Revolution In Human History Research Articles

Isotopic evidence of high reliance on plant food among Later Stone Age hunter-gatherers at Taforalt, Morocco

The transition from hunting-gathering to agriculture stands as one of the most important dietary revolutions in human history. Yet, due to a scarcity of well-preserved human remains from Pleistocene sites, little is known about the dietary practices of pre-agricultural human groups. Here we present the isotopic evidence of pronounced plant reliance among Late Stone Age hunter-gatherers from North Africa (15,000–13,000 cal BP), predating the advent of agriculture by several millennia. Employing a comprehensive multi-isotopic approach, we conducted zinc (δ66Zn) and strontium (87Sr/86Sr) analysis on dental enamel, bulk carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) and sulfur (δ34S) isotope analysis on dentin and bone collagen, and single amino acid analysis on human and faunal remains from Taforalt (Morocco). Our results unequivocally demonstrate a substantial plant-based component in the diets of these hunter-gatherers. This distinct dietary pattern challenges the prevailing notion of high reliance on animal proteins among pre-agricultural human groups. It also raises intriguing questions surrounding the absence of agricultural development in North Africa during the early Holocene. This study underscores the importance of investigating dietary practices during the transition to agriculture and provides insights into the complexities of human subsistence strategies across different regions.

The digital governance puzzle: Towards integrative theory of humans, machines, and organizations in public management

In recent decades, the world has been undergoing extensive digital transformations, often described as the fourth transformative industrial revolution in human history. This revolution, replete with technological innovations and information society platforms, has dramatically altered many aspects of modern life. Governments and public administrations also play a major role in this revolution. They confront the challenges of regulations, various biases and barriers related to digital transformation, interactions with citizens in a highly technological environment, and the changing civic and political culture. This paper seeks to address major missing links in the digital governance puzzle. We suggest conceptual, epistemological, and empirical additions to current literature in this territory highlighting the need to integrate knowledge from various perspectives. Using a threefold interaction framework of human-machine-organization we develop a model to analyze the complex mechanism in which digitization processes in the public sector influence the behavior, performance, and values of public organizations. The model highlights the potential mediating role of perceptions of the Digital Governance Footprint (DGF) and people Mental and Emotional Models (MEMOs). Finally, we explain how multi/mixed-method analysis can support our model, using process-tracing strategy, comparative case studies, surveys, survey-experiments, and lab experiments.

Fifth Industrial Revolution

While we are rushing towards the future quickly and without stopping, there is a debate in the scientific community and business forums today about the upcoming industrial revolution and what it is related to, is it the revolution of artificial intelligence, or the revolution of nanotechnology, or the revolution of sustainability, or is it the revolution of the Internet of things, cloud computing and 3D printing? We believe that the Fifth Industrial Revolution will be the result of all these technologies. And through our research paper, we will address the concept of the industrial revolution in general and the major industrial revolutions in human history and their historical context. Then we will look at the Fourth Industrial Revolution, whose events we are living today, its most important technologies, and its future development. Then we will look at the future features of the upcoming Fifth Industrial Revolution and the controversy surrounding it from the point of view of several experts and the most important opportunities and challenges that are likely to emerge

Overview of antibiotic resistance genes database

The discovery of antibiotics is a big revolution in human history, and its clinical application has saved countless lives. However, with the widespread and abuse of antibiotics, many pathogens have developed resistance, and even "Super Bacteria" resistance to multiple drugs have evolved. In the arms race between humans and pathogens, humans are about to face a situation where no medicine is available. Research on microbial antibiotic resistance genes, resistance mechanisms, and the spread of resistance has attracted the attention of many scientific researchers, and various antibiotic resistance gene databases and analysis tools have emerged. In this review, we collect the current databases that focus on antibiotics resistance genes, and discuss these databases in terms of database types, data characteristics, antibiotics resistance gene prediction models and the types of analyzable sequences. In addition, a few gene databases of anti-metal ions and anti-biocides are also involved. It is believed that this summary will provide a reference for how to select and use antibiotic resistance gene databases.

Three Agricultural Revolutions

Attempts to imagine a shift beyond capitalism often tend to fixate on the terms of the old socialist calculation debate: plan versus market. At its deepest level, though, capitalism is not fundamentally a matter of the distribution of goods, for underlying this is the possession of land. In thinking about the end of capitalism it is thus useful to return to the question of its origin as the second agricultural revolution in human history. If capitalism finds its roots in an agrarian transition, we might also locate its supersession at this level—in a third agricultural revolution.

The concept of violence in political thought (Theoretical study, compared with the concept of terrorism)

The researcher of human history finds that the first social relations on earth were represented by the violence of Adam, peace be upon him, Cain and Abel. Violence has been a phenomenon of life and society. The history of history is full of all forms of violence and its forms. It speaks of cruelty, oppression and states. History began, in some of its chapters, written with the blood of the victims. It is a testimony to the cruelty of human beings. His human nature and his sin have played a major role that can not be overlooked in the development of important and fundamental developments in some historical turning points where violence was a necessity for life, and its launching change, renewal and reform, and major revolutions in human history are proof of

Disruptive Technologies in the Light of Socio-economic Revolutions: the EU and World Experience

The relevance of the work explains the need to promote advanced scientific knowledge in the context of accelerating scientific and technological progress. The purpose of the article is to reveal the main content of disruptive technologies and related socio-economic processes that occur during the three industrial revolutions. Based on a retrospective analysis of socio-economic revolutions in human history, the popular scientific essay explains the logic and development of technical and social systems. The article shows how the change of production forces and economic relations influences the ratio of individual components in the essential triad of man: bio-socio-labor. The content of the three industrial revolutions that humanity experiences today is revealed separately (Industry 3.0, Industry 4.0, Industry 5.0). It is explained that the works that launched these revolutions took place in the European countries. In particular, the Third Industrial Revolution is aimed at solving the problems of the global environmental crisis. The key transformation tools are alternative energy, additive technologies based on 3D printers, horizontal network structures of production and consumption. The main direction of the Fourth Industrial Revolution is the creation of a unified network of cyber-physical systems capable of working without humans. One of its leading forms is the Internet of Things. The humanization of socio-economic development is a key objective of the Fifth Industrial Revolution, which is focused on achieving the maximum realization of the creative potential of the human-social basis. The focus is on the key processes of the three industrial revolutions and the changes that take place in the essential triad of man. This article is a popular scientific essay. Key words: industrial revolution, disruptive technology, personality, human-bio, human-socio, human-labor, cyber-physical system.

Культура в системе современного информационно-коммуникационного пространства

The scientific novelty of the author’s view lies in the sociological approach to understanding the essence of culture as a special structural element in the system of information and communication space. The cultural function of the information and communication space not only gives a social meaning to the personal development but also becomes a major source of sophistication and enrichment of culture in general serving as one of the leading social institutions. The research presents the historical evolution of cultural processes that create the objective circumstances of the social and civilizational progress. The emphasis is placed on the complexity of the cultural function of the modern information and communication space within the creation of a virtual type of space. It requires different approaches and scope of studies applied by the social and cultural scientists. The new cultural aspects and trends of development are established while building e-culture. The research focuses on the fifth kind of cultural revolution in human history where the leading role belongs to the whole complex of information and communication space. The paper identifies the role and significance of social networks in the process of modern culture development as well as the need to build its ethical principles of interaction. The author substantiates the fact that two levels of cultural development (real and virtual ones) are spliced or integrated. It has a strong impact on the life of society as a whole.

Beyond The Black Jaco Bins: Haitian Revolutionary Historiography Comes Of Age

Published in 1938 on the brink of World War II, L. R. James's book The Black Jacobins: Toussaint L'Ouverture and the San Domingo Revolution is the finest single accomplishment of the figure many consider to be the outstanding Anglophone Caribbean intellectual of the twentieth century. The Black Jacobins is not merely the most enduring and influential history of the Haitian Revolution in the English language.... It introduced the question of the momentous importance of the Haitian Revolution to audiences throughout the world.-Aaron Kamugisha, C. L. R. James's The Black Jacobins and the Making of the Modern Atlantic WorldIwould say that my favorite leadership book is a book called The Black Jacobins by L R. James. . . . It's the story of a . . . very famous leader and general, by the name of Toussaint Louverture, and he led the only successful slave revolution in human history. . . . A lot of things that I learned as CEO came from that book.-Ben Horowitz, Horowitz Talks about the Black JacobinsSince its publication in 1938, The Black Jacobins has become a veritable classic of historiography. It is one of the rare historical works to have drawn international attention at its publication and to be celebrated still eight decades later. It is also unusual for having built admiring audiences among both the general public and scholars. The work has gone through multiple editions, in numerous languages. The Black Jacobins long was (and may still be) the most cited book on the Haitian Revolution.1 It finds new readers each year, as it is assigned on many kinds of university syllabi, from world history surveys to courses on revolutions and on slavery.2In the wake of the book's seventy-fifth anniversary in 2013, The Black Jacobins is enjoying a surge in popularity. Indeed, in spheres as diverse as Caribbean postcolonial studies and the world of US entrepreneurship, L. R. James seems to be having a moment. In the last decade, several major conferences have been held on his work. These include a seventiethanniversary conference for The Black Jacobins in London in 2008, a seventyfifth-anniversary conference for the book in Liverpool in 2013, a 2013 conference in Glasgow commemorating the fiftieth anniversary ofJames's work Beyond a Boundary, and a 2016 conference at the CUNY Graduate Center called CLR James Now! New works on Caribbean literature and critical theory routinely discuss James's towering influence, and The Black Jacobins is still regarded as a brilliant piece of political analysis and a sensitive literary biography.3 Attesting to the heightened interest in James, Duke University Press recently launched a series offering new editions or analyses of several of his works, including The Black Jacobins. Outside academia, James's work is enjoying renewed popularity among general readers in Great Britain, especially on the left. The Black Jacobins has also received a boost in the business world in the United States after being singled out by Ben Horowitz, an extremely influential venture capitalist, as his favorite book on leadership. Without any self-consciousness about James's Marxism, Horowitz has insisted repeatedly that Toussaint Louverture is a model for CEOs, who should learn about the Haitian general's exemplary leadership skills by reading James's classic study.4However, one field that is not experiencing a James resurgence is Haitian revolutionary history. On the surface, this may not appear surprising. The enterprise of academic history depends on finding new archives and correcting errors made by past scholars as well as asking new questions about these materials. Given the passage of several decades, one would expect scholars to have located more documents pointing toward newer, more complex pictures of the past. It is exceedingly rare for an eighty-year-old book to hold sway in any field of historical scholarship (except as a primary source showing how history was interpreted in the past); typically, recent works of historiography are cited more heavily than older ones. …

Microsatellite data show recent demographic expansions in sedentary but not in nomadic human populations in Africa and Eurasia

The transition from hunting and gathering to plant and animal domestication was one of the most important cultural and technological revolutions in human history. According to archeologists and paleoanthropologists, this transition triggered major demographic expansions. However, few genetic studies have found traces of Neolithic expansions in the current repartition of genetic polymorphism, pointing rather toward Paleolithic expansions. Here, we used microsatellite autosomal data to investigate the past demographic history of 87 African and Eurasian human populations with contrasted lifestyles (nomadic hunter-gatherers, semi-nomadic herders and sedentary farmers). Likely due to the combination of a higher mutation rate and the possibility to analyze several loci as independent replicates of the coalescent process, the analysis of microsatellite data allowed us to infer more recent expansions than previous genetic studies, potentially resulting from the Neolithic transition. Despite the variability in their location and environment, we found consistent expansions for all sedentary farmers, while we inferred constant population sizes for all hunter-gatherers and most herders that could result from constraints linked to a nomadic or semi-nomadic lifestyle and/or competition for land between herders and farmers. As an exception, we inferred expansions for Central Asian herders. This might be linked with the arid environment of this area that may have been more favorable to nomadic herders than to sedentary farmers. Alternatively, current Central Asian herders may descent from populations who have first experienced a transition from hunter-gathering to sedentary agropastoralism, and then a second transition to nomadic herding.

The new digital age: reshaping the future of people, nations and business

In an unparalleled collaboration, two leading global thinkers in technology and foreign affairs give us their widely anticipated, transformational vision of the future: a world where everyone is connecteda world full of challenges and benefits that are ours to meet and to harness. Eric Schmidt is one of Silicon Valleys great leaders, having taken Google from a small startup to one of the worlds most influential companies. Jared Cohen is the director of Google Ideas and a former adviser to secretaries of state Condoleezza Rice and Hillary Clinton. With their combined knowledge and experiences, the authors are uniquely positioned to take on some of the toughest questions about our future: Who will be more powerful in the future, the citizen or the state? Will technology make terrorism easier or harder to carry out? What is the relationship between privacy and security, and how much will we have to give up to be part of the new digital age? In this groundbreaking book, Schmidt and Cohen combine observation and insight to outline the promise and peril awaiting us in the coming decades. At once pragmatic and inspirational, this is a forward-thinking account of where our world is headed and what this means for people, states and businesses. With the confidence and clarity of visionaries, Schmidt and Cohen illustrate just how much we have to look forward toand beware ofas the greatest information and technology revolution in human history continues to evolve. On individual, community and state levels, across every geographical and socioeconomic spectrum, they reveal the dramatic developmentsgood and badthat will transform both our everyday lives and our understanding of self and society, as technology advances and our virtual identities become more and more fundamentally real. As Schmidt and Cohens nuanced vision of the near future unfolds, an urban professional takes his driverless car to work, attends meetings via hologram and dispenses housekeeping robots by voice; a Congolese fisherwoman uses her smart phone to monitor market demand and coordinate sales (saving on costly refrigeration and preventing overfishing); the potential arises for virtual statehood and Internet asylum to liberate political dissidents and oppressed minorities, but also for tech-savvy autocracies (and perhaps democracies) to exploit their citizens mobile devices for ever more ubiquitous surveillance. Along the way, we meet a cadre of international figuresincluding Julian Assangewho explain their own visions of our technology-saturated future. Inspiring, provocative and absorbing, The New Digital Age is a brilliant analysis of how our hyper-connected world will soon look, from two of our most prescient and informed public thinkers.

Regional and Sustainable Development in Italy (as a member of EU)

Today‘s Europe faces profound structural transformations as identified in the Europe 2020 Strategy, in particular the transition towards a green, low carbon and resource efficient economy, the demographic ageing of our society and rapid technological advances. Transforming the economy along these paths will increase competitiveness and provide important sources of growth and jobs, as well as addressing economic and social needs.The apparition of agriculture about ten thousand years ago, is considered the first great economic revolution in human history. With it begins a new history, completely different from that which preceded it. Its spreading across the globe changed the relationship between man and nature. Through the invention of agriculture, man has begun to create necessary food products, increasing efficiency of the invested effort and reducing the chaos that marked his existence, there have emerged and have increased human settlements, cultivated land, domestic animals and, on this basis, a new way of life emerged. [12]The agricultural sector of rural development satisfies an economic way of reasoning which turns out to be insufficient to enable rural areas to apprehend the new issues of territorial cohesion. In order to contribute to Lisbon and Gšteborg objectives, rural development strategies should focus on innovation and transfer of knowledge and good practices, thanks interregional cooperation. The objectives of the EU rural development policy - also known as the second pillar of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) – focus on the enhancement of the social and economic cohesion, on the improvement of competitiveness in farming and forestry sectors, and on the amelioration of the environment aiming at landscape conservation and sustainable development.

Application Holy Wars or a New Reformation: A Fugue on the Theory of Knowledge

Application Holy Wars or a New Reformation: A Fugue on the Theory of Knowledge

Qazi Nazrul Islam For Women’s Emancipation

Poet Qazi Nazrul Islam, as a poet always commanded a highly privileged position amongst the youth of Bengal in pre-partition India. The emergence of the women’s movement throughout the world, the work of the United Nations on women’s issues has an emancipation of over half of humankind from the oppression in which they have lived for centuries for over two millenniums. Although the United Nations has not succeeded in its goals, the very prospect of effecting such emancipation carries with it the promise of bringing the greatest revolution in human history. The end of World War II, witnessed the global community, recognizing the importance of women’s right. Those attempts of recognition, due in part to the pressures that women had begun to put on their own governments, helped to force issues on women’s concerns for the global agenda. By 1995, four world conferences of the United Nations, on women and their right of equality with men (the 1975 conference in Mexico City. Mexico; the 1980 conference in Copenhagen, Denmark, the 1985 conference in Nairobi, Kenya; and the conference in Beijing, China and in 1979 international convention, the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women). Qazi Nazrul Islam, long before the United Nations was created, talked about the issues that sought promoted equality for women. These issues, unlike those of the United Nations and some in the women’s movement, sought equality for women in the broader context of a total cultural change in the new world. So, one finds him advocating (on behalf of women) the political, economic, and social rights, which are generally associated with human rights regime, we must look beyond such a finding to the cultural focus of his poetic outpourings.

Will the Oceans Help Feed Humanity?

Constraints on the availability of freshwater and land plants and animals to feed the 9.2 billion humans projected to inhabit Earth by 2050 can be overcome by enhancing the contribution the ocean makes to food production. Catches from ocean fisheries are unlikely to recover without adequate conservation measures, so the greater contribution of the oceans to feeding humanity must be derived largely from mariculture. For the effort to be successful, mariculture must close the production cycle to abandon its current dependence on fisheries catches; enhance the production of edible macroalgae and filter-feeder organisms; minimize environmental impacts; and increase integration with food production on land, transferring water-intensive components of the human diet (i.e., production of animal protein) to the ocean. Accommodating these changes will enable the oceans to become a major source of food, which we believe will constitute the next food revolution in human history.

The Application of Psychological Factors in the Experience Product Design

Since 1990s more and more enterprises have realized the importance of commercial rules such as customer-centered or market-targeted, the experience economy has turned up recently. This new time has triggered a great revolution in human history of design: the experience design has arisen. In this context, the following paper aims to discuss the application and importance of psychological factors in experience design and how to use the psychological and related knowledge to get rid of the market predicament of product homogenization, so as to upgrade and develop the traditional product.

Do we face a third revolution in human history? If so, how will public health respond?

Do we face a third revolution in human history? If so, how will public health respond?

Do we face a third revolution in human history? If so, how will public health respond?

Evidence is compelling that a third revolution in human history is required if we are to survive as an advanced global civilization. As Hanlon and Carlisle argue this is needed due to the impact of overconsumption, overpopulation and outdated beliefs and technologies. Take technology. Although our ability to bridge distance in either a 747 or through the internet would awe our ancestors, the primary energy source for both, at a global level, remains old fashioned—dirty oil and dirty coal. The recent substantial rise in the price of energy and food are powerful refutations of the dominant economic ideology of recent decades—the ‘cornucopian’ delusion that ingenuity and the market are a sufficient underpinning for sustained prosperity. But, this need to embrace new economic thinking remains scarcely acknowledged and fiercely resisted. Worse appears to lie ahead, in a future framed by climate change, aquifer depletion and recalcitrant discord, suspicion and conflict between groups who identify as fragments rather than parts of the whole. Climate change is of special concern, due to the increasingly plausible risk of catastrophic sea level rise, and harm to regional agricultural productivity, whether through drought, waterlogging or stronger tropical cyclones. And while a slow shift towards a wider global social and cultural identification is underway its spread is far too slow for comfort. Xenophobia, inequality and weaponization can neither be wished nor be preached away in the near to mid-term future. And in that future—certainly within two centuries, but possibly the next 40 years—civilization will have to cope with substantial sea level rise, massive declines in regional food security and unprecedented refugee flows. Peak oil is already upon us, but as yet under-recognized is the possibility that other forms of fossil fuel, such as coal, coal gas and methane hydrates will be used to substitute oil, with accelerating consequences for greenhouse gas accumulation and thus for climate change. Unless humanity is prepared to grasp the nettle of paying more cash for cleaner energy, we will reach the point where not only our grandchildren, but we ourselves will experience the ugly consequences of pollution by the invisible poison of greenhouse gases, as undetectable to ordinary senses as rising creatinine is to a patient approaching renal failure. Three main responses to these issues can be conceived. One—that of denial—should be untenable to public health practitioners. Our profession has a long familiarity with using data to reveal disquieting evidence and the tantalizing possibility of reform. The evidence of peak oil and accelerating climate change is now immense, and denial is the equivalent of clinging to miasmatic theories to explain cholera and malaria, in a time of Snow and Ross. A second response to cope with the future is to call for a ‘Security First’ or ‘Fortress World’. This can likened to a world in which enclaves of comparatively privileged citizens band together to enclose their assets and to fend off outsiders. Techniques range from the ancient—moats (oceans), walls and weapons—to more recently developed means such as passports, currency differentials and double standards which enforce ‘do as I say’ instead of ‘do as I do’. This strategy is attractive in the short run, not least because its resultant intensified inequalities shore up privilege and the comforting illusion of compassion. But its ultimate failure is foreseeable for several reasons. These include the collapse of all previous empires which required walls, the necessity to forage resources from beyond the fortress (witness the recent daring raids on Nigerian offshore oilwells) and the discomforting reality that no

A third revolution in human history?

This article considers three questions: whether there are historical analogies with contemporary connections between past and present predicaments in the human condition, how these are underpinned in modern societies by political, social and cultural systems and what questions about issues arising from the analysis should be debated. To answer the first of these questions, the authors include historical, economic, psychological, anthropological and sociological perspectives. This is certainly ambitious for one short paper, which inevitably ends up having to compact theories about global adaptive response to technical innovation with oversimplification, a shortcoming recognized by the authors. But, these perspectives provide valuable insights into our often linear and epidemiologically based thinking. The thrust of the article is a reasonable hypothesis that overconsumption is leading to great stress on resources and increasing problems of inequality, which will have a big impact on major public health matters and so we may need different solutions. However, the analysis, which leads to this conclusion reflects some cultural limitations. Throughout the perspective is European, referring to Western culture as the dominant culture setting trends for other societies with reference to the developed world and enlightenment thinking. This liberal western rights-based thinking assumes that the determinants and historical perspectives are common worldwide. But the west as a direction depends where you stand, and east: west comparisons within China compare sophisticated modern Shanghai in the east with the less developed regions of the west, the west in this case suffering poorer health with lower life expectancy and higher levels of infectious and poverty related disease. Other recent works on Chinese culture also challenge the linearity of thinking that suggests all science and development came from Europe. Simon Winchester’s ‘Man who loved China’ documents the wonderment of Joseph Needham as he uncovered of records of the development of science in China, and the emergence of many earlier or parallel technologies and theories of the spread of knowledge. Another argument, which could be challenged, is that hunter gatherers were happier than those living in more developed societies, an argument difficult to accept at face value. Descriptions of the ills of modern consumerist society assume the need to change without adequate reference to the struggle many societies face in trying to emerge from poverty. Although the assumption that lower levels of well being are associated with consumerism could perhaps be true for high income countries and European cultures from which the arguments are derived and illustrated, evidence from a wider cultural perspective would add to the strength of the arguments. The quality of life in low income countries in which by necessity populations live simpler lives does not mean that they are necessarily happier particularly since material improvement both decreases mortality and morbidity and increases the quality of life. And while, in some countries, the drive by the media and corporate advertising to continually acquire more material goods may increases dissatisfaction with life, this assertion should also be tested in different cultures. Malling—visiting shopping malls—has recently been described as a favourite cultural pastime for families in the Philippines. Thus, although the search for happiness, equity and a better balance in life might be met by a simpler less consumerist lifestyle, this remains to be debated from different cultural perspectives. This does not detract for the need at a global level for public health not to shirk the need to respond effectively to the increasingly clear message that over consumption is leading to environmental disaster. We must not fail to respond to the three challenges posed: seeking emergent solutions not prescribed approaches;

Climate transformation: the next revolution in public health?

Commentary on Hanlon, P. and Carlisle, S.: Do we face a third revolution in human history? If so how will public health respond? Journal of Public Health 2008, vol. 30. Is climate change driving the human species into the vortex of a third global revolution on the scale of the agricultural and industrial revolutions? If this is the case—what will be the implications for human health and wellbeing and for the discipline and profession of public health? These are the key questions raised in this provocative and timely article. The transformational periods of human civilization have, as the authors rightly suggest, been marked by the convergence of complex demographic, technologic, economic, political and ecological drivers and crises. In many cases the resulting challenges have triggered adaptive social and economic innovation. Public health concerns, understandings and interventions have often played a key role in these processes. There are, of course, also numerous salutary examples of failed adaptation and societal collapse. The first point to note about the population health challenges of the early 21st century is the extent to which they are globalized and interconnected. Although global flows of trade, finance, information and migration continue to be contested and uneven, the dominant trend is towards a world in which no civilization can be an island. No society can make itself fully immune from the spread of disease, financial speculation, political violence or changing weather patterns. The tension between globalizing interconnectedness and resurgent support for diverse cultural religious and political identities and values gives rise to a second key challenge for population health. Hanlon and Carlisle speculate that ‘we could see a re-prioritization of society towards values which promote wellbeing, health and equity, whilst reducing inequalities and over-consumption’. If so, how should we understand and measure progress, health and wellbeing? As the OECDSecretary General, Angel Gurria recently noted ‘if we agree that progress encompasses many elements, we also have to agree that its measurement cannot be reduced to growth in GDP per capita . . . it is time to call for a global effort to find better measurements of progress that will consider the multidimensional features of societal wellbeing.’ Or, as the recently elected Prime Minister of Bhutan, Jigmi Thinley reminds us, ‘we have to think of human wellbeing in broader terms. Material wellbeing is only one component. That doesn’t ensure that you’re at peace with your environment and in harmony with each other.’ The third and greatest population health challenge is climate change. The rapidity of the Arctic ice melt is now showing us ever more clearly what the climate modelers have been warning: the speed and extent of climate change is likely to be at the most serious end of the predicted range. There is also now increasing understanding that the health implications of climate change extend well beyond the effects of extreme weather events, heat waves and vector born diseases. A hotter and more volatile climate combined with the actions needed to reduce carbon emissions and adapt to rapidly changing ecologies will have important consequences for the full range of social, economic and environmental determinants of physical and mental health. Public health researchers, policy makers and practitioners have the capacity and the responsibility to play a crucial role in shaping public debate about climate change. As Hanlon and Carlisle rightly note, this responsibility extends beyond identifying specific epidemiological consequences and technical fixes to broader questions about ‘the new social structures, cultures and psychologies’, needed to envisage and