Revolution In Psychology Research Articles

Giving Away the Science of School Psychology

Within the field of school psychology, we often put a premium on evidence-based practices, but what is often missing from these conversations is a consideration of replication and open science principles in the evaluation of evidence. Amid growing concerns regarding the replicability of psychological science, calls for greater research transparency, and more careful consideration of the conditions under which a finding might replicate, research suggest that school psychologists’ uptake of open science practices may lag behind that of other social science disciplines. The present paper synthesizes the literature on the replication crisis and corresponding credibility revolution in psychology, describes various open science practices, and considers barriers and adaptations needed to implement these practices in school-based research. The paper ends with recommendations on how to better give away the science of school psychology via transparent research practices so that research consumers can better reap the benefits of evidence-based practice. Impact Statement This paper summarizes the literature on open science, including key concepts relevant to the replication crisis and corresponding credibility revolution. These concepts are then made applicable to the field of school psychology, including our roles as researchers, practitioners, research consumers, and publication editors. By engaging in more transparent research practices, school psychologists can promote a more replicable, reputable, and reliable science, which yields greater benefits and buy-in for the communities we serve.

Превратить психологию «в науку о живом человеке...»: О психотехническом характере исследований школы А.Н. Леонтьева 1940-х гг.

<p>This paper analyzes select 1940s works of A.N. Leontiev’s school of psychological thought in light of the methodological principles of psychotechnical cognition which F.Ye. Vasilyuk formulated on the basis of L.S. Vygotsky’s ideas about practice as a constructive principle of psychological science. The paper refutes the assertion that Soviet-era cultural and activity psychology had no psychological practice in its own right, and demonstrates that such practice did really exist, had a distinctly activity-oriented nature, and contributed to the advancement of the activity theory. It was the practice of movement recovery which the team of psychologists, put together by A.N. Leontiev, practiced at the military hospital in Kourovka, fusing “psychotherapy”, research, and education into an inseparable whole. We observe that unity in Z.M. Istomina’s 1948 research, discussed in this paper in light of the eight general principles of psychotechnical cognition identified by F.Ye. Vasilyuk. Revisiting the Leontiev school’s heritage is relevant in the context of the ongoing conceptual revolution in psychology, for many methodological principles and provisions of activity psychology were ahead of their time.</p>

Looking our limitations in the eye: A call for more thorough and honest reporting of study limitations

AbstractThe replication crisis and subsequent credibility revolution in psychology have highlighted many suboptimal research practices such as p‐hacking, overgeneralizing, and a lack of transparency. These practices may have been employed reflexively but upon reflection, they are hard to defend. We suggest that current practices for reporting and discussing study limitations are another example of an area where there is much room for improvement. In this article, we call for more rigorous reporting of study limitations in social and personality psychology articles, and we offer advice for how to do this. We recommend that authors consider what the best argument is against their conclusions (which we call the “steel‐person principle”). We consider limitations as threats to construct, internal, external, and statistical conclusion validity (Shadish et al., 2002), and offer some examples for better practice reporting of common study limitations. Our advice has its own limitations — both our representation of current practices and our recommendations are largely based on our own metaresearch and opinions. Nevertheless, we hope that we can prompt researchers to write more deeply and clearly about the limitations of their research, and to hold each other to higher standards when reviewing each other's work.

Introduction to special topic “Is psychology self-correcting? Reflections on the credibility revolution in social and personality psychology”

Introduction to special topic “Is psychology self-correcting? Reflections on the credibility revolution in social and personality psychology”

A neglected pioneer of psychology: Otto Selz's contribution to the psychology of thinking and the dispute with Gestalt psychologists in Psychological Research/Psychologische Forschung.

In the early decades of the twentieth century, Psychologische Forschung was primarily an outlet for researchers from the school of Gestalt psychology. Otto Selz, whose views were closer to those adopted in the cognitive/information-processing revolution in psychology that began in the 1950s, never published in Psychologische Forschung. However, his work was the subject of a negative evaluation in the journal in a book review by Wilhelm Benary, which was followed by critical assessments published elsewhere by Selz and Karl Bühler of a chapter of Kurt Koffka's. A lengthy rebuttal from Koffka then appeared in Psychologische Forschung. In the present paper, we describe Selz's system and Benary's assessment of it. We then explain the relevant aspects of Koffka's book chapter (in: Dessoir M (ed) Die Philosophie in ihren Einzelgebieten. Ullstein, Berlin, 1925) and the strong critiques of it by Bühler and Selz in 1926, followed by details of Koffka's (Psychol Forsch 9:163-183, 1927) response. This part of the history of psychology is of significance to contemporary psychology on several levels. We have embedded this episode against the historical backdrop of Selz's life and tragic end.

Credibility Beyond Replicability: Improving the Four Validities in Psychological Science

Psychological science’s “credibility revolution” has produced an explosion of metascientific work on improving research practices. Although much attention has been paid to replicability (reducing false positives), improving credibility depends on addressing a wide range of problems afflicting psychological science, beyond simply making psychology research more replicable. Here we focus on the “four validities” and highlight recent developments—many of which have been led by early-career researchers—aimed at improving these four validities in psychology research. We propose that the credibility revolution in psychology, which has its roots in replicability, can be harnessed to improve psychology’s validity more broadly.

Coordinated data analysis: Knowledge accumulation in lifespan developmental psychology.

Coordinated analysis is a powerful form of integrative analysis, and is well suited in its capacity to promote cumulative scientific knowledge, particularly in subfields of psychology that focus on the processes of lifespan development and aging. Coordinated analysis uses raw data from individual studies to create similar hypothesis tests for a given research question across multiple datasets, thereby making it less vulnerable to common criticisms of meta-analysis such as file drawer effects or publication bias. Coordinated analysis can sometimes use random effects meta-analysis to summarize results, which does not assume a single true effect size for a given statistical test. By fitting parallel models in separate datasets, coordinated analysis preserves the heterogeneity among studies, and provides a window into the generalizability and external validity of a set of results. The current article achieves three goals: First, it describes the phases of a coordinated analysis so that interested researchers can more easily adopt these methods in their labs. Second, it discusses the importance of coordinated analysis within the context of the credibility revolution in psychology. Third, it encourages the use of existing data networks and repositories for conducting coordinated analysis, in order to enhance accessibility and inclusivity. Subfields of research that require time- or resource- intensive data collection, such as longitudinal aging research, would benefit by adopting these methods. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Don't Miss the Well-Being Train: A Radical Proposal for Revolution in Positive Psychology.

Don't Miss the Well-Being Train: A Radical Proposal for Revolution in Positive Psychology.

Hierarchical models of psychopathology: empirical support, implications, and remaining issues.

There is an ongoing revolution in psychology and psychiatry that will likely change how we conceptualize, study and treat psychological problems.- Many theorists now support viewing psychopathology as consisting of continuous dimensions rather than discrete diagnostic categories. Indeed, recent papers have proposed comprehensive taxonomies of psychopathology dimensions to replace the DSM and ICD taxonomies of categories. The proposed dimensional taxonomies, which portray psychopathology as hierarchically organized correlated dimensions, are now well supported at phenotypic levels. Multiple studies show that both a general factor of psychopathology at the top of the hierarchy and specific factors at lower levels predict different functional outcomes. Our analyses of data on a large representative sample of child and adolescent twins suggested the causal hypothesis that phenotypic correlations among dimensions of psychopathology are the result of many familial influences being pleiotropic. That is, most genetic variants and shared environmental factors are hypothesized to non-specifically influence risk for multiple rather than individual dimensions of psychopathology. In contrast, person-specific experiences tend to be related to individual dimensions. This hierarchical causal hypothesis has been supported by both large-scale family and molecular genetic studies. Current research focuses on three issues. First, the field has not settled on a preferred statistical model for studying the hierarchy of causes and phenotypes. Second, in spite of encouraging progress, the neurobiological correlates of the hierarchy of dimensions of psychopathology are only partially described. Third, although there are potentially important clinical implications of the hierarchical model, insufficient research has been conducted to date torec-ommend evidence-based clinical practices.

The Humanistic Revolution in Psychology: Its Inaugural Vision

This article presents a textual analysis of the inaugural issue of the Journal of Humanistic Psychology. The analysis culminated in the creation of a composite narrative that expresses the character of the humanistic vision for psychological science, a historical snapshot of the evolving humanistic revolution circa 1961. The analysis showed humanistic psychology to have proposed a nonreactionary, inclusive, integrative approach to psychology. This approach was anchored in a radicalized image of humanity, one that would not rely wholly on theories and methods of research designed for nonhuman beings. The findings further indicate that, from its inception, humanistic psychology was envisioned to be a unique amalgam of what would today be considered cultural psychology, cognitive psychology, and developmental psychology, without being reducible to any one of these subfields. It was and remains an effort in earnest to do justice to a truer self, engaged in the process of becoming, operating within biological and cultural parameters.

Тернистый путь к сознанию (Ответ на «критический разбор» Д.И. Дубровского)

В статье описывается новый взгляд на природу психики и сознания, кото­рые трактуются как инструменты познавательной деятельности. Излагаются полученные в последнее время экспериментальные данные, соответствую­щие этому взгляду. Обсуждается критика Д.И. Дубровским предложенного подхода. В 2017 г. Д.И. Дубровский опубликовал в «Вопросах философии» статью, целиком посвященную авторскому взгляду на природу сознания. От­мечается, что Дубровский, как никто другой, почувствовал его революцион­ность, но именно поэтому признал несостоятельным. По мнению Дубровско­го, исходная позиция обсуждаемой статьи заведомо несостоятельна, а потому обещанная революция в психологии не состоялась: сформулированные «зако­ны сознания» представляют ряд общих и сомнительных суждений. Автор данной статьи обращается к ведущим специалистам в области психологии и философии сознания, отстаивая свою точку зрения. По его мнению, кон­кретные возражения Д.И. Дубровского не выглядят убедительными и, по сути, не касаются основных идей подхода.

Reevaluating the initial impact of John Broadus Watson on American psychology: The necessity of comparative parameters.

In recent decades, various studies have challenged the traditional view that John Broadus Watson's Behaviorist Manifesto prompted a psychological revolution. However, methodological hindrances underlie all these attempts to evaluate the impact of Watson's study, such as the absence of comparative parameters. This article remedies this problem by conducting a comparative citation analysis involving Watson and eight other representative psychologists of the time: J. R. Angell, H. Carr, J. M. Cattell, J. Dewey, G. S. Hall, W. James, E. L. Thorndike, and E. B. Titchener. Eight important American journals were scrutinized for the period between 1903 and 1923, a decade before and a decade after the publication of Watson's Manifesto. The results suggest that even if Watson's study cannot be taken as revolutionary, it had an impact between 1914 and 1923 that was close to Dewey's, Titchener's, and Thorndike's and higher than Angell's, Carr's, Cattell's, and Hall's, although distant from James's. Finally, some methodological implications of this study are discussed.

Fred Rogers: a quiet psychological revolution in children’s television

On the 50th anniversary of the iconic US show Mister Rogers’ Neighborhood, Heidi Ledford is inspired by an account of the educational innovator and his enduring impact. On the 50th anniversary of the iconic US show Mister Rogers’ Neighborhood, Heidi Ledford is inspired by an account of the educational innovator and his enduring impact.

Implications of the Credibility Revolution for Productivity, Creativity, and Progress

The credibility revolution (sometimes referred to as the “replicability crisis”) in psychology has brought about many changes in the standards by which psychological science is evaluated. These changes include (a) greater emphasis on transparency and openness, (b) a move toward preregistration of research, (c) more direct-replication studies, and (d) higher standards for the quality and quantity of evidence needed to make strong scientific claims. What are the implications of these changes for productivity, creativity, and progress in psychological science? These questions can and should be studied empirically, and I present my predictions here. The productivity of individual researchers is likely to decline, although some changes (e.g., greater collaboration, data sharing) may mitigate this effect. The effects of these changes on creativity are likely to be mixed: Researchers will be less likely to pursue risky questions; more likely to use a broad range of methods, designs, and populations; and less free to define their own best practices and standards of evidence. Finally, the rate of scientific progress—the most important shared goal of scientists—is likely to increase as a result of these changes, although one’s subjective experience of making progress will likely become rarer.

POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY: PERSONALITIES, MAJOR ISSUES, ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

Since the beginning of the emergence of Psychology flow (the flow of behaviourism), seen as a man filled with mechanical problems. This flow then sees the problem that exists in humans, not to mention with the view of psychoanalysis who viewed the memories of the past as the cause of suffering that exists today. That's why psychology that deals with the problem often referred to as negative psychology, because in its more to the negative side of human pathological. Psychology meant only limited offer of therapy over psychiatric problems. In fact, humans do not just want to be free of the problem, but also crave happiness. Martin Seligman, a psychologist expert study of optimism, pioneered a revolution in psychology through the positive psychology movement. Positive psychology positive emotions associated with the excavation, such as happy, kindness, humour, love, optimistic, kind, and so on. Positive psychology is not intended to replace or eliminate suffering, disadvantage or disruption (soul), but rather to add to the Treasury or to enrich, as well as to understand scientifically about the human experience.

The Unbearable Lightness of Finger Movements: Commentary to Doliński

In the target article, Doliński (2018, this issue) showed that empirical studies of “real” behaviour are an almost extinct species of research, judged from articles published in the most recent volume of JPSP (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology). This finding continues a trend identified by Baumeister and colleagues ten years ago. The reliance on self-reports and rating scales can hardly be explained as an aftermath of the cognitive revolution in psychology, or a preoccupation with measurements and advanced statistical analyses, as Doliński suggests, but is more compatible with the ease of collecting questionnaire data, combined with the pressure to publish large multi-study papers and to obtain approval from ethical review boards. This development is further strengthened by the accessibility of online participant pools. An informal count showed that students participating for course credit were in 2006 involved more than 90% of empirical JPSP studies, as against 22.5% in 2017. In contrast, Amazon Mechanical Turk workers, non-existent in 2006, participated in 55.3% of the empirical studies published in the most recent volume. Parallel to this development the number of participants per study and the number of studies per article have vastly increased.

Cognitive representations of spatial location.

Spatial memory has fascinated psychologists ever since the discipline began, but a series of findings beginning in the middle of last century propelled its study into the domain of neuroscience and helped bring about the cognitive revolution in psychology. Starting with the discovery that the hippocampus plays a central role in memory, particularly spatial memory, studies of the mammalian hippocampus and related regions over the latter half of the century slowly uncovered an extensive neural system involved in processing place, head direction, objects, speed and other spatially informative parameters. Meanwhile, the concurrent discovery of hippocampal synaptic plasticity allowed theoreticians and experimentalists to collaborate in linking spatial perception and memory, and genetic techniques developed towards the end of the century opened the door to circuit dissections of these processes. Building on these discoveries, spatial cognition and episodic memory may be the first cognitive competences understood across all levels from molecules to behaviour.

George Mandler (1924-2016).

Presents an obituary for George Mandler, who died in London on May 6, 2016 at the age of 91. Mandler was one of the pioneers of the cognitive revolution in psychology. He was instrumental in moving the study of human learning from notions based largely on associations to a view of memory as an organized, nested hierarchical structure. Mandler was also a major proponent of the dual-process theory of recognition memory, in which general feelings of familiarity are distinguished from the context-rich experience of recollection. He brought the study of emotion into prominence, suggesting how emotion and cognition are related. Finally, he repatriated the concept of consciousness from its intellectual exile under behaviorism, stating boldly in 1975 that the construct was respectable, useful, and probably necessary. Mandler edited the Psychological Review from 1970 to 1976, chaired the Governing Board of the Psychonomic Society, and was president of APA Divisions 1 (General Psychology) and 3 (Experimental Psychology and Cognitive Science). (PsycINFO Database Record

The Method of Negative Instruction: Herbert S. Langfeld's and Ludwig R. Geissler's 1910-1913 Insightful Studies.

Herbert S. Langfeld and Ludwig R. Geissler published insightful articles during the period of 1910-1913 using what they called the Method of Negative Instruction, which anticipated much current research on action control and the role of instructions. We review their studies and relate the findings to contemporary research and views concerning task-irrelevant congruency effects and deception, concluding that their work has not received the credit it warrants. We also call for contemporary researchers to revisit prior studies, especially ones conducted before the cognitive revolution in psychology, to enrich their knowledge of the field and improve the quality of their research.

The third mental health revolution: Themes, values and methods of Community Psychology and its relevance in Zimbabwean and African cultural contexts

Psychology like other progressive scientific disciplines endures constant transformation, with one scientific revolution replacing or superseding another. The nascent field of community psychology represents a paradigm shift, and indeed a mental health revolution in psychology. The paper seeks to illuminate the themes, values, and methods of community psychology. Effort will be made to underscore how the discipline does not attempt to hide behind a "scientific" value free cloak but rather highlight the critical role values play in shaping and informing praxis in psychology and community psychology in particular. The paper also seeks to emphasise that the discipline is relevant in African cultural contexts given the synchronicity between its core values and African cultural values. Finally, an endeavour will be made to examine community psychology in the Zimbabwean context.