Reward Dependence Research Articles

Analysis of associations of personality traits and stress with the level of serum cortisol in Sakha (Yakut) men

The purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis that personality traits and stressful situations experienced in childhood could be associated with the level of serum cortisol. The sample included 121 healthy adult men of Yakut (Sakha) ethnicity aged 18 to 27 years. To assess personality traits, the TCI temperament and character questionnaire by R. Cloninger was used. Serum cortisol levels were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). It was found that such a temperament trait as “reward dependence” is associated with higher level of cortisol in the blood (p = 0.04). Experienced stressful situations are associated with the character trait “self-transcendence” (p = 0.049) but do not significantly affect cortisol levels. In individuals with high levels of stress, significant correlations were found between the “novelty seeking” (r = 0.33) and “self-directedness” (r = 0.36) with serum cortisol levels, which may reflect the prolonged effect of stress on increasing the sensitivity of the adrenal cortex. The results indicate a possible connection between one of the human temperament traits “reward dependence” and higher levels of cortisol in the blood. A high level of experienced stress situations reduces scores on the character trait “self-transcendence.”

Stability of Cloninger's temperament traits following a health event: Subjective and objective health status analysis from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966

Personality/temperament traits are often presumed to remain stable across various life outcomes. This longitudinal study challenges this assumption by examining changes of Cloninger's Temperament and Character Inventory traits following a severe health event, utilizing data from the population-based Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966, combined with Finnish register data (N = 3195). We explore both health conditions diagnosed in healthcare settings and changes in individuals' self-reported health to discern the relationship between alterations in objective and subjective health and changes in temperament traits between ages 31 and 46. Our findings suggest that changes in health generally don't relate to alterations in three of the four temperament traits—novelty seeking, reward dependence, and persistence. However, we observe a significant shift in the fourth temperament trait, harm avoidance, following a health change. Both females and males reporting a decline in self-reported health become significantly more harm avoidant, irrespective of whether they experience an objective health event. Our results indicate that harm avoidance may not be entirely stable over time, and health changes, particularly regarding subjective health, are linked to variations in harm avoidance. Our results emphasize the need for caution when using harm avoidance as a predictor, particularly in the context of diverse health outcomes.

The Role of Psychological Variables on Medication Adherence in Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the role of psychological variables in medication adherence in OCD. Methods: This descriptive and correlational study was carried out at Tehran Institute of Psychiatry in Tehran. The statistical population of the present study includes all OCD patients referred to the Tehran Institute of Psychiatry. The participants were selected by available sampling method. The patients completed the demographic questionnaire, Yale Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Scale-Second Edition (Y-BOCS-II), Vancouver Obsessional Compulsive Inventory (VOCI), Medication Adherence Rating Scale (MARS), Drug Attitude Questionnaire (DAI-10), Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Special Support (MSPSS), Coping strategies scale of Lazarus and Folkman (WOCQ), and Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) was used to analyze the data. Results: The variable of education status (r=0.18) had a positive relationship and the variable of hospitalization history (r=-0.26) had a negative relationship with medication adherence. Medication adherence is only negatively associated with obsessive thoughts (r=- 0.18, r=-0.20). Duration of drug use (r=0.27), attitude to treatment (r=0.25) and social support (r=0.54) had a positive relationship with medication adherence. Among the various dimensions of temperament and character, four dimensions of harm avoidance (r=-0.29), reward dependence (r=-0.44), persistence (r=-0.20) and self-transcendence (r=0.32) had a significant correlation with medication adherence. Variables of social support, reward dependence, persistence, harm avoidance and education status had the highest regression effect on medication adherence. Conclusion: Medication adherence is one of the behaviors that predicts successful treatment and reduces the negative side effects and severity of the OCD.

Personality and quality-of-life improvement after apomorphine infusion in Parkinson’s disease

Abstract People with Parkinson’s disease with motor fluctuations can be treated by Continuous Subcutaneous Apomorphine Infusion (CSAI) to reduce their symptoms. Nonetheless, factors are lacking to predict patients’ quality-of-life amelioration after CSAI. This pilot study aimed to evaluate associations between personality dimensions and quality-of-life improvement after six months of CSAI. Thirty-nine people with Parkinson’s disease awaiting CSAI were included. Linear regression models between “Temperament and Character Inventory” personality dimensions at baseline and percentage of change in PDQ-39 (Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire-39) scores after six months of CSAI were realized (n = 35). Temperament and Character Inventory was also compared between patients awaiting CSAI and patients awaiting deep brain stimulation of the sub-thalamic nucleus (n = 39 from the PREDI-STIM study). Higher Reward Dependence scores were associated with a better quality-of-life outcome after six months of CSAI, while Self-Directedness scores were associated with a better quality of life before CSAI (as opposed to Harm Avoidance, Reward Dependence, and Self-Transcendence scores associated with a worse quality of life). Moreover, people with Parkinson’s disease awaiting deep brain stimulation of the sub-thalamic nucleus had similar Temperament and Character Inventory dimensions compared to patients awaiting CSAI. People with Parkinson’s disease with higher Reward Dependence scores at baseline had the best quality-of-life improvement after six months of CSAI. This finding could be used to better prepare and accompany people with Parkinson’s disease during CSAI establishment. Moreover, this result could serve as an orientation factor to second-line treatments.

Changes in temperament, character and intensity of empathy in adolescents treated in a day care unit - pilot study.

The aim of this pilot study was to compare the level of empathy, temperament and character traits before and after 6 months of treatment in a group of patients staying in a psychiatric day care unit in groups with different (internalising vs. externalising) disorder types. The study was conducted in a group of 44 patients (33 girls and 11 boys), aged 15-20, treated between 2016 and 2021 in the Clinical Day Care Unit of the Department of Adult, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry of the University Hospital in Krakow. 40% of the adolescents had externalising disorders and 60% had internalising disorders. The Davis Empathy Scale and the Cohen Empathy Scale were used in the study, as well as the Cloninger' Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). Six months of treatment in a day care unit resulted in statistically significant changes in the "Fantasy" scale from the Davis Empathy Scale, in the "Reward dependence", "Self-directedness" and "Self-transcendence" subscales on the Temperament and Character Inventory in the group of adolescents with internalising disorders. In the group of adolescents with externalising disorders, there were changes at the level of statistical trend in the values of the "Fantasy" scale and the "Harm Avoidance" scale of the Temperament and Character Inventory. The obtained results are in line with the available data in terms of differences in temperament and character profiles between types of mental disorders and constellations of traits that are unfavourable for mental health, such as low self-directedness, harm avoidance and reward dependence.

Temperamental and Neurocognitive predictors in Korean basketball league draft selection

Introduction The Korean Basketball League(KBL) holds an annual draft to allow teams to select new players, mostly graduates from the elite college basketball teams even though some are from high school teams. In sports games, many factors might influence the success of an athlete. In addition to possessing excellent physical and technical factors, success in a sports game is also influenced by remarkable psychological factors. Several studies reported that elite sports players can control their anxiety during competition, which may lead to better performance. In particular, the temperament and characteristics of players have been regarded as crucial determinants of the player’s performance and goal. In this regard, numerous studies suggest that personality is considered to be an important predictor of long-term success in professional sportsObjectivesBased on previous reports and studies, we hypothesized that physical status, temperament and characteristics, and neurocognitive functions of basketball players could predict the result of KBL draft selection. Especially, temperament and characteristics were associated with the result of KBL selection. The basketball performances including average scores and average rebound were associated with emotional perception and mental rotation.MethodsWe recruited the number of 44 college elite basketball players(KBL selection, n=17; Non-KBL selection, n=27), and the number of 35 age-matched healthy comparison subjects who major in sports education in college. All participants were assessed with the Temperament and Character Inventory(TCI), Sports Anxiety Scales(SAS), Beck Depression Inventory(BDI), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), Trail Making Test(TMT), and Computerized Neuro-cognitive Test(CNT) for Emotional Perception and Mental Rotation.ResultsCurrent results showed that physical status, temperament and characteristics, and Neurocognitive functions of college basketball players could predict the KBL draft selection. Among temperament and characteristics, novelty seeking and reward dependence were associated with KBL draft selection. The basketball performances including average scores and average rebound were associated with emotional perception and mental rotation.ConclusionsIn order to be a good basketball player for a long time, it was confirmed that temperamental factors and Neurocognitive factors were very closely related. Furthermore, it is also judged that these results can be used as basic data to predict potential professional basketball players.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Temperament Traits in Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Relation to Tourette Syndrome and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Introduction: Pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and Tourette syndrome (TS) are often concurrent. This study explores the temperament profile of complex OCD phenotypes. Methods: A clinical registry recorded demographic data, psychiatric diagnoses, and temperament traits, including novelty seeking (exploratory behaviors), harm avoidance (fear of uncertainty), reward dependence (sentimentality), and persistence (perseverance). Temperament data were accrued from the Junior Temperament and Character Inventory (JTCI). Participants were divided into (1) OCD only; (2) OCD+ADHD or TS; and (3) OCD+ADHD+TS to compare temperament. Results: Participants include 126 youths with OCD (61.9% male, 88.9% white) between the ages 6 and 18 years (12.7 ± 3.1). Among the three groups, the complex neurodevelopmental disorder group OCD+ADHD+TS expresses the highest novelty seeking and lowest persistence. Harm avoidance is increased in all groups compared to reference controls, irrespective of concurrent ADHD or TS. For the OCD+ADHD+TS group, contamination and washing symptoms have higher novelty seeking (p < 0.01), while counting and ordering have lower novelty seeking (p < 0.05). Harm avoidance is increased with aggressive, somatic, and checking symptoms in OCD only (p < 0.01), while persistence is increased with repeating and counting symptoms in the comorbid groups (OCD+ADHD or TS, OCD+ADHD+TS). Discussion/Conclusion: The complex subtype, OCD+ADHD+TS, is associated with high novelty seeking and low persistence, while high harm avoidance is linked to pediatric OCD irrespective of ADHD or TS co-occurrence. In sum, pediatric OCD with ADHD and TS confers a unique temperament profile, further refining complex phenotypes of pediatric OCD for future research.

Child temperament as a longitudinal predictor of mother–adolescent interaction quality: are effects independent of child and maternal mental health?

Adaptive parent–child interaction plays a major role in healthy child development. Caregiver mental health problems can negatively impact parent–child interaction. In turn, interactional quality is often studied as a predictor of child outcome. However, child characteristics supposedly shape parent–child interactions as well. Given associations between child and caregiver mental health and child temperament, this study aimed at differentiating their effects on dyadic interaction quality in adolescence. Child temperament and character at age 5 were investigated as longitudinal predictors of observed mother–adolescent interactional quality at age 14 in a community sample (N = 76). It was examined whether these effects were independent of maternal and child mental health and earlier dysfunctional interaction. Lower novelty seeking, higher reward dependence, and higher cooperativeness separately predicted higher dyadic interactional quality at age 14. Controlling regressions for dysfunctional interaction at age 5, which was a significant negative predictor of later interactional quality, cancelled out the effects of novelty seeking and cooperativeness. Past or concurrent maternal or child psychopathology did not explain variance in mother–adolescent interaction. Applying backward selection, a model including reward dependence and dysfunctional interaction at age 5 and concurrent maternal stress showed the best fit for explaining dyadic interaction quality. Results suggest that enduring rather than transient child features predict interactional quality in a community sample. Effects of temperament are not better explained by those of psychopathology, but a combination of child, maternal, and dyadic features predicted dyadic behaviour best. Selective prevention should target parenting in the context of challenging child characteristics specifically.

Using temperament and character dimensions (TCI) to analyze the personality profiles of adults and older adults with cancer managed in outpatient settings.

This study aimed to investigate profiles of personality evaluated by temperament and character dimensions (TCI) in 638 adult and older adult patients (CP) who had recently been diagnosed with breast, colon, lung, and other kinds of cancer (female and male subjects were assessed). Tests: Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). Statistical analysis: cluster K-means analysis for personality traits. Two different personality profiles emerged: "Low self-determination and pessimism" (Profile 1) and "Self-determination and self-caring (medium)" (Profile 2). The following significant differences were observed in the TCI dimensions between the two profiles: Temperament-Novelty-Seeking (NS) (p < 0.001); Harm-Avoidance (HA) (p < 0.001); Reward-Dependence (RD) (p < 0.001); Persistence (PS) (p < 0.001); Character-Self-Directness (SD) (p < 0.001); Cooperativeness (C) (p > 0.001); Self-Transcendence (ST) (p < 0.001). No differences in the two profiles were found between adult and elderly patients. Profile 1 - "Low self-determination and pessimism": Patients with this profile present low resistance to frustration, poor search for novelty and solutions (NS), anxiety and pessimism (medium HA), high social attachment and dependence on the approval of others (medium-high RD), and low self-determination (PS) as temperament dimensions; and medium-low self-direction, low autonomy and ability to adapt (SD-medium-low), medium cooperativeness (C), and low self-transcendence (ST) as character dimensions. Profile 2 - "Self-determination and self-caring (medium)": Patients with this profile have resistance to frustration, ability to search for novelty and solutions (medium-NS), low anxiety and pessimism (HA), low social attachment and dependence on approval (medium-low-RD), and determination (medium-high PS) as dimensions of temperament; and autonomy and capacity for adaptation and self-direction (SD), capacity for cooperation (high-CO), and self-transcendence (medium-high-ST) as character dimensions. Personality screening allows a better understanding of the difficulties of the individual patient and the planning of targeted psychotherapeutic interventions that promote quality of life and good adaptation to the disease course.

Polygenic risk for depression predicting temperament trajectories over 15 years – A general population study

BackgroundA great number of case-control and population-based studies have shown that depression patients differ from healthy controls in their temperament traits. We investigated whether polygenic risk for depression predicts trajectories of temperament traits from early adulthood to middle age. MethodsParticipants came from the population-based Young Finns Study (n = 2212). The calculation for Polygenic risk for depression (PRS) was based on the most recent genome-wide association study. Temperament traits of Harm Avoidance, Novelty Seeking, Reward Dependence, and Persistence were assessed with the Temperament and Character Inventory in 1997, 2001, 2007, and 2012 (participants being 24–50-year-olds). As covariates, we used depressive symptoms as assessed by a modified version of the Beck Depression Inventory, psychosocial family environment from parent-filled questionnaires, and socioeconomic factors from adulthood. ResultsHigh PRS predicted higher Persistence from early adulthood to middle age (p = 0.003) when controlling for depressive symptoms, psychosocial family environment, and socioeconomic factors. PRS did not predict trajectories of Novelty Seeking (p = 0.063–0.416 in different models) or Reward Dependence (p = 0.531–0.736). The results remained unaffected when participants with diagnosed affective disorders were excluded. Additionally, we found an interaction between PRS and depressive symptoms when predicting the Harm Avoidance subscale Anticipatory Worry, indicating that the association of Anticipatory Worry with depressive symptoms is stronger in individuals with higher (vs. lower) PRS. LimitationsThere was some attrition due to the long follow-up. ConclusionsHigh polygenic risk for major depression may predict differences in temperament trajectories among those who have not developed any severe affective disorders.

The Structural Relationships Between Temperament Dimensions of Personality and Psychological Symptoms of Somatic Symptom Disorder with the Mediation of Emotional Dysregulation

Background and Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the structural relationships between temperament dimensions of personality and psychological symptoms of somatic symptom disorder with the mediation of emotional dysregulation. Methods and Materials: For this purpose, 380 students from the University of Tabriz were selected using multi-stage cluster random sampling during the academic year 2021-2022. The variables were measured using the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, the Somatic Complaint Questionnaire, the short form of the Symptom Checklist, and Cloninger's Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). Findings: Data analysis using structural equation modeling showed that novelty seeking, reward dependence, and persistence negatively and significantly explain the variations in psychological symptoms. Harm avoidance and emotional dysregulation positively and significantly explain the variations in psychological symptoms. Reward dependence and persistence negatively and significantly explain the variations in emotional dysregulation. Novelty seeking and reward dependence negatively, and harm avoidance positively, can explain the variations in psychological symptoms through emotional dysregulation. Conclusion: The three temperament variables—novelty seeking, harm avoidance, and reward dependence—could explain the changes in somatic symptoms through the mediation of emotional dysregulation. These findings indicate that somatic symptom disorder is influenced by personality factors and that inefficiency in emotion regulation exacerbates this disorder. Additionally, these findings suggest that emotional dysregulation is a significant variable in the relationship between temperament dimensions and somatic symptoms.

Personality traits in patients with multiple sclerosis: their association with nicotine dependence and polypharmacy.

The modifiable risk factor exerting the most substantial influence on the development and disease course of multiple sclerosis (MS) is cigarette smoking. Furthermore, smoking is associated with a higher risk of suffering from one or more comorbidities and potentially contributes to polypharmacy. We aimed to use personality tests to explore health-promoting and harmful patient characteristics. To investigate two important factors influencing the course of MS - the degree of smoking dependence and the status of polypharmacy - in association with personality traits. This is a bicentric, cross-sectional study. We collected sociodemographic, clinical and medical data from patients with MS (n = 375) at two German neurological clinics. The participants were asked to complete the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) and the Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised (TCI-R). Relationships between variables were examined using correlation analyses, and differences between groups were examined using linear models. Current smokers with MS were also asked to complete the Fagerström questionnaire to categorize them into patients with mild, moderate and severe smoking dependence. In our sample, 67.5% were women, and the mean age was 48.1 years. The patients had a median Expanded Disability Status Scale of 3.0 at a median disease duration of 10 years. Patients with MS with severe smoking dependence had on average a significantly higher neuroticism score in the NEO-FFI compared to those with mild or moderate smoking dependence. Patients with MS and polypharmacy had significantly higher neuroticism scores than those without. In the extraversion scale of the NEO-FFI, patients with MS and polypharmacy had significantly lower scores on average. Significant differences were also found when analysing the TCI-R in patients with MS and heavy smoking dependence, with higher scores for harm avoidance (HA) and lower scores for reward dependence, self-directedness (S-D) and cooperativeness (CO) in various subscales. Polypharmacy in patients with MS was associated with higher scores for HA and self-transcendence. Furthermore, patients with polypharmacy showed lower values than patients without polypharmacy in individual subscales of the dimensions of persistence, S-D and CO. Using the NEO-FFI, we were able to show that neuroticism is a detrimental trait and extraversion a protective trait in patients with MS in relation to nicotine dependence and polypharmacy. In addition, the evaluation of the TCI-R showed that high HA as well as low S-D and CO scores were more common in patients with MS and nicotine dependence or polypharmacy. With this knowledge, the risk of polypharmacy and smoking can be understood in the context of personality characteristics and targeted treatment and counselling can be provided.

Emotional Dysregulation and Temperament-Character Traits in Adolescents With Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder (Conversion Disorder).

The purpose of this study was to evaluate emotion dysregulation and temperament-character traits in adolescents with functional neurological symptom disorder (FNSD). Forty adolescents with FNSD and 40 healthy adolescents were evaluated by a semiconstructed diagnosis interview, Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), Regulation of Emotions Questionnaire (REQ), and Children's Somatization Inventory-24 (CSI-24). The external and internal dysfunctional emotion regulation scores of REQ, all subscales of DERS, except the awareness subscale, and CSI-24 scores were significantly higher in FNSD patients compared with healthy controls. There were significant differences between the groups in terms of harm avoidance and reward dependence subscale scores of TCI. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the external dysfunctional emotion regulation strategy, somatization, and reward dependence are significant predictors of FNSD. Our results provide evidence that adolescents with FNSD experience emotional dysregulation and that the differential value of some temperament-character traits in the diagnosis of FNSD.

Polygenic risk for schizophrenia, social dispositions, and pace of epigenetic aging: Results from the Young Finns Study.

Schizophrenia is often regarded as a disorder of premature aging. We investigated (a) whether polygenic risk for schizophrenia (PRSsch ) relates to pace of epigenetic aging and (b) whether personal dispositions toward active and emotionally close relationships protect against accelerated epigenetic aging in individuals with high PRSsch . The sample came from the population-based Young Finns Study (n = 1348). Epigenetic aging was measured with DNA methylation aging algorithms such as AgeAccelHannum , EEAAHannum , IEAAHannum , IEAAHorvath , AgeAccelHorvath , AgeAccelPheno , AgeAccelGrim , and DunedinPACE. A PRSsch was calculated using summary statistics from the most comprehensive genome-wide association study of schizophrenia to date. Social dispositions were assessed in terms of extraversion, sociability, reward dependence, cooperativeness, and attachment security. We found that PRSsch did not have a statistically significant effect on any studied indicator of epigenetic aging. Instead, PRSsch had a significant interaction with reward dependence (p = 0.001-0.004), cooperation (p = 0.009-0.020), extraversion (p = 0.019-0.041), sociability (p = 0.003-0.016), and attachment security (p = 0.007-0.014) in predicting AgeAccelHannum , EEAAHannum , or IEAAHannum . Specifically, participants with high PRSsch appeared to display accelerated epigenetic aging at higher (vs. lower) levels of extraversion, sociability, attachment security, reward dependence, and cooperativeness. A rather opposite pattern was evident for those with low PRSsch . No such interactions were evident when predicting the other indicators of epigenetic aging. In conclusion, against our hypothesis, frequent social interactions may relate to accelerated epigenetic aging in individuals at risk for psychosis. We speculate that this may be explained by social-cognitive impairments (perceiving social situations as overwhelming or excessively arousing) or ending up in less supportive or deviant social groups.

Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of the Revised Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI-140) in a Psychiatric Outpatient Sample in Iran

Background: Cloninger first proposed the personality theory, considering both normal and abnormal personality traits. Later, different complementary versions of the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) found their way into the academic milieu to enhance their psychometric properties and efficiency in both experimental and clinical settings. Objectives: The main objective of the current research was to investigate the principal psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI-140). Methods: This research is a cross-sectional study. The data included information on psychiatric outpatients visiting Roozbeh psychiatric hospital in 9 months in 2021. Purposive sampling was performed on volunteers. A total of 471 outpatients filled out the TCI-140, 150 of whom also filled out the Personality Inventory for the DSM-5 (PID-5). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed using principal component analysis (PCA) by Promax rotation. Results: The internal consistency of all dimensions (Cronbach's alpha: Above 0.70, except for reward dependence) was proved to be satisfactory, but that of some subscales (NS1, NS4, RD4, CO3, and CO5) was quite poor. Test-retest reliability confirmed that for all dimensions, ICC &gt; 0.70, indicating a high reliability. The findings of the PCA revealed that all dimensions were loaded in accordance with the theoretical expectations. At the facet level, all the facets were loaded on their factors except for sentimentality and dependence. According to the correlation findings, the concurrent validity of TCI-140 was acceptable for PID-5. The results showed that HA had relatively high positive correlations with detachment (r = 0.55) and negative affect (r = 0.48). Conclusions: The results confirmed the satisfactory reliability and validity of the Persian version of TCI-140 despite its drawbacks. Hence, it can be employed to examine personality traits.

Personality traits between parent-adolescent interaction in anorexia nervosa at onset: Control-case study

The aim of the study was to examine the relationship between personality traits of parents and their daughters with anorexia nervosa (AN) by a case-control study. Fifty adolescent girls with AN (G-AN) and 50 control girls without pathology (GC) were measured with the “Junior Temperament and Character Inventory” and the “Eating Disorder Inventory-2“, and both parents. The G-AN and the CG did not differ in personality traits. Both parents of G-AN showed significant differences in temperamental and character traits compared to both parents in CG. In the G-AN, complementary relationships were found in mothers’ harm avoidance daughters cooperativeness and fantasy, while in fathers and daughters associations between reward dependence, persistence and self-directedness were found. The only scale that discriminated between the two groups was drive for thinness for G-AN and CG (classification: 74.7%). Identifying personality traits of parents and their daughters at the onset of AN will allow improvements in the intervention.

A review of the physiological role of hypocretin in the ventral tegmental area in reward and drug dependence.

Orexin (OX, hypocretin: HCRT) as a neuropeptide is produced in a distinct population of neurons in the posterior lateral hypothalamus (LH). OX neurons implicate in reward function. OX makes a main input from the hypothalamus to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the midbrain. OX, through OX receptors (OXR1, OXR2) activates VTA dopamine (DA) neurons. VTA neurons are involved in reward processing and motivation. In this review, we will discuss the OX effect on addiction through VTA activation and related areas of the brain.

Genetic risk scores associated with temperament clusters in Finnish depression patients.

Cloninger's temperament dimensions have been studied widely in relation to genetics. In this study, we examined Cloninger's temperament dimensions grouped with cluster analyses and their association with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). This study included 212 genotyped Finnish patients from the Ostrobothnia Depression Study. The temperament clusters were analysed at baseline and at six weeks from the beginning of the depression intervention study. We selected depression-related catecholamine and serotonin genes based on a literature search, and 59 SNPs from ten different genes were analysed. The associations of single SNPs with temperament clusters were studied. Using the selected genes, genetic risk score (GRS) analyses were conducted considering appropriate confounding factors. No single SNP had a significant association with the temperament clusters. Associations between GRSs and temperament clusters were observed in multivariate models that were significant after permutation analyses. Two SNPs from the DRD3 gene, two SNPs from the SLC6A2 gene, one SNP from the SLC6A4 gene, and one SNP from the HTR2A gene associated with the HHA/LRD/LP (high harm avoidance, low reward dependence, low persistence) cluster at baseline. Two SNPs from the HTR2A gene were associated with the HHA/LRD/LP cluster at six weeks. Two SNPs from the HTR2A gene and two SNPs from the COMT gene were associated with the HP (high persistence) cluster at six weeks. GRSs seem to associate with an individual's temperament profile, which can be observed in the clusters used. Further research needs to be conducted on these types of clusters and their clinical applicability.

부모의 기질 및 성격과 어머니의 양육태도가 유아의 문제행동에 미치는 영향

Objectives The purpose of present study was to investigate the effects of the temperament and character of parentsr, and parenting attitude of parents on behavior problems of the children.&#x0D; Methods A total of 251 parents of preschoolers aged 5-7 completed the following questionnaires: TCI, Junior TCI, Schaefer’s Maternal Behavior Research Instrument (MBRI), and Child Behavior Checklist for 1.5-5 (CBCL 1.5-5).&#x0D; Results The results were as follows. First, stepwise regression showed that internalizing problem behaviors of children were predicted by father’s self-transcendence (ST) character and mother’s negative and positive parenting attitude. Also externalizing problem behaviors of children were predicted by father’s reward dependence (RD) temperament and ST character and mother’s self-directedness (SD) character. Second, Second, using latent profile analysis (LPA), two latent groups were extracted and named as high and low problem behavior group, respectively. There were significant differences of father’s ST and mother’s temperament (harm avoidance, and RD) and character (SD, cooperativeness), and parenting (positive and negative parenting attitude) between high and low problem behavior groups. To sum up, the character dimensions of parents rather than temperament as well as parenting attitude were more directly associated with behavior problems of children.&#x0D; Conclusions This suggests that the character dimensions orchestrating temperament and avoiding negative parenting might have greater influence on behavior problems of children.

The moderating and mediating effects of personality on the association between morningness and well-being.

Morningness (morning-eveningness preference or chronotypes) and personality can be both associated with well-being, but few studies have directly compared these two constructs as correlates of well-being. Thus, the first purpose of this study was to test the effects of interactions between stable personality traits (temperaments) and morningness on well-being. Furthermore, personality factors are often composed of both stable biological factors (temperament) and socio-cultural factors (character), and little is known about personality interplay of temperament and character factors with respect to morningness and well-being. The second purpose of this study was therefore to examine the sequential mediating effects of temperament and character factors on the relationship between morningness and well-being. The Composite Scale of Morningness, the Korean version of the Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised Short Version (TCI-RS), and the Satisfaction with Life Scale were used to measure morningness, personality dimensions, and well-being, respectively, in 287 Korean university students. Moderating and sequentially mediating effects of temperament and character traits were determined using Hayes' PROCESS macro in SPSS after controlling for sex and age. First, novelty-seeking (NS) and persistence (PS) temperaments have demonstrated the moderating effect in the association between morningness and well-being. The positive effects of morningness on life satisfaction increased with lower NS and PS, respectively. However, other temperaments such as harm avoidance (HA) and reward dependence (RD) have not shown the moderation in the relationship between morningness on well-being. Second, HA temperament and self-directedness (SD) character sequentially mediated the relationship between morningness and well-being. The combination of low scores of HA and high scores of SD have shown the positive effect on the relationship between morningness and well-being. This study demonstrated that both the interactions between temperaments and morningness, and combination of specific TCI-RS temperament and character traits play important roles in influencing the association between morningness and well-being. The significance of the mature SD character and its implications for well-being are discussed with limitation of the present study.