Review Of Physiological Changes Research Articles

Concussions: A Review of Physiological Changes and Long-Term Sequelae.

A concussion is a type of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). It is prevalent among athletes across a wide variety of sports. The exact mechanism of a concussion is unknown, but it is currently accepted that the acceleration and deceleration of the brain is the insult causing disturbances in activity. The most common symptoms of concussions include but are not limited to dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and headaches. With repetitive concussive injuries, athletes can experience permanent changes such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy (gradual degeneration of brain tissue), which can lead to personality changes and memory deficits. This literature review aims to provide insight into concussions and the evaluation of physiological changes and long-term sequelae. A comprehensive literature search was performed from April 2012 to April 2022 using PubMed/MEDLINE (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online) and Embase databases. Nineteen articles were finally included in the literature review. The review shows that neuroimaging results demonstrated significant changes in the brain structure and function including alternations in the thalamus, hippocampus, corpus callosum, and the white matter, which can extend beyond the symptom amelioration. In addition, other approaches include brain metabolism, cerebral blood flow, and glucose utilization. Additional techniques include the evaluation of fatigue levels and the alterations in biomarkers, specifically IL-6. These approaches have demonstrated that consequences of concussions, including alternations in brain structure and function, can extend beyond an athlete's report of symptom resolution, and should be taken into consideration for return to play. The physiological changes present after a concussion have the potential to develop into long-term complications such as academic difficulty, cognitive decline, gut microbiome changes, gait changes, and increased risk of lower extremity injury. The findings in the literature review determine that is important to immediately address the symptoms of concussions to expedite treatment and prevent deleterious changes to the brain.

Physical exercise in menopause: a review of physiological changes

Menopause is characterised by several hormonal changes through which women undergo aging. These changes lead to psychological, somatic, urogenital and vasomotor symptoms that influence the quality of life of women. Studies have shown that physical exercise can benefit women in the pre- and postmenopausal stages. However, the physiological benefits of exercise during the menopausal period have been less explored, as well as which type of exercise is most recommended at this stage of life. Therefore, the present review aimed to investigate the physiological changes promoted by the practice of physical exercise during the menopause period. A search for scientific articles was performed in the PubMed database using the descriptors ‘menopause’ and ‘exercise’ and the ‘AND’ connector. The period selected for this study was from 2014 to 2018. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, five articles were selected. As a result, studies suggest that physical exercise promotes hormones, body composition and positive cardiovascular changes, decreases menopausal symptoms and improves psychosocial health. In addition, it is associated with an improvement in the quality of life.

A LITERATURE STUDY TO UNDERSTAND PHYSIOLOGY OF PRE VENEPUNCTURE-POSITION OF LEGS W.S.R TO SUSHRUT SAMHITA

Position of a patient in surgical procedures, clinical examinations is an important assisting factor. Position of patient in minor and major surgical procedures is mentioned in ayurveda as well as modern surgery. One of such position is mentioned in Sushrut samhita sharirsthan chapter 8 and shloka number 8. This reference is about siraa utthaan before siravedh / venepuncture / bloodletting procedure. Before this procedure a position is given to patient by doctor. This study is about review of physiological changes in venous blood flow due to position of legs, use of bandhan [like tourniquet], location of bandhan from venepuncture site and effect of these techniques on veins and venous blood volume. Vein should be prominent and full of blood [sira utthaan] i.e., expected before bloodletting treatments/procedures. Keywords: sira vedh, veins in legs, venous blood volume in legs, sira utthaan, bloodletting in legs

A Systematic Review of Physiological Changes in Swallowing in the Oldest Old.

Age-related swallowing changes are well-researched in deglutology, usually distinguishing those over 60years as older aged. World-wide, older adults are healthier and forecast to live longer: many over 85years. It is necessary for clinicians to understand healthy swallowing changes in this 'oldest old' in order to appropriately manage swallowing complaints in older patients. This systematic review collated and critically appraised studies investigating swallowing changes in adults over 85years using instrumental assessment. Criteria for inclusion were healthy subjects over 85years. Exclusion criteria included studies focused on anatomy and oral processing. Studies published until December 2018 were retrieved from BIOSIS, CINAHL, Embase, Medline, and Scopus, totaling 2125 articles. During data screening, 64% of studies investigating age-related swallowing changes were excluded, as the oldest old were not recruited. After PRISMA screening, 44 articles met criteria. These were further reviewed for data extraction, bias and quality. Main quantitative age-related changes in swallowing included increases in delay in swallow onset, bolus transit times, duration of UES opening, pressure above the UES and UES relaxation pressure, and reduction in pressure at the UES. Few studies detected increased residue or airway compromise in the form of aspiration. Results were not easily comparable due to differences in age ranges, methods for deeming participants 'healthy', measures used to define swallowing physiology, and swallowing tasks. Age-related swallowing changes are identified that do not compromise safety. The oldest old are underrepresented in normative deglutition research. It is essential future studies plan accordingly to recruit those over 85years.

Laparoscopic management of pelvic pathology during pregnancy

The following article presents an overview of current practices in laparoscopy for pelvic pathology during pregnancy. It includes a review of physiologic changes in pregnancy. Common indications for surgery during pregnancy, including adnexal masses, appendicitis and biliary disease are discussed. Recommendations for the safe practice of laparoscopy in pregnancy including timing and operative techniques are provided.

AGING AND NUTRITION EDUCATION

This paper reviews the present state of nutrition education programs in relation to aging. A summary of various facets of nutritional information that constitute different components of nutrition education programs for the elderly is discussed. A brief review of physiological changes with age that affect nutrient utilization and food selection, a review of changes in dietary intake and dietary requirements are presented. The psychological foundations of nutrition education programs, possible limitations of behavioral modification methods and the need for new approaches in diet therapy for the elderly are reviewed. A historical sketch of the government agencies involved in improving the nutritional status of elderly citizens, a description of reports on several nutrition education programs, and a discussion of future needs for nutrition education of the elderly are included.