Revised Health Belief Model Scale Research Articles

Psychometric Properties of the Iranian version of Champion's Revised Health Belief Model Scale for Breast Cancer screening.

Background:Women's beliefs regarding breast cancer and its screening approaches were considered antecedents of their behavioral changes. Understanding of these beliefs in women requires a valid and reliable instrument. The present study seeks to translate the English version of the Champion's Revised Health Belief Model Scale (CRHBMS) into the Persian language and assess its psychometric properties.Materials and Methods:The study was conducted on 334 students at Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Iran, 2016. The 57-item CRHBMS was translated to Persian language, back translated, and tested. To test the face and content validity of the Persian version; item analysis, Content Validity Ratio (CVR), and Content Validity Index (CVI) were applied, respectively. Construct validity of the Persian scale was performed by Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analyses (EFA, CFA) using Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin and Bartlett's tests in SPSS 16 and LISREL8.72 software. The reliability of the translated scale was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha and test-retest approaches.Results:In the EFA, eight factors were extracted concerning breast cancer screening, and each item was loaded on its specific factor. These factors were self-efficacy, health motivation, benefits-mammography, benefits-Breast Self-Examination (BSE), barriers-mammography, barriers-BSE, susceptibility, and severity. The final 42-item scale was confirmed by the CFA, and all goodness of fit indices showed a proper fit of the model. Cronbach's alpha coefficient and test-retest correlation of the subscales ranged from 0.72–0.89 and 0.67–0.93, respectively.Conclusions:The study suggests that the Persian version of CRHBMS is a feasible scale for evaluating women's health beliefs regarding breast cancer and its screening behaviors.

Assessing the mediating role of breast conflict on cognitive factors associated with adopting mammography

ABSTRACTBreast conflict may represent a woman’s unpleasant feelings toward her breasts, which may adversely affect her decision to undertake the procedures for an early detection of breast cancer. The purpose of the present study was to examine the mediating role of breast conflict in cognitive factors, as suggested by the Health Belief Model (HBM), for adopting mammography. In this explanatory cross-sectional study, multistage cluster sampling was employed to recruit 738 women in the age range of 40 to 69 years in Iran. Champion’s revised HBM Scale for mammography adoption and the Women’s Breast Conflict Scale were used to measure the variables of interest. Generalized structural equation modeling and hierarchical logistic regression were used for data analysis. Breast conflict was negatively associated with perceived barriers of mammography. Perceived barriers were inversely related to self-efficacy, which was positively related to mammography, suggesting the mediating role of perceived barriers and self-efficacy, connecting breast conflict to mammography indirectly. The mediating role of breast conflict in perceived barriers and self-efficacy suggests an indirect link between breast conflict and mammography. Clinicians and public health-care providers must pay attention to women’s feelings in formulating and delivering appropriate interventions and consultations.

Transcultural Adaptation and Validation of Champion's Health Belief Model Scales for Prostate Cancer Screening.

Examining men's health beliefs regarding prostate cancer screening is a vital issue and requires a reliable and valid scale. Modify Champion's Revised Health Belief Model Scale to measure Jordanian men's beliefs about PCS, translate to Arabic, culturally adapt, and test its psychometric prosperities. This was a methodological study in which 432 healthy men were selected by convenient sampling. Analysis included estimation of content validity indices, internal consistency, construct validity, and predictive validity. Exploratory factor analysis yielded seven significant factors which explained variance 68.9% of variance. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated that scale fit the data significantly. Cronbach's alpha coefficient ranged from .83 to .92. Scale was found to be a valid and reliable for use with Jordanian men.

Breast Self-examination and Health Beliefs in Grenadian Women.

Breast cancer incidence and mortality are rising in Grenada, and there is a lack of knowledge about women's beliefs about breast self-examination (BSE). The objective of this study was to quantify and identify patterns of beliefs about health and BSE in Grenadian women to help plan targeted community interventions. In this descriptive cross-sectional study of 110 women in a community parish in Grenada, sociodemographic data and health beliefs were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. The Champion revised Health Belief Model Scale was used to measure general health motivation (5 items), perceived susceptibility to breast cancer (4 items), seriousness of breast cancer (7 items), confidence in performing BSE (7 items), benefits of BSE (2 items), and barriers to BSE (6 items). Younger women were motivated to perform BSE (P = .018), and divorced/separated/widowed women felt more susceptible to breast cancer (P = .014) but perceived fewer benefits in performing BSE (P = .032). Women who did not attend church were more motivated (P = .015) and saw greater benefit (P = .033) in BSE. Frequent church attendees perceived that they were more susceptible (P = .01), were less confident (P < .001), and saw less benefit in BSE (P = .024). There are groups of women in Grenada with belief patterns and sociodemographic characteristics that may benefit from targeted community intervention, perhaps in partnership with other stakeholders such as the church. Beliefs about health and BSE affect BSE uptake and are culture dependent. These data help identify the at-risk population to guide the development of targeted community-based and culturally appropriate breast screening programs.

Determining the Factors that Affect Breast Cancer and Self Breast Examination Beliefs of Turkish Nurses in Academia

To define factors that affect the performance status of BSE and confidence of student nurses. This descriptive study was conducted in the academic year 2010-2011 in a nursing faculty in I?zmir, Turkey. "Informative data form" and "Champion's Revised Health Belief Model Scale (CHBMS)" were used as data collection forms. The mean age of the participant nurses was 21.0±1.49. The mean CHMS scores of the student nurses were as follows: perceived susceptibility regarding breast cancer, 7.78±2.46; perceived seriousness regarding breast cancer, 22.4±5.43; perceived benefit regarding BSE application, 20.5±4.45; perceived barriers regarding BSE application, 23.8±7.13; perceived confidence regarding BSE application, 36.3±7.78; the mean score of health motivation sub-scale, 25.7±4.59; and mean of the total score of the scale, 36.5±15.01. The outcomes obtained in this study indicated the importance of better education to student nurses, who have a key role in teaching preventive health behaviour including BSE to society and other university students as colleagues.

Predicting mammography stage of adoption among Iranian women

Objective:Despite evidence that screening for breast cancer is effective, adherence with screening recommendations in Iranian women is low. The purposes of this study were to (1) identify the associations between individual characteristics, related health beliefs, and stages of mammography behavior and (2) examine the socio-demographic factors and the health beliefs that predicate stages of mammography behavior.Design:All health care centers were considered as clusters and 30 women were randomly selected from each of them. A sample of 689 Iranian women completed a questionnaire.Materials and Methods:The questionnaire used was based on Champion's revised Health Belief Model Scale (CHBMS). One-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to assess differences in the outcome variables (perceived severity, susceptibility, benefits, and barriers) across the stages. Multinomial logistic regression was conducted to test multivariate relationships.Results:The percentage of participants in each stage was: 40.1% in pre-contemplation, 34.7 in contemplation, 7.5% in relapse, 12% in action, and 5.7% in maintenance stage of mammography adoption. Older women were most likely to be in the pre-contemplation stage and action stage, and the youngest women were most likely to be in the relapse stage. Differences across stages of change were found for related beliefs for all participants except those in the relapse stage.Conclusion:Iranian women are less likely to be in maintenance and action stages than ot er Asian women and this study identifies constructs that may be targeted in interventions.

Beliefs Related to Breast Cancer and Breast Cancer Screening Among Lebanese Armenian Women

Our purpose of this article was to investigate women's beliefs about breast cancer, breast cancer screening, and intervention programs. We designed the study using a cross-sectional/descriptive correlation. The participants were drawn from a convenience sample (N = 94). The instrument included Champion's Revised Health Belief Model Scale (CHBMS). Analysis was performed using SPSS (2005), 15.0. More than sixty-four percent (64.8%) of women surveyed were over 41. Results showed that 80.9% of women surveyed had heard of breast self-exams (BSEs), while 76.6% had heard of mammography. However, 53.2% never practiced breast self-examinations, and 79.6% never underwent mammography. Mean belief scores follow: low susceptibility (14.32), barriers to BSE (15.24), barriers to mammography (14.85), high seriousness (23.42), benefits to breast self-examination (22.7), confidence (36.45), health motivation (27.27), and benefits to mammography (24.28). Significant relationships included the relationship between barriers to breast self-examination and whether women had heard about breast self-examinations (p = .02); the relationship between susceptibility and whether women had heard of or underwent mammography (p = .027); the relationship between confidence and whether women had heard of mammography (p = .056); the relationship between confidence and perceived financial status (p = .05); and benefits of mammography (p = .05). Appropriate interventions are developed.

Benefits, Barriers, Sources of Influence, and Prostate Cancer Screening Among Rural Men

The objective of this study was to explore 3 research questions: (1) What are the perceived benefits of screening for prostate cancer (PC)? (2) What are the perceived barriers to screening for PC? and (3) Is there an association with perceived benefits or perceived barriers and participants' reported source of influence related to prostate cancer screening (PCS) decisions? A nonexperimental exploratory design was used for the study. Sample included 94 rural-dwelling male participants aged 40 and older. The instruments used included an adapted version of Champion's (1999) revised Health Belief Model scale and a researcher-developed demographic and PCS patterns form. Both benefits and barriers were significantly associated with PCS and sources of influence. Health care providers and family were highly reported, at 81.8% and 59.5%, respectively, as sources of influence regarding PCS decisions. In this primarily African American sample, significant barriers to PCS among rural men were indentifed. PC health education may need to include family, whom study participants highly reported as a source of influence regarding their PCS decisions.

Health Beliefs and Mammography Rates of Turkish Women Living in Rural Areas

Breast cancer is the most frequently occurring cancer among women globally as well as in Turkey and mammography is known to be an effective screening tool for this disease. This study was undertaken to characterize health beliefs and practices related to mammography of women in Turkey and also to survey mammography rates. Cross-sectional. The study was performed between September 2006 and January 2007 in Samsun, Turkey. Of 503 women, aged 35 years or older and registered at a local Health Center, 387 (76.94%) agreed to participate in this study. A self-administered descriptive questionnaire and the Champion Revised Health Belief Model Scale for breast cancer screening (CHBMS) were used as data collection instruments. Analysis included descriptive statistics, Chi-square, and independent t test. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify the extent to which individual variables significantly predicted mammography use. Study participants did not undergo mammography at optimal rates (23.5%), but perceived benefits were higher than were perceived barriers to the procedure after education about mammography. Consequently women reported they were likely to adopt the practice of regular mammography in the future. Mammography rates were low in this rural area in Turkey, but may improve after education about the procedure. Mammography is an important tool in the early diagnosis of breast cancer. Many women still do not understand the benefit of mammograms and further education may help increase rates of early screening.

Factors associated with breast self-examination practices and beliefs in female workers at a Muslim community

The purpose of this descriptive correlational study was to identify knowledge levels and performance frequency of breast self-examination (BSE) and to examine variables related to breast cancer screening behaviors in a sample of Turkish women. Data were collected from a convenience sample of 103 Muslim female workers at a hazelnut factory in Ordu city, Turkey, using an adapted version of Champion's revised Health Belief Model Scale. Results showed that 26.2% of the women reported knowledge of BSE and 4.3% reported that they perform BSE. Higher health motivation, higher perceived self-efficacy of BSE, marital status, and familial breast cancer history were significantly associated with BSE performance. Higher levels of health motivation and higher perceived self-efficacy of BSE were also significantly associated with knowledge of BSE.

Adaptation of Champion's Health Belief Model Scale for Turkish Women and Evaluation of the Selected Variables Associated with Breast Self-Examination

The purpose of this study was to adapt Champion's Revised Health Belief Model Scale for Turkish women and to examine selected sociodemographic variables associated with breast self-examination (BSE). Data were collected from a total of 430 females who were living in one of the Health Center areas located in Izmir, a city in the west of Turkey. Champion's revised Health Belief Model Scale was translated into Turkish, validated by professional judges, translated back into English, and then tested. Factor analysis yielded 7 factors: susceptibility, seriousness, barrier 1, barrier 2, confidence, benefits, and health motivation. Significant correlations were found between 2 barriers. Therefore, 2 barriers were considered one barrier subscale. All the items on each factor were from the same construct. Cronbach alpha coefficients ranged from .58 to .89, and test-retest reliability coefficients ranged from .89 to .99 for the subscales. Women who received low scores on barriers reported greater frequency of BSE practice. Likewise, women having high scores on confidence, benefits, health motivation, susceptibility, and seriousness reported a greater frequency of BSE in the last year. The frequency of BSE practice was higher in high school and university graduates, women with a family history of breast cancer, and women with breast cancer and BSE training. The Turkish version of Champion's Revised Health Belief Model Scale was found to be a valid and reliable tool for use with Turkish women. It could be used to evaluate health beliefs about breast cancer and BSE among Turkish women.

Factors associated with breast cancer screening behaviours in a sample of Turkish women: A questionnaire survey

The purpose of this descriptive correlational study was to identify breast self-examination (BSE) and mammography rates and to examine variables related to the breast cancer screening behaviours in a sample of Turkish women. Data were collected from a convenience sample of 656 women, attending three health centres and two maternal and health centres, using an adapted version of Champion's revised Health Belief Model Scale. Results showed that 17% of the women reported performing BSE on a regular basis. Women, over the age of 40, 25% reported at least one mammography. Higher susceptibility to breast cancer, higher confidence for BSE, lower barriers to BSE, and having heard/read about breast cancer and BSE were significantly associated with performing BSE. Higher seriousness of breast cancer, higher benefits of having mammography, having heard/read about mammography, and having a gynaecologist as a regular physician were significantly associated with having mammography.

Factors associated with breast self-examination among jordanian women.

The purpose of this cross-sectional, correlational, descriptive study was to investigate factors and beliefs that may be related to the practice of breast self-examination (BSE) among a group of Jordanian women. The sample consisted of 519 women from two major universities in Jordan. About 36% of the sample were university employees and 64% were graduate and undergraduate students. Stratified random sampling was used to enroll the undergraduate students while graduate students and employees were selected by convenience sampling. The study instrument was an adapted version of Champion's Revised Health Belief Model Scale (CRHBMS). The results were analyzed using a chi-square test and a stepwise multiple regression. The main findings indicate that although the majority of the sample population (67%) had heard/read about BSE, only a quarter of them reported that they had ever practiced BSE in the previous 12 months, and only 7% had performed it on a regular monthly basis. Confidence, motivation, susceptibility, and fewer barriers were variables that showed a positive association with BSE practice in the previous year, while benefits, susceptibility, and motivation influenced the intention to perform BSE in the future. Women's age, level of education, having heard or read about breast tumors, and personal history of breast tumors were also found to be significant predictors of BSE practice.