Revolution Research Articles

The Twenty-First Century Revolutions as a Factor in the Reconfiguration of the World System

At present the World System and world order are undergoing dramatic transformations. Revolutions definitely will be an integral part of these systemic changes; therefore, their numbers as well as the world-system effect are likely to be significant. In this article, the authors analyze in what way the twenty-first century revolutions examined in this article be connected with the transformations of the World System and world order. The authors' argument is based on the theory of the periodical catch-ups experienced by the political component of the World System, which tends to lag behind the economic component. Such gaps are eventually bridged, but not in a smooth way. On the contrary, this catch-up is likely to be rather complex, turbulent and conflictive. The twenty-first century revolutions appear to be part of a broad and conflict-ridden process of catch-up of the World-System's political component to its economic component. This catch-up provokes strong structural transformations, which the authors describe as the reconfiguration of the World System. They think that with the Arab Spring there started a reconfiguration of the World System that will remain associated with revolutionary processes in the twenty-first century. The authors expect that in connection with the political catch-up the number of revolutions as well as their role as a means of the world-system transformation will not decrease, but in some respects may even increase noticeably. Anton Grinin and Leonid Grinin analyze the future of revolutions in terms of their typology and also of some other aspects, namely: 1) the evaluation of their number in comparison with the previous period; 2) their role as a tool defining the future progress of societies and the World System; 3) the scale and power of revolutions; 4) the possibility of revolutionary waves, and 5) possible changes of the forms of revolutionary events.

Advancements in Blockchain Based Architecture for E-Voting System

Blockchain based E-voting system can be revolution- ary in terms of security and tamper proof, transparent elections and hence empower the democracy. Blockchain E-voting is already implemented at organisational level. But at state/national level it faces challenges such as privacy, stability, latency etc. To counter them we require advanced implementation techniques from multiple disciplines. These techniques are 2-layer-solution, sharding for scalability issue, optimizing consensus algorithm and off-chain transaction for reducing latency, zero knowledge proof, using multiple protocols for user privacy etc. General architecture of blockchain is explained in details which combines election creation, voter registration, voter transaction, tallying the results and vote verification. We have discussed how integrating E-voting with blockchain document verification system can be benificial. It is complicated to implement at state, national level and need additional research and implementation to make blockchain E- voting acceptable in elections across the world. Through research and innovation we can make blockchain voting mainstream.

International Corporate Governance: Post-Covid-19 Prospects for “The 21st Century Revolution” and “The Global Compromise”

Abstract The paper speculates on possible post-COVID developments in two prospects for evolution of international corporate governance. The first, labelled “the 21st century revolution in ownership” would acknowledge the supremacy of a successful national model of corporate governance based on an emerging allegedly new type of ownership, which might be introduced worldwide. The second option, named “the global compromise” implies combining “good practice” elements from different national models into a commonly accepted global model. The economic impact of the recent crisis might accelerate trends that were present already in the pre-COVID-19 period. Rapid digitalization of society would help increase transparency in corporate governance and contribute to higher shareholder participation. The need for resilience would encourage corporate governance reforms leading to convergence to a more stakeholder-oriented model. However, differences among national models are likely to persist, so neither of the two options will be fully realized in the immediate aftermath of the crisis.

Forming Students with Superior Character in the 21st Century for the Future of Indonesian Citizenship

Purpose: Building 21st century character skills is not easy. Industrial revolution 5.0. brought major changes to the industrial world, which then influenced the way of life, way of thinking, way of working, and so on. The goal is to cultivate knowledge, attitudes and sensitivity in the practice of life values needed to build superior national character skills in the 21st century.
 Design/methodology/approach: Qualitative methods are grounded approach types, namely observation, literature study, and interviews: namely interviews with various stakeholders such as professors, lecturers, teachers, education experts, business people, experts, students, from July 8-11 2022, attended by 112 resource persons consisting of lecturers and students, and attended by 53 universities.
 Findings: The results of his research through four elements, namely; First, the character habituation of Pancasila values, religious values, and cultural values; Second, habituation of understanding the latest technology; Third, habituation of developing interpersonal skills; Fourth, Habituation of active participation. This is currently typical of Indonesia, superior character skills based on the 21st century revolution 5.0 as the vision and mission of Citizenship Education for the Republic of Indonesia in the future.
 Paper type: Research paper

The underexamined role of money and how it undermines Nozick’s case for right libertarianism

In Anarchy, State and Utopia, Nozick presented his doctrine of right libertarianism, largely a contemporary restatement of Locke’s moral imperative that an individual’s rights to his life, liberty, and property are absolute and place limits on state action. Parallelly, Nozick espoused the free-market system as a framework that not only respects individual rights but ensures material benefits. While the free market results in radical inequalities in holdings and widespread dispossession, Nozick treats the process as morally just and any state redistribution through taxation as wrong. However, neither Nozick nor his many critics fully considered the role of money in capitalist free markets, an omission I begin to address.
 
 Nozick asserts that money emerges pre-politically through the uncoerced actions of individuals, and that it derives its value from the commodity that underpins it. This conception of money underpins Nozick’s claims that a minimal state can be just and that the free-market system is a moral, efficient, and neutral allocator of resources. However, Nozick’s approach omits addressing how money’s general acceptability and stability are achieved. Answers can be found in heterodox economic paradigms, which put the state at the center of money creation, rendering money (and the state) incompatible with natural rights. Furthermore, by insisting on money’s commodity nature, Nozick ignores the seventeenth century revolution in money, necessitated by the emergence of free-market capitalism and commodity money’s inability to underpin it. In other words, it is not commodity money but credit money that should be the proper object of Nozick’s analysis. I go on to analyze what credit money is, how it arose, and why some form of it is necessary in a free-market context. Ultimately, I argue that it is not compatible with natural rights and is itself redistributive.
 Key words: money, distributive justice, Nozick, Locke, free market capitalism, natural rights

Review of Barducci's Hugo Grotius and the Century of Revolution, 1613-1718

This is a review of Marco Barducci's recent book Hugo Grotius and the Century of Revolution, 1613-1718.

A Twenty-first Century Revolutionary in the U.S.?

A short reflection on Drucilla Cornell’s distinctive modes of doing political theory, inhabiting academic spaces, communicating important ideas, loving, and enacting fierce loyalty in the face of political bullying.

Development of Website-based Virtual Science Learning to Train Students' Critical Thinking Skills

The main concept in education in the 21st century revolution 4.0 is a process or learning with the support of information technology. The 2013 curriculum is designed to develop the 21st century skills of students. One of them is critical thinking skills. Based on government policies issued by the Ministry of Education and Culture (Kemendikbud) Directorate of Higher Education No. 1 of 2020 which states that the learning process is carried out boldly (online). This is because to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic that has occurred throughout the world, none other than Indonesia. The LMS referred to in the research is the development of a website-based Virtual Science Learning or “VISEL” to train critical thinking skills. This study aims to develop an e-learning system called VISEL (Virtual Science Learning) based on a website that can be used to train students' critical thinking skills. The development procedure is carried out with reference to the development of a 4D model. The research data obtained were in the form of product validation score data, questionnaire readability data, and response questionnaire data. The results showed that after going through the product validation process, the material expert obtained an average percentage of 97%% with valid criteria. Product validation by media experts obtained an average percentage of 96% with valid criteria. The average readability questionnaire obtained 88.57% and was included in the very good category. The average payment from VISEL's response obtained an average of 95.46% and was included in the very good category.

20th Century revolutions: characteristics, types, and waves

The 20th century revolutionary process had a big impact on the World System and significantly changed its entire configuration. However, there are essential gaps in terms of theoretical approaches, in particular, in terms of the typology of revolutions. Moreover, there is clearly insufficient research related to qualitative and quantitative analysis and consideration of the revolutions of the 20th century in their entirety. This article aims to fill those gaps by pursuing three main goals: (1) comparison of revolutions of the 20th and 19th centuries, highlighting the important characteristics of the former; (2) classification of revolutions of the 20th century; (3) identification of the main revolutionary waves of the 20th century and their essential characteristics.

Beyond the Revolution: New Perspectives on Late Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Mexico

This essay reviews the following works: Sons of the Mexican Revolution: Miguel Aleman and His Generation. By Ryan M. Alexander. Albuquerque: University of Mexico Press, 2016. Pp. vii + 239. $29.95 paperback. ISBN: 9780826357397. A Sentimental Education for the Working Man: The Mexico City Penny Press, 1900–1910. By Robert M. Buffington. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2015. Pp. vii + 287. $25.95 paperback. ISBN: 9780822358824. Radio in Revolution: Wireless Technology and State Power in Mexico, 1897–1938. By J. Justin Castro. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2016. Pp. vii + 270. $30.00 paperback. ISBN: 9780803286788. Working Women, Entrepreneurs, and the Mexican Revolution: The Coffee Culture of Cordoba, Veracruz. By Heather Fowler-Salamini. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2013. Pp. vi + 403. $45.00 paperback. ISBN: 9780803243712. Industry and Revolution: Social and Economic Change in the Orizaba Valley, Mexico. By Aurora Gomez-Galvarriato. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013. Pp. 351. $49.95 hardcover. ISBN: 9780674072725. For God and Revolution: Priest, Peasant, and Agrarian Socialism in the Mexican Huasteca. By Mark Saad Saka. Albuquerque: University of Mexico Press, 2013. Pp. ix + 177. $50.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9780826353382. Pesos and Politics: Business, Elites, Foreigners, and Government in Mexico, 1854–1940. By Mark Wasserman. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2015. Pp. viii + 249. $55.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9780804791540.

The Emergence of a Parisian Suburb: Aubervilliers During the Industrial Revolution

The stated theme lies at the intersection of two areas of research, namely the industrial revolution in France and the history of contemporary Parisian suburbs. Methodologically, it is a multidisciplinary study combining economic history, social anthropology and historical geography. In terms of sources, it is dominated by local history. The author explores three interrelated aspects of the topic: industrialisation, urbanization, and multiculturalism. The typology of the Parisian suburbs as a socio-historical phenomenon, drawn from many years of observation, is focused on Aubervilliers, an economically developed commune with a predominantly impoverished immigrant population in the Seine-Saint-Denis department, known for its left-wing influence, Islamic groups and youth crime. The case of Aubervilliers shows the belated nature of the industrial revolution in France, its protracted character aggravated by the shortage of labour and minerals, which led to the intensive use of immigration and raw materials of “animal origin”. The progressive transformation of the old rural burg into an industrial city reveals the sustainability of rural-urban symbiosis as a feature of the country's development after the eighteenth century revolution. The author emphasises the importance of the link to Paris and the metropolitan authorities' policy of removing harmful industries and the working population from the city in the formation of industrial suburbs. In the integrity of the formation of industrial suburbs the author reveals the particularities of the urban economy and habitat, characterises the working and living conditions of workers, notes the formation of immigrant neighbourhoods and the specific features of the integration of different immigrant communities into French society.

Revealing maritimity in 19th century France

The term maritimity, defined by geographers in the early 1990s, offers an interesting conceptual framework for analysing the evolution of the relationship with the maritime world during the 19th century. A century of revolutions, this period is marked by deep and lasting changes in the relationship with the sea, especially affecting cultural, social and artistic practices. It was also affected by the emergence of heritage concerns which paved the way for new disciplines such as naval archaeology or nautical ethnography. Representations of the maritime world have been fundamentally changed as a result.

Age of Genius or Century of Revolution? Russian Culture and Power Across the High-Low Divide, 1850–1950

Abstract This article discusses Jeffrey Brooks’ metaphor of an integrated ecosystem to describe Russian cultural history in the late imperial and early Soviet periods. Brooks’s Firebird and the Fox describes an interlocking cultural system marked by high-low interactions, as a rich Russian folkloric tradition based on fable and popular tales was reworked with remarkable creativity in what he calls an “age of genius.” In response, this article argues that this period of Russian cultural creativity can be seen as coinciding with the extended life-cycle of the Russian Revolution. The subversive, satirical humor and irony running through Brooks’s cultural “play-sphere” was complemented by another tradition: a didactic, instructional, enlightening “teach-sphere” that animated a wide range of intelligentsia and cultural forces shaping cultural evolution and cultural revolution. If the play-sphere highlights the rebellious distance between culture and power, the teach-sphere’s project of transforming the masses reveals their many commonalities. The essay reflects on how the intersections of culture and power shaped early Soviet culture, the avant-garde, and successive phases of Stalinist culture. While Socialist Realism promoted the theoretical declaration of a unified socialist culture, the persistence of differing elements of the cultural system raises the question of Soviet cultural syncretism.

Charles W. Bergquist (1942–2020)

Charles W. Bergquist (1942–2020)

Słowiańskie "Dzieci szatana" – profetyczna powieść Stanisława Przybyszewskiego

This paper discusses the relation between Stanislaw Przybyszewski’s writings and the artistic manifesto Confiteor. It demonstrates that the novel Devil’s Children in the context of the dissertation Devil’s Synagogue implements the manifesto. The analysis of the works reveals the Manichaean deposits of spiritual archeology in Przybyszewski’s characters as Slavs. The analysis demonstrates that only the author is aware of the destructive nature of the radically anti-world theological, cosmological, anthropological, and eschatological dualism. The characters are masks of his subconscious which is brought into daylight. The Slavic children of the Devil, similarly to Fyodor Dostoevsky’s characters, by destroying the world destroy themselves. Their manner of self-destruction is the destruction of the world. They commit suicide, they die of the illness of the soul, they murder, they set fires, and they long for the end of the world in the glowing of fire. Their fates are displayed as a cautionary tale against a regression into the dark subconscious. The lack of individualization, that is the restraint of driving urges and not including them in the structure of personality, is explained by the author of the article to be an eruption of destructiveness predicting the 20th century revolutions and crimes of totalitarianism.

A negyedik ipari forradalom hatása a kompetenciacserélődésre

Az élet számos területén folyamatos változás figyelhető meg, különösen így van ez a gyakorlati életben jelenleg is zajló negyedik ipari forradalom kapcsán. Az Ipar 4.0, a technológiai újításai révén, jelentősen megváltoztatja a munkaerőpiacot és a munkahelyeket. Így elkerülhetetlen a jelenleg is zajló és a várható változáshoz való alkalmazkodás, ugyanakkor nehéz megmondani, hogy milyen kompetenciákra lesz szükség ehhez a jövőben. A kutatás célja, az Ipar 4.0 megoldások azonosítása során, a kompetenciaszükséglet változásának meghatározása a vizsgált vállalatokkal készített strukturált interjúk alapján. A kutatás rávilágít arra, hogy a kompetenciacserélődés és azok fejlesztési folyamatai megkezdődtek. Remélhetőleg a feltárt összefüggések további kutatásokat inspirálnak, támpontot szolgáltatnak a munkavállalók fejlesztését szolgáló képzések kidolgozásában, megújításban, valamint a HRM és az Ipar 4.0 területén hasznos információként szolgálnak, segítve a kompetenciafejlesztési és HR-fejlesztési stratégiák kidolgozását és megvalósítását.

A Study on Ethics of Technological Power and Human Alienation in the Fourth Industrial Revolution

A Study on Ethics of Technological Power and Human Alienation in the Fourth Industrial Revolution

Yeohaksaeng on the Streets: The Participation and Marginalization of Yeohaksaeng in the April 19 Revolution

Yeohaksaeng on the Streets: The Participation and Marginalization of Yeohaksaeng in the April 19 Revolution

TUDOR VLADIMIRESCU’S ARMY – NUCLEUS OF THE MODERN ROMANIAN ARMY

The 19th century was characterised by a deepening and diversification of the movements of European peoples oppressed by the great empires for national and social liberation. The French Revolution opened up the whole period of this century, and a wave of revolutions swept through almost the entire European continent, leading to the period being described as the 'century of revolutions' or the 'century of nations'. Tudor Vladimirescu was the exponent of the Romanian people's long-standing aspirations, the great personality produced by the Romanian realities of the early 19th century, who contributed to the acceleration of events and was at the forefront of the revolution.

Film Review: Crip Camp: A Disability Revolution

Film Review: <i>Crip Camp: A Disability Revolution</i>