Revolutionary Atmosphere Research Articles

Coup of May 16, 1961 in South Korea in US politics

The article is devoted to the methods of the U.S. response to the process of forced change of power in South Korea during the military coup of 1961. The process of changing the existing U.S. policy towards Korea was launched shortly before the revolutionary events due to the available information about conspiracy. However, new approaches were still being in development, and the May 16 coup took the Americans by surprise. Washington's initial attempt to support the legitimate authorities proved ineffective under the new conditions. As a result, the Americans took a survivalist position and watched the establishment of a military rule from the sidelines. By mid-summer of 1961, the Americans had already accept-ed the authoritarian regime that had suspended the republican constitu-tion, suppressed any sprouts of opposition, and was unwilling to return civilian control of the government in the short term. The coup leader, Park Chung-hee, was perceived by Americans as a «strong, fair, and in-telligent leader» who acted as a bridge between the government and the people and effectively combated traditional Korean factionalism. The sit-uation in the country stabilized and the risks of a counter-coup were min-imized. The temporary banning of political parties, as well as other «questionable methods» of the new authorities, was perceived by Ameri-cans as an attribute of the revolutionary atmosphere of the transition pe-riod. From the U.S. point of view, the rise to power in Korea of a group intolerant of corruption and, at the same time, anti-communist, was a great success.

Linguistics in a Minor Key—Of Atmospheres, Voice(s), and Ethics

Abstract In this article, I reflect on the complexities of signification and suggest that the study of music allows us to push forward the radical project of dis-inventing language in applied linguistics (Makoni and Pennycook 2007). In thinking about language, music, and meaning, I focus on a song that has travelled around the globe and that has sounded the Black radical tradition: Aretha Franklin’s song Respect (1967). I explore the multiple significations of this song: the revolutionary atmosphere in which the song emerged and which it co-created, the voices that shape it, and the ethics that its words articulate. Throughout the text, I emphasize the importance of listening as a scholarly stance. Theoretically, the article draws on the ideas of minor theory (Deleuze and Guattari 1983) and disciplinary disobedience (Gordon 2014), two perspectives that are helpful when thinking about southern theory and decolonial scholarship. The aim is to see worlds in the grain of the voice (Barthes 1977), in the grain of a song, and to articulate expressive struggles.

REVOLUTIONARY POETRY OF ZEMGALIEŠU BIRUTA

The article offers an insight into the connection of the writer Zemgaliešu Biruta with revolutionary activity and references to this activity in different sources. Around the year 1905 Zemgaliešu Biruta was among the enthusiasts of the revolution. Her contribution was a translation of the essay of the Austrian social theorist and juridical expert Anton Menger “Anarchism” from German to Latvian. There are three main motifs in her creative work. One of them is her poetry texts inspired by the spirit of the time and marked by revolutionary enthusiasm. Her poetry embodies the spirit of protest, dissatisfaction with the ruling order, and an inclination to break free. The woman is frequently in the centre of the poetry: she is the one who expresses the spirit of protest; she is a passionate and brave fighter. Although there is no particular record of Zemgaliešu Biruta as a revolutionary who had been assigned to carry out secret tasks, there is a reason to believe that she had a close connection with the events of 1905–1906. It is known that the writer and the revolutionaries had strong ties: she helped to spread flyers and revolutionary literature, took part in secret gatherings and debates, she also left the territory of Latvia together with the revolutionaries when the government reaction against revolution took place. Zemgaliešu Biruta’s enigmatic course of life and her tragic demise is closely connected with the revolutionary atmosphere and events of the age: her contact with the revolutionaries served as a reason for her arrest. In a flat in Lielā Ņevas Street where Zemgaliešu Biruta also used to live, an explosive was found which was intended for the assassination of the governor general. Even though the real role of Zemgaliešu Biruta in revolutionary activity during the time of 1905–1906 cannot be fully established, and no direct written records have been preserved about her contribution to the revolutionary activities, the recollections book of the writer Jānis Akuraters “Dienu atspīdumi” (“Reflections of the Days”) allows me to draw a conclusion that she was one of the rare Latvian women revolutionaries of the time who had a deeper conviction about different ideas to transform the society, etc.

ڕۆڵی تیپه‌ شانۆییەکان له‌ بزاڤی ڕۆشنبیری

Abstract On March 5 of 1991, Kurdish people in the North part of Iraq launched an uprising which resulted in reoccupying various lands from the hands of socialist groups and Baath Regime. These lands were taken over by the demonstrators and revolutionists. This revolution resulted in the establishment of an autonomous Kurdish government. Additionally, Soran province as a part of those reoccupied lands, fell under the influence of that revolutionary atmosphere. As various social activists and artists began seizing the opportunity and started making groups in order to make artistic activities. Moreover, before the revolution of 1991, theatre influenced a large number of people. And these people started constructing different theatrical teams and acting performers in order to be engaged in that art. Although, it is said that there were theatrical and artistic groups in soran province. Yet, non of their names or their participant's names had ever been mentioned in the documentations. Therefore, researchers have tried to recognize and pinpoint these theatrical groups between the years 1991_2003 in soran and also to highlight their characteristics and principles.

Revolutionary Atmosphere

Chemistry & IndustryVolume 86, Issue 5 p. 28-31 Analytical Chemistry Revolutionary Atmosphere First published: 07 May 2022 https://doi.org/10.1002/cind.865_9.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume86, Issue5May 2022Pages 28-31 RelatedInformation

Henry Adams: The Political Wisdom of His Biography, History, and Freedom

This review essay considers two recent publications: David S. Brown’s The Last American Aristocrat: The Brilliant Life and Improbable Education of Henry Adams, and Ormond Seavey’s Henry Adams in Washington: Linking the Personal and Public Lives of America’s Man of Letters. Henry Adams was the descendant of two American presidents (John Adams and John Quincy Adams) and raised in the revolutionary atmosphere that continued to linger in New England at the time of Adams’s birth in 1838. Yet, by the time of his death in 1918, the republic that his great-grandfather helped to found had been transformed into a large, industrial democracy poised to become one of the twentieth century’s superpowers. Brown, a historian, and Seavey, a literary critic, offer insight into the remarkable life and works of a very private man from one of America’s most public families.

Interpretiranje literature v zmanjšanem merilu: »Oddaljeno branje« korpusa »dolgega leta 1968«

This article discusses the role of interpretation in the digital humanist approach to literature, focusing on corpus analysis. It illustrates the interpretive significance of computer-based quantitative statistical analyses of tokens, tags and metadata in a small corpus of literary texts produced in a given period. Using the example of a corpus of original literary texts printed in the journals of the predominantly student generation (Tribuna and Problemi) during the international student movement of “The Long 1968”, a quantitative analysis or “distant reading” examines the assertion of modernism, the change in genre repertoire and literary language, the textual traces of the revolutionary atmosphere, and the role of women in the literary system.

Очерки В. Я. Ирецкого в контексте публицистики 1917-1918 гг.

This article aims to initiate a study of an extremely interesting body of texts by Viktor Ya. Iretsky that were published in the major metropolitan newspaper Rech' [Speech] and caused a resonance in 1917-1918. The study of the originality of the half-forgotten prose writer's revolutionary journalism in the context of the ideological searches of the author's famous contemporaries - M. Gorky, V.G. Korolenko, L.N. Andreev, A.A. Blok, I.A. Bunin - seems relevant. Based on newspaper, magazine, and book collections of the National Library of Russia, the Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and the House of Russia Abroad, the article analyzes the essays published in Rech' from March 1917 to August 1918 using historical-literary and intertextual research methods. In the course of the research, the author selected the most revealing essays that are comparable to well-known journalistic works about the revolution, analyzed their artistic originality, evolution, and similarity to the journalism of 1917-1918. Iretsky's texts are thematically and ideologically similar to Andreev's articles and diary entries, Korolenko's writings, and - particularly - Gorky's cycle published in Novaya Zhizn' [New Life]; however, theses texts describe the facts, moods, and the revolutionary atmosphere from the point of view of an observer who opposes the revolution and, since May 1917, sees it only as destructive force. The author concludes that Iretsky's essays, reflecting the metamorphoses of the intelligentsia's perception of the revolution, problems close to Gorky's and Korolenko's notes, are more similar to emigrants' diaries, especially Bunin's Cursed Days, in their confessional nature, antiBolshevik pathos and artistry. The specificity of Iretsky's texts is explained by the attention to specific everyday material immersed in the cultural and historical context. The value of the essays is determined by its orientation to everyday life, inclusion of the living tissue of life in the texts; by its confessional nature, which back in 1917 and 1918 revealed a critical emigrant attitude - then expressed in diaries only - to the course of the revolutionary transformation of Russia; and by the inclusion of expressive historical and cultural figurative elements. Abstracting, analyzing the situation from the point of view of European history and culture (including the ideals of the French revolution), using images of works of Russian literature (Dead Souls by Gogol, The Cherry Orchard by Chekhov, The Brothers Karamazov by Dostoevsky, etc.) and reminiscences on them, Iretsky does not approach authors of political pamphlets, but rather such important figures of Russian journalism as Maxim Gorky and Vladimir Korolenko, and the diary prose of the brightest Russian writers.

Muslim Female Religious Authority in Russia: How Mukhlisa Bubi Became the First Female Qāḍī in the Modern Muslim World

On 11 May 1917, the participants of the All-Russia Muslim Congress elected a woman, Mukhlisa Bubi, as a qāḍī (a Muslim judge) to the Central Spiritual Administration of Muslims of Inner Russia and Siberia. Granting legal authority to a woman at a central religious institution was unprecedented in the Muslim world. This article explores how this election was possible in Russia and suggests that it was the outcome of several factors. First, Muslim women of the Volga-Ural region already occupied a well-established place in traditional Muslim education, and many women were part of the Islamic scholarly culture. Second, modernist (Jadīd) religious scholars and intellectuals had brought up the issue of women education and female schooling, and supported the formation of a network of young women who made new claims about women’s education, rights, and active public stance in serving the nation. Among these were Bubi’s brothers. Third, the Russian revolutionary atmosphere worked as a catalyst for promoting the claims of women activists and provided the Jadīds the opportunity to take over the authority at the Central Spiritual Administration. Finally, Mukhlisa’s election seems to be a compromise between conservative and feminist/liberal groups in the society, and seems to have therefore been acceptable to most male congress delegates.

The Culture of Equity in Restoration and Eighteenth-Century Britain and America by Mark Fortier

Reviewed by: The Culture of Equity in Restoration and Eighteenth-Century Britain and America by Mark Fortier Tessa Morrison Fortier, Mark, The Culture of Equity in Restoration and Eighteenth-Century Britain and America, Farnham, Ashgate, 2015; hardback; pp. 162; R.R.P. £60.00; ISBN 9781472441867. The present volume continues work begun with the author’s The Culture of Equity in Early Modern England (Ashgate, 2006). In the earlier study, Mark Fortier considered that England’s social upheavals in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries were related to a culture of equity. He gave a range of contemporary examples of equity: taken not just from the major philosophers, theorists, playwrights, and poets of the time, but also from the writings of women, Native Americans, and the Irish, as well as the radical writings of the 1640s and 1650s. In this new study, Fortier perceives that the culture of equity was not limited to the legal sphere but embedded in many aspects of early modern life, such as religion, politics, poetry, and revolution. While ‘equity’ has a singular meaning, it is also a collection of ideas, and Fortier maintains that it is a key element of Western culture and society, its meaning and significance evolving over time. During the Restoration in England, notions of equity – as they appeared in political polemic and religious discourse – were bound up with the law and the justness of God’s rules. Following the upheavals of the 1640s and 1650s, equity became the vocabulary and rhetoric of the Royalist forces. The General Pardon, offered to George Monk by Charles II as part of the Restoration negotiations, was seen as a great liberation from tyranny. However, not all were convinced. Edward Burrough stated ‘God’s purpose is to try him, if he rules in righteousness and truth, in equity and justice, he may be blessed; but if otherwise he govern, and walk not in the reference to the Lord and spare his people: the God of heavens shall rebuke him, and deliver his people another way’ (p. 30). Charles II’s Pardon and equity extended neither to the regicides nor to dissenters and Burrough was imprisoned. Although there was a veneer of equity over the legal system and Parliament, its reach had limits. Similar double standards were also evident in regard to equity and religion in this period. With the plague of 1665 and the Great Fire of 1666, God’s justice and equity became hot topics of discussion: some saw the ultimate [End Page 213] equity as the complete purging of wickedness from the earth, while others considered God’s justice as righteous, reasonable, merciful, and full of equity. Toleration of the individual Christian conscience was an important element of Restoration Equity, the subject of Chapter 1. Toleration of the Quakers and their right to express their religious views was not only explicit in law; it was also implicit in the concept of salus populi (the safety of the people), the highest law and a key concept of contemporary equity and politics. People like the Quakers were peaceful, sober, and righteous and ‘whatever is enacted against them cannot unite with the body of the rule’ (p. 47). The second of the two large chapters, ‘Rights and Revolutions’, considers common equity in the context of the revolutionary atmosphere of the eighteenth century. Fortier presents a comprehensive examination of many key writers, philosophers, and poets on justice and equity, for both America and Britain, from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 to the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815. Notions of equity in religion and legal justice in the British Revolution and the American War of Independence (1775–83) were strongly invoked by many writers of the period. By contrast, discussions of the slave trade were bereft of notions of justice and equity, providing an interesting parallel to the revolutionaries’ zeal seen in the previous chapter. Attacks on the inequity of the slave trade did appear during the period, but were confined mostly to Britain and show considerable difference in their use of rhetoric, compared with those of the revolutionary discussions of equity. Fortier’s discussion of equity and women shows a similar tendency: contemporary discussions of equity for...

New year's greetings

The year 2012 is not just another new year for the Japanese Urological Association (JUA); it is the centenary year or the 100th year since its foundation in 1912. In the year of 1912, the Meiji era came to an end in Japan. The era had started in 1868, with the drastic political reform of governance from the military Tokugawa Samurai family back to the traditional authority of the Japanese Emperor. At the same time, Japan opened its door to foreign countries, pursuing rapid modernization of the whole society. Modern medical science in Japan evolved in such a revolutionary atmosphere, leading to the foundation of JUA. During the first half of the JUA's history, urology was learnt in the department of dermatology in most medical schools in Japan. During the latter half, or since the end of World War II, urology has been recognized as a medical specialty separate from dermatology. Along with public recognition, the JUA has continued to grow steadily to attain a large scientific body now holding approximately 8000 members. During the evolutional process, JUA naturally wished for an English journal to deliver its own ideas and achievements to the world. The wish bore the International Journal of Urology (IJU) in 1994. The journal published almost 3000 distinguished articles of scientific excellence in urology in the following 18 years, attaining an impact factor of 1.46 as of 2011. In addition, the journal became the official journal of the Urological Association of Asia (UAA) last year. It is now established as one of the prestigious international journals in the field of urology and nephrology. We are receiving more and more submissions from outside of Japan, which includes not only the Asian area, but also North and South America and Europe. The journal welcomes submissions from researchers worldwide on clinical and experimental investigation related to urology. The online system as well as efficient editorial process has enabled a shorter latency for publication of papers. Special articles from Asian countries, Urology in Asia, have been featured since last year. This year we start a new category “Perspectives in Urology”, an invited article to deliver the perspective of specialists on urological issues. Special issues focusing on a topic of high interest are to be published. Other categories include original articles, case reports, reviews, guidelines, procedures, skills and pitfalls, and letters to the editor. Short communications are a subclass of original articles with less data, but significant implications. We charge no extra fee for publication of color figures. I hope the journal will grow, with an increasing number of submissions with high scientific quality from around the world. Last, but not least, I thank everyone contributing to the journal; authors, reviewers, the editorial team and publisher. Special thanks should be given to reviewers for the quick, fair, and thorough feedback to the authors and editorial team. Peer review is essential to ensure the scientific quality of scientific journals. I also appreciate the support from the International Advisory Board of distinguished members including those from our neighboring Asian countries. None declared.

Robert S. Arrighi. Revolutionary Atmosphere: The Story of the Altitude Wind Tunnel and the Space Power Chambers. xviii + 392 pp., illus., bibl., index. Washington, D.C.: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2010. $25 (cloth).

Previous articleNext article No AccessBook ReviewsRobert S. Arrighi. Revolutionary Atmosphere: The Story of the Altitude Wind Tunnel and the Space Power Chambers. xviii + 392 pp., illus., bibl., index. Washington, D.C.: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2010. $25 (cloth).Erik M. ConwayErik M. Conway Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Isis Volume 102, Number 4December 2011 Publication of the History of Science Society Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/664888 Views: 2Total views on this site © 2011 by The History of Science Society. All rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Adam Mickiewiczs „Konrad Wallenrod“ und Aleksandr Griboedovs „Gore ot urna“

Unlike the well known and often studied personal and literary relationship between Pushkin and Mickiewicz the Polish national poet's connection with Griboyedov does not belong to the items on the agenda of Slavic research. That may have to do with the fact that in spite of their personal knowledge, of their common friends (Bulgarin, Vyazemsky) and of their popularity in the contemporary literary life of Moscow and Petersburg both poets do not take notice of each other. The article departs from Stefan Chwin's statement that notwithstanding the lack of a genetic dependence the Polish romantic tale Konrad Wallenrod and the Russian neoclassical comedy Wit from woe both are typologically connected. Written in a revolutionary atmosphere, they show the psychosocial phenomena of public conspiracy (a term borrowed from Mickiewicz's Parisian lectures) from a different point-of-view. The following article shows the problems in relation with Mickiewicz's stay in Russia and discuss the presumable reasons of the mutual absence of interest and attention. The comparative analysis takes aim to deliver further analogies and differences between both works and the circumstances of their production and reception.

A Revisionist View of the Nanjing Decade: Confucian Fascism

The foundation of this association has now been laid. People call us Blue Shirts or terrorists. That is nothing. The important problem to be solved is how to create a new revolutionary atmosphere so as to lead the revolutionary masses⃜ In China today definite action must be taken for temporary relief as well as for fundamental cure. However, what we need now is a fundamental cure. Our present problem is not the Japanese. Our problem is not the invasion of our north-eastern provinces and Jehol. If we can maintain the status quo, it will be enough for the present time. As a revolutionary government, the loss of a little territory does not mean much. A revolutionary movement has both to advance and retreat. When our strength is not enough, it is natural to retreat. We have lost territory today, but we will take it back the next day when we have strength

Rosa Luxemburg: breve perfil de uma revolucionária

O presente texto, que serve de apresentação à série de cartas traduzidas pela A. e publicadas a seguir junto ao original alemão (Karl Kraus), esboça em rápidos traços a personalidade de Rosa Luxemburg, tendo como pano de fundo a cultura do seu tempo. Procura-se sugerir que se Rosa é uma personagem tão rica e interessante, isso deve-se ao amálgama, existente na sua formação, entre a Bildungsbürgertum e a atmosfera revolucionária proveniente da Rússia.

The Theological Efforts of the Roman Upper Classes in the First Century B.C.

T HERE is no doubt about what the Roman upper class had to face in the twenty years or so between 60 and 40 B.C.: a revolution which perhaps nobody wanted and to which everyone was contributing. An unparalleled series of conquests was at the same time the first stage and the ultimate condition of this revolution. Enormous armies had to be put together to regain or perhaps gain for the first time effective control of Spain in the Sertorian war (80-71 B.C.), and to extend Roman rule in Asia to the Euphrates over the ruins of the Seleucid kingdom and of the recent empire of Mithridates. Gaul was the prize for Caesar; and there was a moment in 54 B.C. in which even Britain was felt to be within reach. Egypt was forced for all practical purposes into the zone of Roman control. The great generals who engineered the conquests Pompey and Caesar also confronted each other in political and military battles. The elimination of Crassus in the only unmitigated disaster of the period the failure to conquer Parthia made the rivalry between the two surviving members of the triumvirate even more pressing. There had been other portents of the forthcoming replacement of senatorial government by military dictatorship: for instance, the rebellion of the slaves led by Spartacus, the wars against the pirates, one of the incidental consequences of which was the declaration of Crete as a Roman province, and the mysterious Catilinarian conspiracy, which certainly appealed to discontented peasants. It was in this revolutionary atmosphere that-perhaps not surprisingly some of the Roman intellectuals began to think in earnest about religion.'

Shakespeare in Hungary

For about 100 years now Shakespeare has been customarily referred to here as most popular and most often played Hungarian classic. There is, of course, the proverbial Hungarian sense of humor to account for this amusing quip. But at the same time there is the undeniable truth-and it will, I hope, convince the reader that this dictum is to be taken quite seriously-that in some mysterious way Shakespeare has been assimilated into the stock of Hungarian national cultural heritage. The fact is that ever since 1790 (the year when Hamlet was first translated into Hungarian, from an altered German version, by Ferenc Kazinczy, Dr. Johnson of Hungarian literature) or, to be more precise, since 1794 when Hamlet was first performed in Kolozsvar, Transylvania, Shakespeare's works have never been missing from the repertoires of the theatres of this country. Theatre in Hungary emerged as a by-product of the Hungarians' incessant striving for national independence in the last decades of the eighteenth century and reached its early maturity in the revolutionary atmosphere of European Romanticism in the first half of the nineteenth century. It was this theatre, deeply rooted in Romanticism, that Shakespeare was absorbed into and suited to, remaining long after Romanticism tapered off. This phenomenon accounts for the fact that romantically conceived Shakespearean productions prevailed on Hungarian stages well into the 1900s. During the first decade of the twentieth century and the inter-war years, great efforts were made by Sandor Hevesi, an outstanding Hungarian stage director and Shakespeare scholar, to liberate theHungarian cult of Shakespeare from its Romantic conventions and to introduce a more upto-date style of acting Shakespeare. Hevesi's style, combined with a historico-realistic approach to the plays, became in the post-war years the standard for Shakespearean stage interpretations. The most remarkable manifestations of this standard were Hamlet and Richard III at the Budapest National Theatre in 1952 and 1955. These performances bore a very close resemblance to meticulous historical studies, and, however excellent they were in their own right, they were bound to distance audiences from the dramatist and his work alike. The first attempt at something less scholarly and more subjective in interpreting Shakespeare came in 1962, when Hamlet, conceived as the tragedy of a twentiethcentury intellectual, was staged at Madach Theatre, Budapest. The most powerful impetus, however, came from Peter Brook, whose King Lear, presented in Budapest by the RSC on its 1964 tour, created a stir among Hungarian theatrical experts, making them seek more novel ways of presenting Shakespeare on the stage. For awhile it was merely the external qualities-the trappings, formal settings, leather jackets, and jeans-that were believed to be the desirable hallmarks of modernity. Considerable time elapsed before Hungarian directors came to realize that any modern interpretation of Shakespeare must depend on how one reads his plays and, furthermore, that each generation tends to look for its own truth, conflicts, and confrontations in Shakespeare. By the early 1970s, once the idea ofdirector-centered theatre had been established in Hungary, directors came to regard Shakespeare's works, not as mere monuments of dramatic art, but as vehicles for conveying ideas and sentiments that were their own but that could be substantiated with ideas and sentiments latent in the Shakespeare text. The 1976-77 theatrical season seemed to be the climax of what had started in the early '70s with Timon of Athens and Romeo and Juliet (both directed by Tamas Major) at the Budapest National Theatre and Troilus and Cressida (directed by J6zsef Ruszt) at the Kecskemet Katona Jozsef Theatre. No less than nine plays by Shakespeare were staged in Hungary in this season, and with one or two exceptions (King Lear at the Szeged Open-Air Festival and Romeo and Juliet at Kisfaludy Theatre, Gyo5r) each was what one could rightly call a modern stage interpretation of Shakespeare. Even those conceived in a more conventional way showed unmistakable signs of the impact made by up-to-date stage interpretations. Attention was focused on plays hitherto very rarely presented in Hungary, the dark comedies as well as the so-called problem plays, and serious attempts were made to reconsider and challenge the vogues of their former interpretations.

Report on an Application to Leave the University

This report on an application to leave school by Chung Chih-min, a student in the political science department of Nanking University, is a voluntary criticism of his error of entering the university through the back door. It reflects the development of a new attack on landlord and bourgeois consciousness by the worker, peasant, and soldier students. It also reflects the angry revolutionary atmosphere of the educational battle line.

Hai-lu-feng—The First Chinese Soviet Government (Part II)

In the area under the rule of the Canton Government, the young Kuomintang members were full of revolutionary spirit and in favour of social change. In addition to this, the graduates of the Peasant Movement Training Institute, who were disciplined in the revolutionary atmosphere of the Institute, went out to the rural areas to organise the peasants. It is easy, then, to understand why the peasant unions developed rapidly in this area. Of course, even under the Canton Government, there were some countermovements among landlords, traditional local officials and their supporters.

Dr. M. Radford

THE passing of Dr. Maitland Radford, medical officer of health of St. Pancras, at the age of fifty-nine, is of more than local or professional significance. He was a rationalist, reared in a progressive if not revolutionary atmosphere, with Shaw, Wells, William Morris and Bradlaugh as friends of his family. He was a nephew of Graham Wallas, whose influence he always gratefully acknowledged. Educated at Abbotsholme and University College Hospital, his career in public health was that of a successful and efficient sanitarian. But, as a close colleague of his has written, "he was not a man to allow the local trees to obscure his vision of the public health wood, or as he might have said, the public health jungle".