RFID Protocols Research Articles

The Heterogeneous Packaging of A 3 × 3 Mini‐LED Array for Smart Contact Lens Display Applications

For the needs of augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR) and mixed reality (MR), smart contact lenses (SCL) have become an important platform as a display source in the future consumer market. Accordingly, this paper demonstrates a display device based on contact lenses. This device integrates a 3 × 3 Mini‐LED display array, a micro antenna, and a driver and transmission chip and is packaged in a smart contact lens made of hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). It is note that in order to simultaneously meet the goals of wearing comfort, biocompatibility, wireless energy transmission and adjustable display functions, the final package thickness needs to be less than 200 μm. Here, we use heterogeneous packaging technology to connect the driver and transmission chip and the Mini‐LED display array with metal wires on the flexible substrate, and use metal wires on the same conductive layer to design the antenna required for wireless energy transmission. In order to complete the above functions, we use 920 MHz RFID technology as the energy source for wireless energy transmission. When the antenna of the RFID reader is 2 cm away from the smart contact lens, the designed receiving chip can receive 100 μW of energy. After converting this energy to DC 3 V, it can drive Mini‐LED with a current of about 30 μA, and the mini‐LED display array can be instantly controlled to display different contents by transmitting display commands through the RFID protocol. © 2024 Institute of Electrical Engineer of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Secret sharing based RFID protocol using ECC for TMIS

Secret sharing based RFID protocol using ECC for TMIS

Security and Privacy Requirements for RFID Schemes in Healthcare: Case Studies, Solutions, and Challenges

RFID technology has proven very useful in many healthcare applications, starting with medical asset tracking, continuing with staff tracking, and reaching medical event and procedure tracking. Security and privacy properties play a fundamental role in this range of applications. The protocols proposed so far highlights many techniques for analyzing these properties, making it difficult to compare the protocols with each other most of the time. In the case of lightweight protocols, the comparisons are even more challenging to achieve because these resort to idealizations that usually have no practical support, such as protocols based on physically unclonable functions (PUFs), or because no security and privacy model is known so far. This paper draws attention to the HPVP model as a possibility for uniformly studying healthcare RFID protocols’ security and privacy properties. We highlight two general patterns that, once encountered in RFID protocols, show that they do not satisfy privacy or mutual authentication requirements. We then illustrate these templates through several proposed RFID protocols for use in healthcare. Then, we propose a Classification of healthcare services based on an extended hierarchy of HPVP privacy classes, and we highlight RFID protocols that reach the respective levels of privacy.

Security Issues, Attacks and Countermeasures in Layered IoT Ecosystem

Internet of Things (IoT) applications consist mainly of a group of small devices with sensing and/ or actuationcapabilities, working collaboratively to provide a specific functionality. IoT applications are becoming vital part ofour daily lives in various areas such as home automation, industrial automation, energy sector, healthcare sectorand smart transportation. Security is a term that is used to encompass the notions such as integrity, confidentiality,and privacy. A more prominent understanding of the Internet of Things (IoT) is that – it transmits data over theglobal internet and gives many services in many domains. It facilitates the machines and gadgets to communicatewith each other. IoT appliances have been facing several issues, therefore we identify variety of service domainsand their vulnerabilities. The main focus is on protecting the security and privacy. This paper presents anoverview of IoT models, applications in different domains, vulnerabilities, security privacy goals, possible attacks,and their corresponding countermeasures. The objective of this paper is also to provide a survey on categorizedlayer-wise attacks and countermeasures in detail. In the object layer, connectivity link Layer, several attacksare discussed based on RFID, NFC, ZigBee, Bluetooth, and Wi-Fi protocols. In the Transport Network layer,we have classified variety of attacks based on RPL, 6loWPAN, TCP/UDP, and IPv4/IPv6. Similarly, In theSession Communication, Data Aggregation Storage, Business Model, and Application layers, we have discoveredconsiderable number of attacks for each layer.

Simple Low Cost Open Source UHF RFID Reader

In this paper, we present a simple low-cost SDR RFID UHF reader capable of reading a tag in real time. This reader is designed around a simple asynchronous OOK modulator in transmission and an envelope detector in reception. All tasks specific to the RFID protocol including clock recovery, data recovery and frame detection are handled in software by a Arduino Uno micro-controller. This reader is able to generate any RFID command supported by the protocol and to decode any message backscattered by the tag in real time. The details of hardware and software associated with this reader are released in open source for the community.

Automatic generation of sources lemmas in Tamarin: Towards automatic proofs of security protocols1

Tamarin is a popular tool dedicated to the formal analysis of security protocols. One major strength of the tool is that it offers an interactive mode, allowing to go beyond what push-button tools can typically handle. Tamarin is for example able to verify complex protocols such as TLS, 5G, or RFID protocols. However, one of its drawback is its lack of automation. For many simple protocols, the user often needs to help Tamarin by writing specific lemmas, called “sources lemmas”, which requires some knowledge of the internal behaviour of the tool. In this paper, we propose a technique to automatically generate sources lemmas in Tamarin. Following the intuition of manually written sources lemmas, our lemmas try to keep track of the origin of a term by looking into emitted messages or facts. We prove formally that our lemmas indeed hold, for arbitrary protocols that make use of cryptographic primitives that can be modelled with a subterm convergent equational theory (modulo associativity and commutativity). We have implemented our approach within Tamarin. Our experiments show that, in most examples of the literature, we are now able to generate suitable sources lemmas automatically, in replacement of the hand-written lemmas. As a direct application, many simple protocols can now be analysed fully automatically, while they previously required user interaction.

A Comparative Study on Internet of Things (IoT) and Its Applications in Smart Agriculture

Agriculture plays a vital role in country’s economy and it has an extensive contribution towards human civilization. Due to the growing expansions in sensor devices, RFID and Internet protocols the architecture of Internet of Things (IoT) has been made to support agriculture by making a Smart agriculture. This paper describes the implementation of various IoT techniques and intelligent decision support systems used in agriculture. It provides a wide review on methods and technologies like ANFIS and PLSR Model predictions, experiences in various challenges as well as further work are discussed through the review article.

Correction to: AnonSURP: an anonymous and secure ultralightweight RFID protocol for deployment in internet of vehicles systems

Correction to: AnonSURP: an anonymous and secure ultralightweight RFID protocol for deployment in internet of vehicles systems

Designing a Smart Cart Application with Zigbee and RFID Protocols

Aims: To improve smart cart application for better user flexibility. Background : Users are easily purchasing with smart cart but we designed in a manner such a way that • The person no needs to stand in a queue for bill. • The stock update automatically. recorded in server. Objective : The objective of this work is to find the alternate solution for time saving. Method : We have used RFID mechanism for data transmission and we used server for storing the information of stocks. Result : It proved the increased performance of the system. Conclusion : We proved that time reduction is possible and product identification through image processing is also possible.

AnonSURP: an anonymous and secure ultralightweight RFID protocol for deployment in internet of vehicles systems

AnonSURP: an anonymous and secure ultralightweight RFID protocol for deployment in internet of vehicles systems

An Analysis of Enabling Technologies for the Internet of Things

An overview of the Internet of Things (IoT) is given in this paper, with a focus on supporting technology, protocols, and application-specific challenges. The most recent advancements in RFID, smart sensors, communication technologies, and Internet protocols enable the Internet of Things. The fundamental idea is to create a new class of applications by having smart sensors work together directly without human intervention. The present Internet, mobile, and machine-to-machine (M2M) technology boom can be viewed as the beginning of the Internet of Things. The Internet of Things (IoT) is anticipated to connect physical things to enhance intelligent decision-making in the next years, bridging various technologies to open up new applications. This article begins by giving a broad overview of the IoT. Then, we provide a high-level review of a few technical aspects relating to the IoT enabling technologies, protocols, and applications. Our goal is to provide a more thorough summary of the most important protocols and application issues compared to other survey papers in the field so that researchers and application developers can quickly understand how the various protocols work together to deliver desired functionalities without having to read through RFCs and the standards specifications. We also give a brief review of some of the most important IoT challenges that have been discussed recently in the literature and a description of related research. We also investigate the connections between the IoT and other cutting-edge technologies, such as big data analytics, cloud computing, and fog computing. We also discuss how IoT services need to be more horizontally integrated. To show how the various protocols discussed in the paperwork together to deliver desired IoT services, we then present thorough service use-cases.

Comparing cyber physical systems with RFID applications: common attacks and countermeasure challenges

The RFID technology is widely used in industrial control systems (ICS) and cyber physical systems (CPS). However, the design of the current RFID protocol is optimal in performance but with less effort invested into security. As such, RIFD infrastructure could be vulnerable against cyber threats. In this paper, we present a positioning of RFID security attacks with CPS attacks. We identified similarities and differences of both type of threats that can serve as baseline to establish an IoT security framework. Additionally, we discuss RFID security countermeasures that we extracted from the literature then we compare it with existing CPS countermeasures. Three security threats categories were identified namely, physical attacks, interception attacks and blocking attacks. Overall, the research avail that attacks are similar for both CPS and RFID systems apart from social engineering attacks that are specific to CPS. However, addressing those attacks requires additional measures due to RFID specificity.

A review and analysis of secure and lightweightECC‐basedRFIDauthentication protocol for Internet of Vehicles

AbstractRadio‐frequency identification (RFID) technology has proliferated over the last few years and being deployed as identification technology in numerous domains like intelligent transportation systems (ITS) and Internet of Vehicles (IoV) for applications like road safety, efficient traffic management, automatic toll collection, intelligent parking, etc. As RFID devices, as well as the possible domains of ITS and IoV onto which the RFID technology can be deployed, are usually resource‐constrained, thus, security and privacy become a major concern. So, public‐key cryptography becomes the better choice for enhancing the security of RFID based systems. Elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) is one of the dominant and secure asymmetric‐key cryptosystems being used for RFID security due to its smaller key size. Numerous RFID authentication schemes based on ECC have been suggested in literature, however, the majority has various serious security weaknesses. To bridge those existing security weaknesses, an enhanced ECC based light weight protocol for RFID systems has been proposed in this article. An extensive security analysis has been performed to demonstrate various secure features offered by our proposed protocol, and formal security analysis is being conducted using Automated Validation of Internet Security Protocols and Applications tool. The performance of our proposed RFID protocol has been compared with various existing RFID based security solutions on the basis of parameters, that is, computational cost, communication cost, and storage requirement. Simulation results indicate that the proposed lightweight protocol is more secure and performance efficient than the existing RFID protocols, and is well suited for practical applications.

Security Analysis and Improvement of Wei-Chi Ku and Yi-Han Chen’s RFID protocol

RFID are small wireless devices that can be used for identification of objects and humans. With development of RFID technology and increasing the use of this technology in everyday life, the Security issues in these systems have been growing in terms of importance day by day. In 2012 Wei-Chi Ku and Yi-Han Chen Proposed a new efficient mutual authentication protocol for passive RFID that provides confidentiality, un-traceability and efficiency. This paper demonstrates that Wei-Chi Ku and Yi-Han Chen’s protocol has a serious security problem and proposes a new protocol to prevent this security problem by some changes. Furthermore, the capability of our method for improving, confidentiality, untraceability, and data integrity is discussed.

A safe radio frequency identification system (RFID) authentication protocol for Internet of Things

Internet of Things (IoT) is the evolution of related technologies and applications such as Internet and mobile networks. Agriculture, as the source of food, is one of the key areas for the application of the IoT technology, and it is also the field with the most urgent, difficult and integrated characteristics of the IoT application. Future research into IoT will focus on generic technology, information security, and critical applications. Based on IoT, the existing Radio frequency identification system (RFID) security mechanisms are analyzed, with a focus on cryptographic protocols. Investigate the weaknesses or flaws in these protocols, and then a theoretical model and method to design and analyze RFID protocols within the provable security framework is discussed. A mutual authentication protocol of RFID system using synchronized secret information is put forward.

Security Enhanced RFID Authentication Protocols for Healthcare Environment

RFID technology, which is concerned as one of the core technologies of Internet of Things, has been widely deployed in healthcare environment and brings a lot of convenience for people’s daily life. However, the security and privacy challenges of RFID authentication protocols are receiving more and more attention. One of the problems is that the current RFID protocols usually use a backend server to store the detailed information of tagged objects, which may lead to the issue of information leakage if the server is hacked or attacked by the adversary. To address this challenge, in this paper, we propose a security enhanced RFID authentication protocol for healthcare environment using the technique of indistinguishability obfuscation, which prevents the leakage of sensitive data from the backend server. Meanwhile, we extend the protocol to fit for the scenario of cloud environment where the tags’ information is stored in the cloud server. To our knowledge, our protocols are the first applications of indistinguishability obfuscation in the field of RFID authentication system. Moreover, our protocols are scalable and practical, and they are analyzed to achieve most of the security properties of the RFID system.

Verification of stateful cryptographic protocols with exclusive OR

In cryptographic protocols, in particular RFID protocols, exclusive-or (XOR) operations are common. Due to the inherent complexity of faithful models of XOR, there is only limited tool support for the verification of cryptographic protocols using XOR. In this paper, we improve the TAMARIN prover and its underlying theory to deal with an equational theory modeling XOR operations. The XOR theory can be combined with all equational theories previously supported, including user-defined equational theories. This makes TAMARIN the first verification tool for cryptographic protocols in the symbolic model to support simultaneously this large set of equational theories, protocols with global mutable state, an unbounded number of sessions, and complex security properties including observational equivalence. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach by analyzing several protocols that rely on XOR, in particular multiple RFID-protocols, where we can identify attacks as well as provide proofs.

The Internet of Things (IoT): a survey of techniques, operating systems, and trends

PurposeInternet has changed radically in the way people interact in the virtual world, in their careers or social relationships. IoT technology has added a new vision to this process by enabling connections between smart objects and humans, and also between smart objects themselves, which leads to anything, anytime, anywhere, and any media communications. IoT allows objects to physically see, hear, think, and perform tasks by making them talk to each other, share information and coordinate decisions. To enable the vision of IoT, it utilizes technologies such as ubiquitous computing, context awareness, RFID, WSN, embedded devices, CPS, communication technologies, and internet protocols. IoT is considered to be the future internet, which is significantly different from the Internet we use today. The purpose of this paper is to provide up-to-date literature on trends of IoT research which is driven by the need for convergence of several interdisciplinary technologies and new applications.Design/methodology/approachA comprehensive IoT literature review has been performed in this paper as a survey. The survey starts by providing an overview of IoT concepts, visions and evolutions. IoT architectures are also explored. Then, the most important components of IoT are discussed including a thorough discussion of IoT operating systems such as Tiny OS, Contiki OS, FreeRTOS, and RIOT. A review of IoT applications is also presented in this paper and finally, IoT challenges that can be recently encountered by researchers are introduced.FindingsStudies of IoT literature and projects show the disproportionate importance of technology in IoT projects, which are often driven by technological interventions rather than innovation in the business model. There are a number of serious concerns about the dangers of IoT growth, particularly in the areas of privacy and security; hence, industry and government began addressing these concerns. At the end, what makes IoT exciting is that we do not yet know the exact use cases which would have the ability to significantly influence our lives.Originality/valueThis survey provides a comprehensive literature review on IoT techniques, operating systems and trends.

Efficient Range Queries for Large-Scale Sensor-Augmented RFID Systems

This paper studies the practically important problem of range query for sensor-augmented RFID systems, which is to classify the target tags according to the ranges specified by the user. The existing RFID protocols that seem to address this problem suffer from either low time-efficiency or the information corruption issue. To overcome their limitations, we first propose a basic classification protocol called Range Query (RQ) , in which each tag pseudo-randomly chooses a slot from the time frame and uses the ON-OFF Keying modulation to reply its range identifier. Then, RQ employs a collaborative decoding method to extract the tag range information from singleton and even collision slots. The numerical results reveal that the number of queried ranges significantly affects the performance of RQ . To optimize the number of queried ranges, we further propose the PartitionM (ii) it is immune to the interference from unexpected tags, and does not suffer information corruption issue. We use USRP and WISP tags to conduct a set of experiments, which demonstrate the feasibility of RQ + PM . Extensive simulation results reveal that RQ + PM can ensure 100% query accuracy, and reduce the time cost as much as 40% when comparing with the state-of-the-art protocols.

Quality Based Performance of Leach-Rfid by using Contention Avoidance Algorithm

A remote sensor system comprises of huge no of sensor hubs which can be utilized as a significant instrument for gathering information in various circumstances. The serious issue in the WSN is the vitality utilization of the system. In this paper we represent the RFID [Radio Frequency Identification works only in modes that is sleep, active, ready for packet collision]. In RFID protocol there are three types of nodes that is sleep, active, ready. As energy consumption is less in LeachRFID because some hubs are in sleeping mode and rest of them are in active and ready modes. The packet loss is more in LeachRFID protocol due to non synchronization of the nodes. The simulation results shows between leach and Leach-RFID