RH Value Research Articles

Effects of nitrogen flow ratio on the mechanical and anticorrosive properties of cosputtered (TiZrHfTa)Nx films

In this study, TiZrHfTa films were cosputtered through cyclical gradient composition deposition by using four single-element targets connected to direct-current power supplies. Multilayered and columnar structures formed at low and high rotation speeds of the substrate holder (RH), respectively. (TiZrHfTa)Nx thin films were then prepared through reactive cosputtering by using Ar/N2 mixed gas. A high RH value resulted in these films having homogeneous structures. Without the addition of reactive nitrogen gas, the fabricated metallic Ti0.24Zr0.23Hf0.27Ta0.26 film exhibited a valence electron concentration of 4.26, which resulted in the formation of a body-centered cubic (bcc) phase; a hardness of 4.7 GPa; and an elastic modulus of 104 GPa. (TiZrHfTa)Nx films with stoichiometric ratios (x) ranging from 0.59 to 0.97 were obtained by adjusting the reactive gas ratio fN2 (N2/(N2 + Ar)) from 0.1 to 0.7. The introduction of N into the TiZrHfTa crystallites caused the bcc phase to transform into a face-centered cubic phase and enhanced the mechanical properties of the films, with their hardness and elastic modulus increasing to 13.8–25.5 and 235–290 GPa, respectively. Nanoindentation, scratch, Rockwell-C adhesion, and potentiodynamic polarization tests indicated that among the prepared (TiZrHfTa)Nx films, the (Ti0.17Zr0.25Hf0.20Ta0.38)N0.75 film exhibited the best mechanical and anticorrosive properties. Target poisoning accompanied by defect formation affected the mechanical properties of the (TiZrHfTa)Nx films. The anticorrosive properties of the (TiZrHfTa)Nx films were dominated by the high-entropy effect through alloying with Ta and the adhesion strength between the films and substrates.

PENGARUH PERGAULAN TERHADAP AKHLAK SISWA DI MTs MATHLA'UL ANWAR TUYAU

Many students associate with using harsh words and bad behavior such as bullying friends, teasing friends, disturbing and even fighting with friends so that it raises bad morals in students. This study aims to determine whether there is social influence on student morals at MTs Mathla'ul Anwar Tuyau. The research method used is a quantitative method. Data collection techniques in this study were through observation, interviews, documentaries and questionnaires. The data is processed using editing, coding, scoring, tabulating and data interpretation techniques and using quantitative descriptive research methods using the product moment correlation formula. Based on the results of the research, it was found that the effect of association on student morals at MTs Mathla'ul Anwar Tuyau based on the results of data analysis was 0.1361, which was in the interval 0.00 – 0.20 with an interpretation between the X and Y variables, there was indeed a correlation. however, the correlation is so weak or so low that it is ignored. Thus there is no significant influence between associations on student morals at MTs Mathla'ul Anwar Tuyau, this is indicated by the rh value (0.1361) less than the rt level of 5% (0.2012) and 1% (0.2816) and the hypothesis is rejected.

Double Stimuli-Responsive di- and Triblock Copolymers of Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) and Poly(1-vinylimidazole): Synthesis and Self-Assembly.

For the first time, double stimuli-responsive properties of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPA) and poly(1-vinylimidazole) (PVIM) block copolymers in aqueous solutions were studied. The synthesis of PNIPA60-b-PVIM90 and PNIPA28-b-PVIM62-b-PNIPA29 was performed using reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The polymers were characterized by size exclusion chromatography and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The conformational behavior of the polymers was studied using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and fluorescence spectroscopy (FS). It was found that PNIPA and block copolymers conformation and ability for self-assembly in aqueous medium below and above cloud point temperature depend on the locus of hydrophobic groups derived from the RAFT agent within the chain. Additionally, the length of PVIM block, its locus in the chain and charge perform an important role in the stabilization of macromolecular micelles and aggregates below and above cloud point temperature. At 25 °C the average hydrodynamic radius (Rh) of the block copolymer particles at pH 3 is lower than at pH 9 implying the self-assembling of macromolecules in the latter case. Cloud points of PNIPA60-b-PVIM90 are ~43 °C and ~37 °C at a pH of 3 and 9 and of PNIPA28-b-PVIM62-b-PNIPA29 they are ~35 °C and 31 °C at a pH of 3 and 9. Around cloud point independently of pH, the Rh value for triblock copolymer rises sharply, achieves the maximum value, then falls and reaches the constant value, while for diblock copolymer, it steadily grows after reaching cloud point. The information about polarity of microenvironment around polymer obtained by FS accords with DLS data.

Implementation of the Lora System for Temperature and Humidity Monitoring in POLBAN Classrooms

The need for temperature and humidity monitoring in classrooms, is very important for the purpose of comfortable teaching and learning processes, especially after the Covid-19 pandemic conditions. At Politeknik Negeri Bandung (POLBAN), there are more than a hundred classrooms. The rooms are spread over several buildings; therefore, the process of monitoring temperature and humidity will be difficult if it is done using a cable (wireline). In this study, a temperature and humidity monitoring system for classrooms at POLBAN will be made using LoRa wireless architecture. In several classrooms, temperature and humidity sensors will be installed combined with a LoRa sending system. There are conditioned room and unconditioned room. On the monitoring center, a LoRa receiver system is also installed. Data from each classroom, will wirelessly be sent to the monitoring center, for further processing. In the implementation stage, one gateway, 4 endnotes with DHT11 sensor are used. Testing process is carried out by verifying and monitoring performance in 4 classrooms and in open spaces. Results of verifying show a difference of 2℃ and 1% of the RH value with a reference measuring instrument. There is no difference in temperature and RH values at the endnode and gateway.

Research on fiber reinforced concrete and its performance prediction method and mix design method

To better solve the problems of performance prediction and mix design of fiber reinforced concrete (FRC), this paper carried out relevant research based on different kinds of fibers. First, according to the existing results and experimental research, fibers of various scales are selected preliminarily. Then, based on the mechanical property test, the fiber selection, fiber content and fiber hybrid mode are studied, and the fiber action mechanism is revealed through the failure process analysis and microscopic observation. Then, based on the newly constructed fiber reinforcement factor (S), a FRC strength prediction model was established. Finally, by combining S with hybrid fiber effect coefficient (RH) based on comprehensive properties, a method for FRC mix design is formed. The research results and conclusions are as follows: Steel fiber (SF), Short macroscopic polyvinyl alcohol fiber (SMP), fine polyvinyl alcohol fiber (PVA) and Calcium carbonate whisker (CW) have better performance improvement effects in their respective scales, and the content of SF, SMP, PVA and CW with the highest cost performance ratio is 2%, 0.75%, 0.5% and 1% respectively. Micro observation shows that CW not only has the effect of “micro filler” and “microfiber”, but also has the effect of friction resistance at the interface between reinforcement fiber and substrate. According to the mechanical property data and RH value, the best sample group is the sample containing 1.5% SF, 0.5% SMP and 1% CW. In addition, 1.5% SF and 0.5% SMP can also produce good performance when mixed with 1% CW respectively. The regression analysis results show that the FRC strength prediction model established in this paper has good regression coefficients. The mix design method of FRC based on S and RH can provide reference for the research and production of FRC.

Effect of pretreatments and solar tunnel dryer zones on functional properties, proximate composition, and bioactive components of pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) pulp powder

Pumpkin fruits are large in size and need to be cut into pieces for use. The quality and storage life of cuts rapidly deteriorated. Big size fruits can be converted to shelf stable product to minimize postharvest loss using solar driers. However, drying temperature and RH in long solar tunnel drier not uniform and may affects quality of dried products. Therefore this research work aimed to investigate the effects of pre-drying treatments and solar tunnel dryer zones on the functional properties, proximate composition, and bioactive components of pumpkin pulp powder. Three groups of pumpkin slices were pre-treated in 1% citric acid (20 min), 2% salt (20 min) solutions, and the other group blanched at 65 °C in 1% salt solution (2 min), untreated sample used as a control. Pre-treated samples then dried in three zones of tunnel solar drier (zone I, zone II and zone III). Treatment combinations were laid down in factorial RCBD replicated 3 times. Results showed that pulp powder from salt pre-treated slice and dried at zone III results in the highest values of shrinkage, rehydration ratio, water holding capacity, and bulk density. Moisture content decreased from zone I to III, and with salt blanching in range of 8.2 to 6.4%, no effect in crude fat content, slices pre-treated in 2% salt solution results is better crude protein and fiber contents in zones. Better retention of total polyphones, beta-carotene, ascorbic acid, with high DPPH scavenging activity and lowest IC50 values were observed for salt pre-treated sample but dried in zone II of the drier. In general relatively better functional properties, proximate composition and bioactive compounds of the powder can be preserved when slices pre-treated in 2% salt solution and dried in zone II of solar tunnel drier characterized by 54.9 ± 3.7 °C, RH value of 31.4 ± 3.4% and air velocity of 0.45 m/s.

Behaviors of Redox-Sensitive Components in the Volcanic Plume at Masaya Volcano, Nicaragua: H2 Oxidation and CO Preservation in Air

Multi-disciplinary volcanic gas observations, including FTIR, Multi-GAS, and Alkali filter pack, were made at Masaya Volcano, Nicaragua, in January 2018. During the observation period, a lava lake was present, and the majority of the volcanic gases were likely emitted directly from the lava without any hydrothermal alterations. It is expected that the volcanic gas composition reflects the conditions of the magma, exhibiting a high equilibrium temperature. The fractions of the major components showed good consistency with previous studies; however, we found the fraction of the combustible components (such as H2) were lower than expected. The RH [log(H2/H2O)] value was measured to be less than −6, compared to the equilibrium RH value calculated to be around −3 from the iron speciation. The equilibrium calculations suggest oxidation of the volcanic gases by high-temperature mixing with the air once they are emitted from the lava lake, lowering the H2 content of the plume. In contrast to H2, a small amount of CO, another combustible species, was detected and the derived CO2/CO ratio of ca. 1,000 is consistent with the equilibrium magmatic value. This indicates that CO is kinetically inert compared to H2. Our findings suggest that volcanic gases in the Masaya plume do not preserve information from when the gases were originally in equilibrium with the high-temperature surrounding magma.

Design of Green Tea Drying System Using Smoke and Temperature Sensors Based on Microcontroller

The green tea drying process still uses wood as its fuel because it can reduce production costs. However, the smoke produced by the bottom firewood enters the drying chamber, thus affecting the quality of the green tea produced. Therefore, it is necessary to have a drying system that can detect and control the smoke entering the drying chamber and control the temperature during the drying process. The tea drying system is designed using a smoke sensor and a temperature sensor based on a microcontroller. This system is also equipped with an RH sensor that can monitor the RH value during the drying process. From the device performance test results, it was found that the system designed can control the smoke and temperature in the drying chamber to be applied to the green tea drying process in tea factories.

Corn Germ Color Detection during Storage in Kendal Regency, Central Java

Kendal is in Central Java, Indonesia, and has large production in corn and prominent corn-produced-regency in Indonesia. Two varieties have been cultivated in this regency but no documentation on its appearance in germ color. This research was done to analyze the corn ness, yellowness, mushroom smell, and RH in the corn as a heating process to decrease water content in corn prior to its storage. The research used NK212 and Perkasa 72 corn varieties which were commonly obtained in this local area. The shininess, color appearance, and smell senses of the 25 panelists were used to detect shininess, yellowness, and mildew odor. The obtained data was explained using the relative humidity or RH value as supporting data. The automatic RH meter that was integrated and synchronized in the cloud was used to detect the RH of the corn seed. All samples were placed in the glass box with no additional treatment but was covered using thin cloth to avoid contamination and infection. The corn was stored for 6 months. As result, shininess, yellowness, mildew odor, and RH value provided specific value among these two varieties.

Liquid Cooled Microchannel Heat Sink Based Peltier Solar Atmospheric Water Generator

To maintain the high RH value near dry air vent, increase the efficiency of Peltier with proper ventilation that is to make the heat escape easily, to provide more surface area for heat sink to cool down the air more effectively. Mass of the body is reduced, and durability is improved. RH value is maintained with the help of dry air vent. We can get benefits from a liquid cooled micro channeled heat sink which needs only a little space. It is suitable for the high flux heat dissipation and also gives a better result compared to generic convection method. It is used without reacting with the body frame. It is portable with help of 12V DC solar 10W. This system solves water scarcity in rural areas. We can especially use at hill stations as the humid conditions are the best.

Impact of Uniaxial Mechanical Perturbation on Structural Properties and Smectite Porosity Features: Ion Exchanger Efficiency and Adsorption Performance Fate

The use of montmorillonite in the context of engineered barriers makes it possible to minimize the spread of heavy metals from industrial and even radioactive waste. An evaluation of the performance of the mechanisms controlling the clay‐environment interaction and predicting the dynamics/configuration of the interlayer space (IS) is required. This work focuses on a quantitative identification of the structural changes and porosity alteration in the case of heavy metal‐exchanged montmorillonite samples (Co2+ and Cd2+ cations) undergoing mechanical stresses (uniaxial oedometric test (loading/unloading)). Relationships between mechanical stress strength, intrinsic structural response, ion exchanger efficiency, and adsorption performance fate are investigated. This goal is achieved through the correlation of in situ quantitative X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis (under an extremely controlled atmosphere reached by varying relative humidity rate %rh) and porosity investigation (assured by combining outcomes from BET (Brunauer–Emmett–Teller) and BJH‐ (Barrett, Joyner, and Halenda‐) PSD (pore size distribution) analysis). Obtained results show an upsurge in the structural heterogeneities accompanying the theoretical increase in the mixed layer structure (MLS) number and developing an unconventional hydration behaviour after stress relaxation regardless of exchangeable cation nature. Experimental XRD patterns are reproduced using MLS, which suggests the coexistence of more than one “crystallite” specie and more than one exchangeable cation indicating a complex cation exchange capacity (CEC) saturation. For extremely low %rh value, a new homogeneous dehydrated state trend is observed in the case of the Co2+ cation. Porosity analysis shows mesopore volume growth for the stressed sample and confirms crystallite exfoliation layer trends, results of the layer cohesion damage, and subsequent constraint strength fluctuations.

Original

Basin morphometry is a crucial method of analysis to understand the geology, lithological structure, infiltration rate of rainwater, runoff, eroded load carrying capacity and flooding potential of a drainage basin. The quantitative techniques applied for linear, aerial and relief aspects of the drainage basin elucidate the rate of erosion, the intensity of denudation and subsequently the potential of the Nandakini river basin to flooding. The morphometric analysis of the Nandakini river basin in the Garwhal Himalayan region of Uttarakhand reveals that the Rf value of the Nandakini river basin is 0.28, indicating an elongated basin shape leading to quick flooding and poor draining out of floodwaters. Similarly, an elevation difference between the highest and lowest elevation is 5380 metres aids quick runoff and deposition of eroded debris in the drainage channels, another cause of channel overflow. The Rh value is high (0.12), indicating a high channel gradient with intense erosional processes operating due to steep gradient and this has a considerable impact on the rate of erosive geomorphic processes operating. The higher elevation on the Eastern part of the basin due to the Vaikrita Thrust, the Munsiyari Thrust (ie. the southern tilting Main Central Thrust) and the Baijnath Klippe has resulted in metamorphism in Miocene and Pliocene explaining the low rate of infiltration and rapid runoff.

A discovery of low hydraulic resistance channels along meridians in rats: 大鼠循经低流阻通道的发现

BackgroundContinuous and porous low hydraulic resistance channels (LHRCs) are important structures of meridians in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). In this study, based on the previous research on LHRCs along meridian paths (LHRCMs)in mini-pig, we aimed to detect the low hydraulic resistance point (LHRP) and display the LHRCMs in rats. MethodsA technique for measuring interstitial hydraulic resistance (Rh) in rats was established to detect and measure the Rh along the conception vessel (CV) in TCM, and Alcian Blue (AB) solution was injected into the LHRP along the CV. The interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) of the LHRP was measured before and after AB injection. Then, the distribution characteristics of the AB solution were investigated to explore the relationship between AB tracks and meridian paths in TCM. ResultsThe positions of the LHRPs coincided with the low impedance points (LIPs) of the rat skin along the CV. The Rh value along the CV (10.37±1.26, × 106 dyne s cm−5) was significantly lower than that in the non-meridian area (19.13±1.37, × 106 dyne s cm−5, P<0.01). After AB injection, the IFP of the LHRP was 2.52 mmHg, which was higher than that before AB injection. The AB tracks (ABT) along the CV, spleen meridian, and kidney meridian appeared in one or two directions, with single or multiple paths and uneven thickness and length. The appearance rate was 73.33%. ConclusionsLHRCMs existed not only in minipigs but also in rats. The LHRCMs could be observed after AB injection into the LHRP in the subcutaneous connective tissues of rats.

Humidity Sensing Behaviour of Lyophilized rGO/Fe2O3 Nanocomposite

For the purpose of humidity sensing, the rGO/Fe2O3 nanocomposite was synthesized through precipitation technique that is followed by lyophilization process to enhance the surface area of the prepared nanocomposite. In order to investigate the sensor preparation quality, its activity and efficiency, the prepared nanocomposite has undergone different characterization techniques such as; high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), BET surface area and BJH pore diameter distribution. The study showed that Fe2O3 nanoparticles are densely and homogeneously loaded over rGO sheets. The porosity and surface area play an important role on humidity sensing property. In addition, the BET surface area and BJH pore radius of the rGO/Fe2O3 are found to be 2002.09 m2 g−1 and 1.68 nm, respectively. Furthermore, the humidity-sensing performances were investigated in a wide range of working humidity (11–97% RH) and frequency (100 Hz–100 kHz). The obtained results confirmed that the optimum measuring frequency is 1 kHz, due to in inability of water molecule to be polarized at higher frequency. The humidity sensing performance of rGO/Fe2O3 nanocomposite shows a parabola relationship with the RH value from 11 to 97%. The incorporation of Fe2O3 into rGO creates more active sites, such as vacancies and defects which promote the adsorption of water molecule thereby increasing the sensitivity of the sensor. Molecular models of graphene; graphene/2Fe2O3, graphene/2Fe2O3/2H2O were built. The model suggested that decorating the graphene with 2Fe2O3 enable it to be sensitive for humidity.

Graphene Foam Decorated With ZnO as a Humidity Sensor

The effect of ZnO nanorods on the humidity-sensing performance of graphene foam (GF) has been studied. The GF is synthesized by atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD) using xylene as the hydrocarbon source. Hydrothermal rout is utilized for getting ZnO nanorods loaded on the surface of GF. The obtained materials are characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Furrier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), BET surface area and BJH pore diameter distribution. The results of this study showed that ZnO nanorods are densely and homogeneously loaded over GF Skelton. The peak values of surface areas are estimated to be 2011.1 cm2/g, and 452.3 cm2/g for GF and GF/ZnO respectively. The humidity sensing performance of ZnO/GF composite shows a linear relationship with the RH value from 20% to 95%.

Highly sensitive surface acoustic wave HCl gas sensors based on hydroxyl-rich sol-gel AlOxOHy films

Gas sensors detecting low HCl gas concentrations used for early detection and continuous monitoring of leakage is of great concern because HCl gas is extremely hazardous. In order to tackle the potential hazardous threats, surface acoustic wave HCl gas sensors based on hydroxyl-rich sol-gel AlOxOHy films are reported. The fabricated SAW sensors show negative frequency shifts with exposure to HCl gas. The negative frequency shift is found to be caused by the increasing weight of sensitive films induced by the adsorption of HCl assisted by the hydroxyl groups and H2O captured on the films. The sensing performance of sensors is highly dependent on the heat-treatment temperature and thickness of films, as well as the ambient humidity because these parameters are highly influential on the amount of hydroxyl groups, H2O on films and the pore volume of films. For a sensor with a 198-nm-thick film annealed at 300 °C, it shows a response of ~ -1.4 KHz to HCl at a low concentration level (0.05 ppm) in an environment with a temperature of 25 °C and a RH value of 40%.

The Robust PID Control System of Temperature Stability and Humidity on Infant Incubator Based on Arduino AT Mega 2560

Premature babies have a high level of sensitivity that one of them is toward temperature and humidity of the surrounding environment. Therefore special treatment is required for premature babies. Related to it the babies required infant incubator to stabilize the temperature and humidity around the baby’s body. To control temperature stability at 36 ° C and humidity at 80% - 60% RH value in incubator space required Arduino Mega 2560, Arduino Uno, LM35 sensor, DHT22 sensor and added PID control (Proportional Integral Derivative) to reduce maximum overshoot (Mp) and error signal average ≤ 5% and speed up the system to reach the setting point. With the PID control the maximum overshoot value Mp = 0.833889%, the error signal average e = 0.011033% and the temperature reached steady level at the 218 seconds on testing the infant prototype without load.

Humidity responsive actuation of bioinspired hygromorph biocomposites (HBC) for adaptive structures

Hygromorph biocomposites (HBC) possess moisture-induced actuation from bioinspired designs. The present work describes a large experimental and comprehensive database of the hygro-mechanical and bending actuation properties of flax/maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP) HBC composites over a large range of moisture variation (10–90% RH) and water immersion. HBCs exhibit a promising responsiveness and reactivity over the whole relative humidity range (10–90% RH), with acceleration and increase of the actuation observed as soon as a 30% RH value is reached. The experimental data are compared to analogous results from an analytical model based on a modified Timoshenko theory, and a finite element model based on the use of classical laminate theory (CLT). We discuss the effects of the hygroscopic properties (β coefficient) and the design parameters (length/width and thickness ratios) of the composites on the actuation performance.

Pauling Electronegativity On/Off Effects Assessed by 13 C and 29 Si NMR Spectroscopic Analysis.

In carbon and silicon tetrahalide compounds, the experimental 13 C and 29 Si NMR chemical-shift values are known to increase or decrease on increasing the overall sum of the ionic radii of the bonded halides Σ(rh ) (normal and inverse halogen dependence (NHD and IHD, respectively)). Herein, we extrapolate the main factors responsible for such NMR chemical shifts. Intriguingly, we found a characteristic value for the overall sum of the Pauling electronegativities of the bonded halides Σ(χh ), which works as a triggering factor to determine the transition from the NHD to IHD. Below this Σ(χh ) value, the chemical shift of the central atom was strictly related to only the Σ(rh ) value, thus producing a NHD trend. Conversely, above this value, the chemical shift of the central atom was dependent on both the Σ(rh ) and Σ(χh ) values, thus producing a IHD trend. A simple model, in which the effect of the Σ(χh ) value on 13 C and 29 Si NMR chemical shifts is related to an apparent increase in the Σ(rh ) value, is deduced.

Polyion Complex Vesicles with Solvated Phosphobetaine Shells Formed from Oppositely Charged Diblock Copolymers.

Diblock copolymers consisting of a hydrophilic poly(2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl phosphorylcholine) (PMPC) block and either a cationic or anionic block were prepared from (3-(methacrylamido)propyl)trimethylammonium chloride (MAPTAC) or sodium 2-(acrylamido)-2-methylpropanesulfonate (AMPS). Polymers were synthesized via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) radical polymerization using a PMPC macro-chain transfer agent. The degree of polymerization for PMPC, cationic PMAPTAC, and anionic PAMPS blocks was 20, 190, and 196, respectively. Combining two solutions of oppositely charged diblock copolymers, PMPC-b-PMAPTAC and PMPC-b-PAMPS, led to the spontaneous formation of polyion complex vesicles (PICsomes). The PICsomes were characterized using 1H NMR, static abd dynamic light scattering, transmittance electron microscopy (TEM), and atomic force microscopy. Maximum hydrodynamic radius (Rh) for the PICsome was observed at a neutral charge balance of the cationic and anionic diblock copolymers. The Rh value and aggregation number (Nagg) of PICsomes in 0.1 M NaCl was 78.0 nm and 7770, respectively. A spherical hollow vesicle structure was observed in TEM images. The hydrodynamic size of the PICsomes increased with concentration of the diblock copolymer solutions before mixing. Thus, the size of the PICsomes can be controlled by selecting an appropriate preparation method.