bulbous bulbous variety. Radishproductivity has always decreased by 2.16%, although in 2016 its productivity increased by 0.11% but it was still lower inproduction (Agricultural Statistics Center, 2017). The low production of turnips is caused by highlanders and few problemsof fertilizing them. One attempt to improve the production of focused turnips on growing them at higher altitudes byexpanding areas where turnips are grown in lowland. A lowland area utilization effort to cultivate turnips by addingnitrogenous macro nutrients and potassium. Nitrogen plays a role as a chlorophyil compiler that is highly responsible for thephotosynthesis of plants and photosynthesizers secreted (Pahlevi, et. 2016). Potassium fertilizers themselves play a vital rolein sustaining turnips, durability of drought and disease pests. Aside from cultivating the use of varieties is something to takenote of in raising turnips. Superior varieties can provide the maximum yield by the growth of good plants. The experimentaims to identify the interaction of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer against the growth and horseradish yields (raphanussativus l.) The giving of the dose of nitrogen fertilizer used is N0 = 0 gr, N2 = 0.8 gr, N3 = 1 gr and potassium fertilizer doseis K0 = 0 gr, K1 = 0.2 gr, K2 = 0.4 gr, K3 = 0.6 gr. Data obtained subsequently was analyzed and tested using DuncanDMRT surplus 5%. Studies indicate that the best combination of treatment was that of a dose of n3 fertilizer treatment = 1 gr,and potassium k3 = 0,6 gr

The Effect of Dried Powdered Leaves of Radish (Rhaphanus sativus L.) in Decreasing the Parasitism of Orobanche ramosa L. on Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Grown in Greenhouses

Hosh, M., S. Tabbache, D. Haddad and H. Habak. 2022. The Effect of Dried Powdered Leaves of Radish (Rhaphanus sativus L.) in Decreasing the Parasitism of Orobanche ramosa L. on Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Grown in Greenhouses. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 40(3): 280-285. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-40.3.280285 The allelopathic effect of dried leaves powder mixed with soil at concentrations of 1, 2, 4% of Raphanus sativus on both parasitic weed Orobanche ramosa L. germination and growth of tomato Solanum lycopersicum L. plants was studied. The results obtained showed that the R. sativus powder at 2 and 4% concentrations, was effective in decreasing the average number of O. ramosa tubers which reached 4.20 and 2.00 tubers/plant, respectively, compared to the control which was 48.80 tubers/plant, and decreased the average length of Orobanche branches to 2.67 and 0.53 cm, respectively, compared to 10.33 cm for the control. Furthermore, Orobanche dry weight reached 0.80 and 0.02 g, respectively, in response to the two concentrations of the radish powder, compared to 4.24 g for the control. There was no negative effect on the growth and weight of tomato plants when treated with radish powder, suggesting the effectiveness of radish leaves powder added to the soil as an effective biological material in reducing the incidence of branched broomrape Orobanche ramose L., and protecting tomato plant Solanum lycopersicum L. from this parasitic weed. Keywords: Solanum lycopersicum, Orobanche ramose, Allelopathic effect, Raphanus sativus, radish

Effect of cover crops on soil physical properties, weed control and yield of white radish (Rhaphanus sativus L.) cv. Longipinatus

Effect of cover crops on soil physical properties, weed control and yield of white radish (Rhaphanus sativus L.) cv. Longipinatus

One-pot biosynthesis of CdS quantum dots through in vitro regeneration of hairy roots of Rhaphanus sativus L. And their apoptosis effect on MCF-7 and AGS cancerous human cell lines

Development of green based synthesis of nanoparticles has been regarded as a novel and safe alternative method compared to conventional methods. Semiconductor cadmium sulfide quantum dots (CdS QDs) possess unique biological and medical applications includes labeling cells, diagnosing of diseases and imaging intercellular events. The present paper reports the biosynthesis of CdS QDs through aqueous extracts of the regenerated hairy roots of Rhaphanus sativus L. as the organic source for both reducing and stabilizing of Cd and S precursor ions. The characterization of synthesized QDs showed maximum absorbance peak of 460 nm and fluorescence spectrum of cadmium sulfide at 530 nm. The results of Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and EDS analysis demonstrated that the particles were morphologically spherical with size distribution between 2–7 nm and confirmed presence of CdS QDs. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) also showed the active presence of aromatic, amino, and carboxyl groups on the surface of quantum dots. Cytotoxicity effect of the synthesized CdS QDs on two cell lines include MCF-7 breast cancer and AGS gastric cancer were assayed through MTT assay. The results showed significant inhibitory effects of synthesized QDs on treated cells in a dose dependent manner. It was also concluded that CdS QDs had more apoptosis effect on MCF-7 cells rather than AGS cell lines. The obtained results clearly illustrated that the synthesis of CdS quantum dots with standard features would be possible through cost-effective, reliable, environmentally friendly and less toxic alternative method compared to chemical and physical processes and the MTT toxicity assay also illustrated the significant apoptotic effects of synthesized CdS QDs on carcinogenesis.

Qualitative and Quantitative Yield in the Radish Crop Through the Utilization of rhizobacteria, Pseudomonas trivialis (L) and Earthworm, Eudrilus eugenae (L).

The specific density of earthworm in soil and the microorganisms in soil are correlated with each other. The fruitful interactions among soil microorganisms and the earthworms in soil serve to orchestrate the process of improvement in the crop yield. The Pseudomonas trivialis (L) is a deleterious rhizobacterial species. This rhizobacterial species is recognized for the production of Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) (the plant growth promoting hormone). The present attempt deals with use of Pseudomonas trivialis (L) rhizobacteria in different concentrations (CFU/ml) (0; 10 6 ; 10 7 and 10 8 ) for analysis of qualitative parameters of radish, Raphanus sativus (L) in presence and in absence of earthworms. With reference to biomass above ground and total Presence of rhizobacteria, Pseudomonas trivialis (L), earthworms were found enhancing growth of the radish, Rhaphanus sativus (L), the response of presence of earthworm was found significant over the control. The biomass of radish, Rhaphanus sativus (L) below ground was also found improved. The titers of inoculum of rhizobacteria, Pseudomonas trivialis (L) was found significant for Radish biomass promoting influence in vermin-field. The present attempt reporting rhizobacterial inoculum of about 10 8 CFU/ml as the most suitable for excellent biomass production of radish, Rhaphanus sativus (L). The system of “Vermi-field with rhizobacterial population” should be utilized efficiently radish crop yield.

Effects of cover crops sown in autumn on N and P leaching

AbstractA field experiment with separately tile‐drained plots was used to study the ability of oilseed radish (Rhaphanus sativus L.), as a cover crop sown after harvest of a main crop of cereals or peas, to reduce nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) leaching losses from a clay loam in southern Sweden over 6 years. In addition to oilseed radish in pure stand, two cover crop mixtures (hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) and rye (Secale cereale) for 3 years and oilseed radish in mixture with buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) for 2 years) were tested. The cover crop plots (three replicates per treatment) were compared with unplanted plots as a control. Plots cropped with oilseed radish during autumn (August–November) had significantly smaller yearly mean N concentration in drainage water over 5 of 6 years compared with unplanted controls. Mineral N content in the soil profile in autumn was significantly less in oilseed radish plots than for control plots in all years. The cover crop mixtures of hairy vetch and rye or buckwheat and oilseed radish also showed the potential to reduce soil mineral N in autumn and N concentration in drainage water, compared with unplanted controls. The cover crops had no impact on P leaching. In conclusion, oilseed radish has the ability to reduce leaching losses of N, without increasing the risk of P leaching.

Phytotoxicity of encapsulated essential oil of rosemary on germination and morphophysiological features of amaranth and radish seedlings

Recently, there has been a growing interest in plant-derived substances and their environmentally-friendly application to crops, as alternatives to the use of chemical herbicides. Here, the essential oil (EO) of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The EO was then evaluated to examine its phytotoxic effects under greenhouse conditions. For the first time in the scientific literature, starch was used in order to encapsulate the EO and to make it function as a bio-herbicide which, accordingly, would be released slowly in the soil as a result of its encapsulation. The EO was successfully encapsulated in the starch matrix for the first time and the released profile of the EO was evaluated as a core material. This study revealed that the encapsulation efficiency (EE) and the loading capacity (LC) of the starch matrix loaded with EO were about 99.99 and 5.26%, respectively, when encapsulation occurred by using 1 g of EO per 1 g of starch. The starch-coated capsules containing the EO were mixed with pot soil at various concentrations (0, 0.5, 2, 3.5 and 5 g of capsules per kg of soil). Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of the encapsulated EO (ENCEO) were tested on the germination rate and percentage of seeds, fresh and dry weights of the roots and stems, root length, leaf area, chlorophyll content, proline content, hypocotyl length and diameter in radish, as well as the relative membrane permeability (RMP) of the leaf in amaranth (Amaranthus retroflexus) and radish (Rhaphanus sativus) under greenhouse conditions. The results showed that the increase in the concentration of ENCEO caused the significant decrease in germination rate and percentage, leaf area, fresh and dry weights of roots and stems, root length and chlorophyll content in both species (P ≤ 0.05). However, there was a significant increase in the amounts of proline and RMP (P ≤ 0.05) in the tested species.

Effect of Integrated Use of L-Tryptophan and Chemical Fertilizer on Growth and Yield Performances of Radish (<em>Rhaphanus sativus</em> L.)

L-Tryptophan (L-TRP) is an essential amino acid that performs as a physiological precursor of auxins in higher plants. A pot experiment was conducted at the Agro Technology Park, Eastern University of Sri Lanka to find out the effect of integrated use of L-Tryptophan (L-TRP) and chemical fertilizer on growth and yield performance of Rhaphanus sativus L. There were six treatments with three replicates laid out in a Completely Randomized Design in a factorial arrangement. The treatment combinations were rates of fertilizer (recommended fertilizer rate by the Department of Agriculture and half of that recommendation), and concentration of L-TRP (0 M, 10-3 M, 10-4 M). Measurements were taken at 45 days after sowing of radish. There was a significant interaction (p<0.05) between the concentration of L-TRP and fertilizer rate on tested parameters of radish. All the tested parameter were significantly increased at 10-4 M of L-TRP over the control at recommended fertilizer rate while at half of recommended fertilizer rate, all the parameters were significantly high at 10-3 M of L-TRP over the control. It can be concluded that the application of L-TRP as a phytohormone precursor can be used to increase the growth and yield performance in radish at different fertilizer rate.

Phytotoxic activity and variation in essential oil content and composition of Rosemary ( Rosmarinus officinalis L.) during different phenological growth stages

Abstract Phytotoxic activity and variation in the quantity and quality of the essential oil (EO) of Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) were examined at different phenological growth stages of full flowering (FF), fruit set (FS) and full ripened fruit (FRF). The EO yields (w/w %) at different stages were in the order of: FF (0.94%), FS (0.98%) and FRF (1.15%). The EO samples were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and GC–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The main oil components at different phenological stages were found to be α-pinene (25.8–27.7%), camphor (8.6–9%), camphene (6.5–7.7%) and 1, 8-cineole (9.4–9.6%). The EO phytotoxicity activity of the mentioned stages was determined at 0, 300, 600, 900, 1200, 1500 and 1800 µlL−1 concentrations on a weed plant, prickly lettuce (Lactuca serriola L.), and a crop, radish (Rhaphanus sativus L.). The inhibitory effect of rosemary was found to be depended on the plant's phenological growth stages and EO concentrations.

Biofumigation potential of Brassicaceae cultivars to Verticillium dahliae

The biofumigation potential of brassicaceous green manures to Verticillium dahliae was systematically assessed. In a toxicological study, five different isothiocyanates (ITCs) were tested using a bioassay with sterile quartz sand artificially infested with microsclerotia. For 2-propenyl ITC, a LD90 value of 88.7 nmol g−1 was determined. Furthermore, 2-propenyl ITC with a dose of 150 nmol g−1 soil was tested in 22 naturally infested soils. The efficiency varied from 9 % to 92 % and was negatively correlated with the organic carbon content of the soils, indicating that in many soils much higher concentrations will be necessary to achieve sufficient control. To evaluate the biofumigation potential of different Brassicaceae, 19 cultivars of Brassica juncea, Rhaphanus sativus and Sinapis alba were grown in the field. Biomass production was measured and glucosinolate concentrations were analyzed. Simulating the field situation, the biofumigation effect of cultivars was assessed in a standardized laboratory bioassay with microsclerotia-infested sterile quartz sand amended with freeze-dried ground plant tissues. Amendments of B. juncea shoot tissue reduced the number of viable microsclerotia significantly with efficiencies from 69.3 to 81.3 %. Total potentially released amounts of 2-propenyl ITC ranged between 50.6–78.1 nmol g−1sand and indicate a clear ITC-related suppression. However these are considered too low for effective control in practice as low release efficiencies mean that effective levels fall well short of the estimated 150 nmol g−1 of soil required. In comparison with B. juncea, the R. sativus and S. alba were less effective due to lower concentrations and/or toxicity of the ITC released. In summary, the biofumigation potential of the cultivars tested appears insufficient alone for effective control, especially on soils with higher (>1.0 %) organic carbon content.

Antibiotic uptake by plants from manure-amended soils

Antibiotics are extensively given to livestock to promote growth and reduce diseases. Therefore, animal manure often contains antibiotics. Once manure is applied to agricultural land to improve soil productivity, crops would be exposed to antibiotics which may persist in soils from a few to several hundred days. The objective of this study was to evaluate the uptake of gentamicin and streptomycin by carrot (Daucus carota), lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and radish (Rhaphanus sativus) from manure-amended soil. The treatments were 0, 0.5 and 1 mg of antibiotic kg−1 of soil. Two pot experiments were carried out in the greenhouse. The first was conducted on the three crops and the second exclusively on radish. In radish, the increase in the concentrations of gentamicin was significant between the 0 and both of 0.5 and 1.0 mg kg−1 treatments, but not significant between the 0.5 and 1.0 mg kg−1. The average values were 35.5, 60.0 and 57.4 μg kg−1 for the 0, 0.5 and 1 mg kg−1 rates, respectively. However, the increase in streptomycin concentration in radish was not significant between the three treatments, and the average values were, 12.1, 15.2 and 17.4 μg kg−1 for the 0, 0.5 and 1 mg kg−1 rates, respectively. In carrot roots and lettuce leaves no significant increase in the concentrations of gentamicin or streptomycin was observed between the treatments. The three crops absorbed relatively higher amounts of gentamicin (small molecule) than streptomycin (large molecule). Generally the levels of antibiotics in plant tissue increased with increasing the antibiotic concentration in the manure (1 mg kg−1 > 0.5 mg kg−1).

Uptake, transport and transformation of arsenate in radishes (Raphanus sativus)

The localization and identification of arsenic compounds in terrestrial plants are important for the understanding of arsenic uptake, transformation and translocation within these organisms, and contributes to our understanding of arsenic cycling in the environment. High performance liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS), and X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) analysis identified arsenite, arsenate and arsenic(III)–sulphur compounds in leaf, stem and root sections of Rhaphanus sativus (radish) plants grown in both arsenic contaminated mine waste, and arsenic amended liquid cultures. The total arsenic distribution was similar between the plants grown in mine waste and those grown hydroponically. Arsenate was the predominant form of arsenic available in the growth mediums, and after it was taken up by roots, X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) imaging indicated that some of the arsenate was transported to the shoots via the xylem. Additionally, arsenate was reduced by the plant and arsenic(III)–sulphur compound(s) accounted for the majority of arsenic in the leaf and stem of living plants. In this study the application of synchrotron techniques permitted the identification of arsenic(III)–sulphur species which were “invisible” to conventional HPLC-ICP-MS analysis.

Effect of Azacytidine on the Expression of Traits Concomitant with in Vitro Tumor Formation in Radish Raphanus sativus

The effect of azacytidine, a demethylating agent, on the expression of traits concomitant with tumor formation was studied in inbred radish (Rhaphanus sativus) lines carrying genomic sequences homologous to thetmr/tml genes of Agrobacteriium tumefaciens. AzaC was found to have no effect on the traits studied, which provided evidence that the capacity for tumor formation in radish lines does not depend on the level of methylation of these sequences.

キュウリモザイクウイルス３分離株のダイコン品種における感染と増殖

Accumulation of the coat proteins of three isolates of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV-D8 isolated from a Japanese radish plant showing mosaic symptoms, a melon isolate, CMV-KM and tobacco isolate, CMV-Y) in seven Japanese radish (Rhaphanus sativus) cultivars was compared with immunological detection by direct tissue blotting. In the inoculated leaves, viral antigen equally accumulated irrespective of CMV isolates and the radish cultivars. In contrast, viral antigen was detected in almost all of the upper leaves of the all cultivars inoculated with CMV-D8 whereas rarely detected in those of the plants inoculated with CMV-Y. Accumulation of CMV-KM in the upper leaves was intermediate between that of CMV-D8 and CMV-Y. The cultivars, Akidu-mari and Natsu were highly resistant against systemic infection with CMV-KM and CMV-Y, but Shijunichi and Shogoin were rather susceptible to systemic infection with the both isolates compared to the other radish cultivars.

Ohmic heating of Japanese white radish Rhaphanus sativus L.

SummaryOhmic heating was applied to Japanese white radish, Rhaphanus sativus L. at 50 Hz‐10 kHz and 40 V cm−1 to examine the effects of frequency on the heat generation. Of the frequencies examined, 50 Hz gave the sharpest initial rise of temperature and the shortest time to raise the temperature at the mid‐part of radish to 80°C. The heating rates above 60°C were found to be almost the same and linear for all the frequencies. The pressurization (400 MPa, 25°C, for 10 min) of radish eliminated the sharp initial increase of temperature observed at 50 Hz, and gave an almost linear rise of temperature similar to those above 60°C. When radish was treated with a square wave (10 ms with 10 ms interval) of 45 V cm−1 for 30 s, its impedance decreased and never recovered even after storage at room temperature for 20 h. When radish was treated at 50 Hz and 40 V cm−1 until its mid‐part reached 30°C, or heated to 80°C in hot water and then cooled to 30°C, 1H‐NMR imaging analysis showed more free movement of liquid components than in untreated radish. These results suggest that the initial rapid heating up at low frequency is caused by the electroporation of radish tissue membrane, resulting in the reduction of its impedance.

Effects of drying temperature on chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of forages

Stems of fodder radish ( Rhaphanus sativus L.), young lucerne ( Medicago sativa L.), leafy Italian ryegrass ( Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and silage of maize ( Zea mays L.) were dried in seven different temperature regimes ranging from 3 to 105°C. Eighteen chemical constituents, frequently used in forage quality analysis, were measured or calculated. Freeze drying at 3°C was used as the control treatment to which other drying treatments were compared. Content of water-soluble carbohydrate (wsc), in vitro digestibility (D om) and %N insoluble in neutral detergent (N cwc) were affected most by drying temperature. Storage at −20°C before freeze drying had no effect on chemical composition. Drying at 30°C reduced the content of dry matter (%dm), %wsc and %D om but increased %cwc and %N cwc, compared with freeze drying. Drying at 50 and 70°C (standard practice) gave similar but less severe losses than at 30°C. Drying at 105°C further increased %cwc, %N cwc and greatly decreased %D om. Rate of digestion declined with higher drying temperature. Storage at −20°C before drying at high temperature increased %N cwc and reduced rate of digestion. Amylase incorporated in the cell wall determination reduced %N cwc and %cwc free from protein. %N cwc was higher in ryegrass than in the other forages. The effects of cultural practices and of the drying facilities on the biological processes during drying are discussed. It was concluded that an effective proteolytic step must be included in the cell-wall analysis for its proper measurement. However the analysis will probably never be perfect. Significant interactions between product and drying temperature for all constituents prevent general recommendations about the optimum drying procedure other than freeze drying. Quick drying of fresh products at 70°C is the second best option, because alterations during drying are usually smallest.

Heavy metal concentrations in caterpillars fed with waste-grown vegetables

Our previous experiments showed that flowering Chinese cabbage ( Brassica parachinensis) and Chinese radish ( Rhaphanus sativus) var. longipinnatus grown in soil amended with sewage sludge and animal manure accumulated Pb, Cu, Zn and Mn. In this experiment, caterpillars of the common white butterfly ( Pieris canidia) were fed with the waste-grown vegetables. Caterpillars fed with sewage sludge-grown vegetables had a lower body weight and a higher level of heavy metals than those fed with animal manure-grown vegetables (average fresh body weights of caterpillars fed with waste-grown leaves of Chinese radish were 75, 122, 186 and 196 mg for activated sludge, digested sludge, chicken manure and pig manure, respectively). Those fed with flowering Chinese cabbage accumulated a higher level of heavy metals than those fed with Chinese radish (Pb, 6·7-fold, Cu, 6·0-fold, Zn, 6·8-fold and Mn, 5·7-fold in treatments with activated sludge). As a whole, the accumulation of heavy metals in the caterpillars, in descending order, was from vegetables manured with activated sludge, digested sludge, chicken manure and pig manure. Caterpillars, even though ingesting an enormous amount of the leaves, accumulated a lower level of Pb, Cu and Zn than that found in the vegetables. The route of elimination was not verified but it was suggested that the egestion of faeces might play an important role.

The studies on the spherical bodies containing anthocyanins in plant cells. I. Cytological and cytochemical observations on the bodies appearing in the seedling hypocotyls of radish plants.

Microchemical and cytochemical tests were conducted on the red spherical bodies appearing in the seedling hypocotyls of a radish cultivar (Rhaphanus sativus L.), “Kohaku”.In the fresh material of the hypocotyls the red body was broken down by the treatments with weak acids and alkalines, and also showed negative color change with Fehling's reaction and iodine-potassium iodine reaction.In the paraffin sections clear stainings of the spherical bodies were obtained from the following dyes: safranin, both of basic and acidic fuchsins, fast green, methyl blue, orange G and aceto-carmine. However, negative results were given with methylene blue in both of alcohol and water, ruthenium red, sudan III, toluidine blue and nile blue.From these results it is conceivable that the spherical body has some special properties of cytoplasm.The relationship between the appearance of the body and the formation of anthocyanin was discussed.

Effect of ABA, GA 3 and FC on the development of potassium uptake in germinating radish seeds

Germination of Rhaphanus sativus seeds is accompanied in its early phase by a consistent loss to the medium of the main cations. During the first ten hours there is a general efflux of K +, Na +, Mg 2+ and Ca 2+, while in the following period K + is actively taken up so that after eighteen hours almost no K + is detected in the external medium. When seed germination is stimulated by fusicoccin (FC) the development of uptake capacity is markedly anticipated. Moreover, inhibition of seed germination by abscisic acid (ABA) inhibits the development of K + uptake. The ABA-induced inhibition is reversed by FC and also, even if to a lesser extent, by gibberellic acid (GA 3). Preliminary data suggest that a K + activated ATPase present in membrane preparation is involved in the mechanism of active K + uptake in the seeds.

Control of flea beetle, &lt;i&gt;Phyllotreta nemorum&lt;/i&gt; L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) using locally available natural resources

Aqueous extracts of six different plants (Acorus calamus, Ageratum conyzoides, Azadirachta indica, Duranta repens, Spilanthes acmella and Urtica dioca) and diluted animal urine (buffalo and cow) were tested for mortality rate of flea beetle (Phyllotreta nemorum) in the laboratory. Results were compared with the effects of commercial neem product (neem azal) on flea beetle mortality. The host plant taken for the study was radish (Rhaphanus sativus). Three concentrations of aqueous plant extracts (1kg/5 l, 1kg/10 l and 1kg/20 l of water), three concentrations of animal urine (20%, 15% and 10%) and two concentrations of neem azal (0.1% and 0.01%) were tested in three replications. Observations on the beetle mortality were made at 24 hrs and thereafter on alternate days for a week (168 hrs). All tested concentrations of S. acmella, buffalo urine and cow urine were effective in flea beetle control; A. calamus, A. indica and U. dioca were significantly better in controlling flea beetle (P