Revolutionary Work Research Articles

From Pathogen to Toxin: The Revolutionary Work of Dr. Sambhu Nath De in Understanding Cholera.

In the history of medical science and public health in India, the groundbreaking research on cholera toxin by Dr. Sambhu Nath De presents a pivotal moment. This review article dives into Dr. De's influential contributions to the understanding of cholera pathogenesis, his discovery of the cholera toxin, and its implications for the treatment and prevention of diseases. By defining the process via which vibrio cholera causes severe diarrhea and dehydration, Dr. De worked toward paving the way for the development of effective rehydration therapies and preventive strategies that have helped save innumerable lives all over the world. This article also reviews the more significant impact of Dr. De's findings in the field of public health and its shaping and use of modern approaches to infectious control. This article aims to honor the enduring legacy and contributions to public health reform by Dr. De.

Literature and art as political discourse: adapting The White-Haired Girl in the communist context of China

ABSTRACT It is not only political actors but also the contexts, which make a text political discourse. This nuanced understanding turns political functions and implications into defining features of political discourse. Using the Chinese revolutionary work The White-Haired Girl as a case study, this paper argues that the constant adaptations of the work, in its various literary and artistic forms, are intrinsically political. Born out of a folktale, the work first assumed the form of literary non-fiction in 1940. Aligning with Chinese Communist Party’s evolving political agendas in the next few decades, The White-Haired Girl migrated across medial borders to take the form of a movie in the 1950s and a ballet in the 1960s. The highly ideological adaptations transformed the work into political discourse, with its life sustained not primarily by artistic merits but by political functions. The adaptation history of The White-Haired Girl reveals that intersemiotic translations of a work tend to complement their source text(s), and they also bear (intertextual) traces of their sociohistorical contexts.

Going Nowhere, Being No One: Navigating Space and Identity in Jean Rhys’s Wide Sargasso Sea

Identity has arguably been the most prominent theme in the works of postcolonial theorists and has been approached from various viewpoints that generally fall into two groups: a melancholic idiom of ‘in-betweenness’ or a celebratory focus on hybridity and multiculturalism. These conceptions of identity implicitly rely on notions of (cultural) space as largely homogenous and demarcated by boundaries, which can either (I) exclude, resulting in artificial, essentialised identities and in-between non-identities, or (II) include, enabling connections that can result in multicultural assemblages. As such, they seem to reflect what Marie-Laure Ryan, Kenneth Foote and Maoz Azaryahu in their work Narrating Space/Spatializing Narrative (2016) have called the two principal ways for conceptualising space: space as container and space as network. For writer and theorist Stephen Clingman, however, these abstractions fail to reflect the complexity of reality in which spaces, and by extension identities, are culturally entangled rather than determined by a single culture or a composite of cultures. Consequently, he seeks to transcend these categories by emphasising identity as a transcultural process of linguistic and physical navigation; an idea he maps out in his revolutionary work The Grammar of Identity (2009) aided by an analysis of several novels, including Jean Rhys’s Wide Sargasso Sea (1966).

De la Commune à l’anarchie de Charles Malato : le destin de l’écrivain libertaire

From the Commune to Anarchy by Charles Malato: the destiny of the libertarian writer Charles Malato has gone down in posterity as the author of novels, memoirs and especially plays in which he castigates the excesses of power. Two events are at the origin of the birth of Malato’s vocation as an anarchist writer: the condemnation of his parents to banishment in New Caledonia and the meeting of the young Charles with Louise Michel. It is in this context that this article proposes to study the autobiographical text of the French author From the Commune to Anarchy which allows us to understand the inner evolution of the somewhat carefree adolescent towards destiny of a revolutionary able to use his pen as a formidable weapon. From then on, the analysis of the text accounts for Malato’s political awareness and his subsequent involvement in social issues, as well as highlighting the style of his language, as cruel as it is grotesque, which will upset the fragile minds of the bourgeois. In short, the exploration of the work constitutes a kind of propaedeutic to the subversive work of Malato whose universality attests to its undeniable topicality.

Unveiling Lady Audley’s Secret: Navigating Femininity, Autonomy, and Societal Constraints in Victorian Literature

The paper analyzes Lady Audley's Secret in the context of Victorian gender inequality. During this era, women faced societal expectations rooted in domesticity, limiting their access to education and public life. Braddon's novel challenges these norms, portraying a complex heroine, Lady Audley, who engages in criminal activities to navigate the constraints of her gender and social expectations. The novel explores themes of economic dependence, the limitations of marriage, and the use of madness as a societal tool. Lady Audley's character embodies paradoxes, reflecting the tension between societal ideals and individual desires. Braddon's portrayal of ordinary women's struggles provides a nuanced perspective on femininity, challenging the prevailing stereotypes of the time. The analysis examines the societal implications of madness and the consequences of resisting prescribed gender roles. Lady Audley's Secret emerges as a subversive work that addresses the invisible lives and personal conflicts of ordinary women, contributing to the broader discourse on female autonomy in the Victorian era.

In Situ Insertion of Silicon Nanowires into Hollow Porous Co/NC Polyhedra Enabling Large-Current-Density Hydrogen Evolution Electrocatalysis.

N-doped carbon (NC)-encapsulated transition metal (TM) nanocomposites are considered as alternatives to Pt-based hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalysts; however, their poor electron transfer and mass diffusion capability at high current densities hinder their practical application. Herein, an oriented coupling strategy for the in situ grafting of ultrafine Co nanoparticle-embedded hollow porous C polyhedra onto Si nanowires (Co/NC-HP@Si-NWs) is proposed to address this concern. Experimental investigations reveal that the intimate coupling between the Si-NW and Co/NC nanocage forms a multithreaded conductive network, lowering the energy barrier for internal electron transfer. When functionalized as an HER electrocatalyst in 0.5m H2 SO4 , Co/NC-HP@Si-NWs deliver overpotentials as low as 57 and 440mV at 10 and 500mA cm-2 , respectively, which are much better than those of the pristine Co/NC-HP. Moreover, Co/NC-HP@Si-NWs show an outstanding cycle durability of 24h at 10 and 500mA cm-2 . The findings of this study are expected to inspire revolutionary work on the development of Si-mediated TM-based electrocatalysts for the HER.

Адольфо Джилли и гватемальская эпо-пея. В поисках революции.

The article outlines a brief review of the life and work of Adolfo Gilly, especially focused on his revolutionary actions as a distinguished mili-tant of the Latin American Bureau of the Fourth Posadist International. His conception of the permanent revolution led him not only to critically delve into the processes of social change in Latin America, but also to become a revolutionary intellectual, whose pen was at the same time the insurgent rifle in the convergence of the Trotskyist Revolutionary Workers Party and the November 13 Revolutionary Movement.

Uncertainty in Motion: Rumors of a Proxy War in Late Industrial Baltimore

Until 2016, South Baltimoreans debated a proposed incinerator. Those debates were manifestly about local land use, but rumors spread that something else was really going on. Opponents supposed the plant was secretly owned by a power player in the waste-to-energy sector; supporters swore opponents must be bankrolled by Big Landfill. In short: a waste-industry proxy war was brewing in South Baltimore. I follow these rumors and argue that their persuasive power grew as they darted up, down, and back, forging a politics of connection across scales that made skilled use of fragmented information. On both sides of the issue, talk of outside influence worked to vest some voices with more authority than others. Tracking these claims across scales and through allegedly bad relations—in a place where corporations strive to disavow connections of all kinds and consign local knowledge to the realm of mere suspicion—I show how rumors of a proxy war became tools for mapping ambiguous forces long at play in this environment. More, by wielding doubt to do subversive work, rumors managed to draw local power from them.

Discovery of Insulin is a Great Achievement for the Diabetes Patients

Before the discovery of insulin, a diabetes patient must face an unavoidable death sentence. The discovery of insulin is a milestone in medical science, and it is really a revolutionary work for the welfare of the diabetes patients. In parallel it creates controversies and disputes among scholars; and disappointments, failures, and hopes in the way of discovery. The leading work to the discovery of insulin has been started in 1921 by the Canadian medical scientist and physician Frederick Grant Banting, who had no research experience, no publications, and not even a doctorate degree. He has started research through the supervision of Professor John James Richard Macleod; with two lab assistants of the bachelor degree students named Charles Herbert Best, and Edward Clark Noble, and ten dogs as experimental devices. The first applications of insulin in human body became possible in 11 January 1922 on Leonard Thompson, a 14-year-old boy who was suffering from diabetes mellitus. This study tries to discuss the aspects of discovery of insulin and the further continuous development of it for the welfare of the diabetes patients.

The legacy of Vaughan Jones in 𝐼𝐼₁ factors

We describe Vaughan Jones’s ground-breaking discovery that symmetries of I I 1 \mathrm {II}_1 factors, as encoded by their subfactors, are quantized and have a natural index that can be non-integral. We then comment on the impact his revolutionary work had in the study of I I 1 \mathrm {II}_1 factors.

Discurso feminista e identidad americana en la danza moderna: Martha Graham y el significado social del cuerpo femenino

. Este artículo reflexiona acerca de los conceptos del discurso feminista y de la identidad americana en el contexto de la significación social del cuerpo danzante tal y como está representado en las coreografías de la bailarina americana Martha Graham. Aquí abordamos el impacto de las obras revolucionarias Heretic (1929) Lamentation (1930), Primitive Mysteries (1931), Frontier (1935), Letter to the World (1940) y Appalachian Spring (1944), explorando su significado social con referencia a la demarcación de la masculinidad y de la feminidad en la visión de danza de Graham. La iconografía visual, las partituras extraordinarias y la atmósfera sensorial creada por y para estas coreografías seminales son experiencias únicas de una danza artística específica que construye el discurso feminista. La contribución de Martha Graham a la formación de la danza moderna y sus característicos movimientos de ‘contract and release’ que forman la Graham Technique, en la que la energía se localiza en el centro del cuerpo, está saturada de emoción humana. El discurso feminista incorporado en estas coreografías habla del amor y de la muerte, de la opresión y de la libertad, de las limitaciones del género y de la lucha por identidad. Su contribución iluminadora a la danza contemporánea se basó en sus frases de movimiento corporal únicas y en su cuestionamiento sin concesiones de los cuerpos construidos socialmente. Martha Graham creó un nuevo vocabulario de movimiento que revolucionó la danza y se configuró debido al ‘cultural embodiment, cultural communication and the whole shift in the Western lifeworld at the beginning of the twentieth century’ . Palabras clave. Martha Graham, Graham Technique, danza moderna, significado social, discurso feminista, cuerpo femenino, grupos sociales, identidad americana, paisaje musical, cuerpo danzante femenino.

Stylistics of Grammatical Structures: The Presence of Verbs and their Temporal Connotations in the Poetry Book "Fragments of a Woman" by Soaud Al-Sabah as a Model

In this article, we focused on the presence of verbs and nouns in Su‘ād al-Ṣabāḥ Fatāfīt Imraʼa (Fragments of a Woman), and on the significance of tense verbs as a section of grammatical structures, which in turn are considered part of the structural methods. Fatāfīt Imraʼa, with most of its poems, is a revolutionary work for its rejection of the humiliating reality, and social postulates that made the man dominant in his relationship with women. Since the revolution is based on changing the existing reality, and change is associated with actions (verbs), rather than nouns that indicate stability and consistency. We found that most of the revolutionary poems have a notably high ratio of verbs to nouns compared to those in which the persona feels emotional, social or patriotic satisfaction. About the significance of tense verbs, we found that the poems in which the past tense predominates depict a steady state that does not change or that it depicts a state that was intended to be attached and entrenched in the minds of the readers to influencing them, while the present tense was in most of the poems that depicted continual states. The style of speech that Al-Sabah followed in many of her poems contributed to the use of imperative verbs, but in a different way. When the persona was optimistic about the change and renewal that the future would bring, to move to a better situation, the presence of imperative verbs increased, and when she did not hope for anything from the future, it was less or completely gone.

The idea of evolution in digital architecture: Toward united ontologies?

Humans have always sought to grasp nature’s working principles and apply acquired intelligence to artefacts since nature has always been the source of inspiration, solution and creativity. For this reason, there is a comprehensive interrelationship between the philosophy of nature and architecture. After Charles Darwin’s revolutionary work, living beings have started to be comprehended as changing, evolving and developing dynamic entities. Evolution theory has been accepted as the interpretive power of biology after several discussions and objections among scientists. In time, the working principles of evolutionary mechanisms have begun to be explained from genetic code to organism and environmental level. Afterwards, simulating nature’s evolutionary logic in the digital interface has become achievable with computational systems’ advancements. Ultimately, architects have begun to utilise evolutionary understanding in design theories and methodologies through computational procedures since the 1990s. Although several studies about technical and pragmatic elements of evolutionary tools in design, there is still little research on the historical, theoretical and philosophical foundations of evolutionary understanding in digital architecture. This paper fills this literature gap by critically reviewing the evolutionary understanding embedded in digital architecture theories and designs since the beginning of the 1990s. The original contribution is the proposed intellectual framework seeking to understand and conceptualise how evolutionary processes were defined in biology and philosophy, then represented through computational procedures, to be finally utilised by architectural designers. The network of references and concepts is deeply connected with the communication between natural processes and their computational simulations. For this reason, another original contribution is the utilisation of theoretical limits and operative principles of computation procedures to shed light on the limitations, shortcomings and potentials of design theories regarding their speculations on the relationship between natural and computational ontologies.

The Citizenship Education Program and Black Women’s Political Culture by Deanna M. Gillespie

Reviewed by: The Citizenship Education Program and Black Women’s Political Culture by Deanna M. Gillespie Evan Faulkenbury The Citizenship Education Program and Black Women’s Political Culture. By Deanna M. Gillespie. Southern Dissent. (Gainesville and other cities: University Press of Florida, 2021. Pp. xviii, 260. $95.00, ISBN 978-0-8130-6694-3.) Across Savannah, Georgia, in 1963, Black women educated community members about taking collective action against Jim Crow. Cassie Pierce led discussions that tackled current issues, noting, “The project has . . . awakened the individuals that were asleep and caused interest and understanding” (p. 89). Another teacher, Daisy P. Jones, similarly observed in her students how the material covered “changed [a student’s] attitude toward voting and helping his people and himself instead of always kowtowing to someone” (p. 89). And another instructor, Dorothy Boles, found that after Black men and women took citizenship classes, “They walk, talk, and act like new people with determination and more courage to face the future” (p. 89). Stories like these populate historian Deanna M. Gillespie’s important book, The Citizenship Education Program and Black Women’s Political Culture. Gillespie focuses on the history of the Citizenship Education Program (CEP), which originated in 1957 and ended in 1970. The CEP, Gillespie argues, was a vital, though underappreciated, component of the Black freedom movement [End Page 184] in the South. According to Gillespie, “Everyone and no one knew about CEP classes,” because they were such a regular part of Black community life across the American South (p. 3). As a result, the CEP has remained in the background of the historiography of the movement. In CEP classes, Black men and women learned how to read, write, advocate, vote, and participate in a democracy. In so doing, the CEP “contributed to the groundswell for social justice” (p. 2). The CEP first took shape in the South Carolina Lowcountry during the late 1950s. Teachers received training at the Highlander Folk School and brought their knowledge, handbooks, and course materials to local communities. They led classes in churches, community centers, and beauty salons, with a staggering amount of local interest. Students learned how government functioned, how they could get involved in political life, what they could do to maximize their citizenship capability, and how best to use their individual and collective voices to decry the racial caste system. In 1961, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference took over from Highlander to administer the CEP. Operating throughout the South, the CEP, its teachers, and its students laid the groundwork for local civil rights movements in many communities. “This was subversive work in the Jim Crow South,” as Gillespie writes, “because reading, writing, and calculating was empowering” (p. 2). Drawing on oral histories, administrative files, attendance records, narrative CEP meeting reports, and other primary sources, Gillespie reconstructs this behind-the-scenes history of the civil rights movement. She focuses on several case studies from the states where the CEP was most active, including South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi. The chapters trace the CEP’s growth, impact, and eventual decline during the late 1960s as monetary contributions dwindled and momentum shifted. But even though the program remained in the background and ended with little fanfare, Gillespie shows why we must take the CEP into account when we consider the sweep of the Black freedom struggle in the South. She quantifies the program’s impact: between 1961 and 1970, the CEP cultivated 2,349 teachers who taught 7,280 classes with an enrollment of 26,686 people. Women like Cassie Pierce, Daisy P. Jones, and Dorothy Boles were crucial to the success of not only the CEP but also the larger civil rights movement. By advertising their services, gathering around tables, teaching neighbors how to fill out forms, and informing them about their rights as citizens, these Black women sustained the movement. Gillespie’s book does their story justice. Evan Faulkenbury SUNY Cortland Copyright © 2023 The Southern Historical Association

Inaugural Editorial: Welcome to ASCE OPEN

Much time has passed since Newton wrote to Robert Hooke in a 1675 letter, “If I have seen further, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants”—a metaphor that predates even Newton by more than four centuries. His distinct acknowledgment of others who paved the way for his own revolutionary work is remarkable in both its simplicity and humility. It was clear that others also deserved recognition, but in that statement, he implicitly acknowledged the power of scientific correspondence as well because, without it, he might not have even known there were giants around from whom he could learn. It is thus how science and engineering, including our own—and arguably the most senior of them all—civil engineering, make progress. We, often without personal acquaintance and almost always asynchronously, communicate and learn from each other, with sometimes decades or even centuries separating us. The conduits of these interactions are manifold, but the main one today is our peer-reviewed journals. The moniker implies printed matter, yet that format has all but evolved out of existence. Needless to say, just like our science, our journals do evolve. The latest development we are experiencing in the world of science and engineering communications is a steady migration toward open publishing. Simply put, open publishing is the practice of making information and creative works available to the general public without restrictions or cost. This mode of publishing offers many virtues that benefit both the creators and the consumers of knowledge and information. Open publishing spurs creativity and knowledge development by removing access barriers and bringing more people from diverse backgrounds into collaboration and cocreation. Otherwise, you might be less inclined to access an article from a neighboring discipline, or from the same discipline but a different country, if it required additional subscriptions. Open publishing can also benefit creators by giving them broader exposure and recognition (citations). By the same token, constructive criticism from a wider audience can help authors improve their work. Finally, open publishing reduces the barriers that prevent marginalized groups from accessing knowledge, which is a prerequisite for participating in knowledge production. In all, open publishing should accelerate the pace of inventions and discoveries in our community, and supporting and promoting it will enable a more informed, creative, and just society.

Ciriaco d'Ancona and the Origins of Epigraphy

This article investigates how and why scholars began to systematically examine and record ancient inscriptions in fifteenth-century Italy. Finding evidence in the revolutionary work of Ciriaco d'Ancona, it shows that this change emerged from the synthesis of several cultural traditions. Ciriaco learned to observe antiquities from the Italian elite living in the Greek colonies and to record inscriptions from an early Christian pilgrim's practice. He introduced a new degree of precision in his records, learned partly from humanists. These facts suggest that a new culture of observing, discussing, and writing about antiquities was developing in the early Renaissance Mediterranean.

THE ARTIST AS FERMENT OF THE SOCIAL BODY

Abstract Multidisciplinary artist ORLAN offers a glimpse into her revolutionary work and creative process as fermentation.

Putas y Discas: Sex Work Activism and Disability Justice in Argentina

This article examines how mutual aid efforts between sex work activists and disability activists straddled the tension between respectability politics and subversive work to invigorate feminist disability justice in Argentina. I specifically focus on a 2021 Instagram Live conversation titled "Putas y Discas" to elucidate how public debates during a pandemic and in the digital age contribute to the conceptualization of 'access intimacy,' a term introduced by disability activist Mia Mingus. I attended the event as a user taking notes and paying attention to how labor rights, disability justice, and online censorship converge in the Global South to strengthen the solidarity between sex work and disability activists, featuring digital platforms as a potential arena to uphold access intimacy. The juncture of sex work and disability activisms in Argentina informs notions of interdependency more broadly and reconfigures the relationships between vulnerability and resistance, especially in the pandemic context. "Putas y Discas" invites us to include sex as integral to health demands and recognize sexual assistance as part of a bundle of disability policies covered by healthcare. A more inclusive politics of desire can also identify the labor of sex workers as communal care and consider how the more revolutionary aspects of sex work can inform the broader politics of labor. In the form of access intimacy, sex work activism and disability activists contest the malfunctioning healthcare system that bypasses sexuality as integral health, displaying the vitality of collectives and the possibilities for digital activism.

Diagnosis as Subculture: Subversions of Health and Medical Knowledges in the Orthorexia Recovery Community on Instagram

Diagnoses are powerful tools that fulfill various practical and symbolic functions. In this paper, I examine how a contested diagnosis called orthorexia nervosa has been taken up by users on Instagram, where tens of thousands of posts engage with the topic, many of them from individuals who identify with the condition. I put scholarship on medicalization and diagnosis in conversation with literature on subcultures to foreground the subversive work that is enabled through this diagnosis. Drawing on more than 350 hours of online ethnographic fieldwork and 34 in-depth interviews, I examine how participants construct a shared identity, draw on common language and norms, and undertake collective practices, as they negotiate dominant understandings of health. I show how they draw on the legitimacy endowed by the diagnostic label to validate and make sense of experiences of suffering but also to counter dominant health-seeking discourses, practices, and aesthetics in an online space where these are highly visible and valued. I also discuss some ways Instagram as a digital platform shapes its uptake by this community in meaningful ways. On the one hand, participants draw heavily on the language and framing of medicine to make sense of their fraught experiences with food and their bodies, effectively advocating for the medicalization of their own suffering while also creating a sense of community and shared identity. However, on the other hand, they actively use the diagnosis and the recovery process enabled through it to effectively resignify dominant beliefs, values, and practices that are experienced as injurious, including some that are particularly prevalent on Instagram.

Music culture of China in the middle of the XX century in the context of socio-cultural and ideological transformations

The purpose of the article is to explore the main aspects of musical culture development in China in the mid-twentieth century in the context of political reforms. The methodology is based on the usage of culturological approach, which determines the generalized socio-cultural orientation of the work, as well as the principle of historicism as the main when considering Chinese musical culture in relation to political processes that took place during this period. The main research methods were: historical and cultural – to study the process of forming the cultural policy of the CCP; comparative – in determining the political influence in different periods of musical culture; content analysis – to reveal the ideological essence of CCP documents. The scientific novelty of the article is the analysis of political documents that determine the direction and mechanisms of implementation of the CCP's cultural policy and their impact on the development of Chinese musical culture in the mid-twentieth century. Conclusions. The process of the formation of the CCP's cultural policy and the main directions of musical art development in the middle of the twentieth century is determined by the call for the creation of a «mass new culture» combined with reliance on millennial national traditions. The “reformist” movement of the Jiang Qing Group, aimed to transform traditional Beijing opera and create model revolutionary works, significantly limited the creative freedom of artists and was the main cause of «artificial stagnation» in the musical culture of the 60-the 70s of the twentieth century. The suspension of cultural and ideological experiments and overcoming its negative consequences, together with effective economic reforms, paved the way for the formation of a new progressive direction in the development of musical art in the country.
 Key words: China, musical culture, cultural policy, music-educational system, ideological influence.