Review Of Earlier Research Research Articles

Transfer Learning in Weather Prediction: Why, How, and What Should

Transfer learning (TL) is a popular phrase in deep learning (DL) domain. It is one of the latest artificial intelligence (AI) technologies that has a significant impact on big data analysis. Methods of traditional machine learning (ML) require the availability of an adequate quantity of training data as well as similarity of characteristics among the feature spaces corresponding to training and test data while performing supervised learning tasks. However, in real-life analytical problems, data scarcity often arises. In such scenarios, the TL approach has shown effectiveness in transferring knowledge from the source tasks that had large training data to a target task that has less training data. Basically, in TL, a model that has been trained on one task is essentially applied to a second related (but not exact) task. In this way, the issue of distribution mismatch can also be addressed. TL is not like conventional machine learning algorithms that try to learn each task starting from the beginning. Meteorological research is such an example of big data analysis which often faces the data scarcity issue. The current study addresses the contemporary challenges in weather forecasting that can be solved (or better dealt with) using TL methods. It presents a brief review of earlier research, followed by potential applications of TL algorithms to several key challenges in weather prediction, which includes the prediction of air quality, thunderstorms, precipitation, visibility, and cyclones, among others. Special emphasis is given to high-impact weather (HIW) prediction. These high-impact events are extremely difficult to predict, and they can cause enormous property damage and fatalities around the world. TL techniques have shown advantages in predicting HIW. Various challenging issues in implementing TL technology are then discussed. Finally, we address various prospects associated with TL, propose new research directions, and more importantly mention some concerns for beginners in DL-TL research. An extensive list of references is also provided.

Theoretical models and statistical modelling of linguistic epicentres

AbstractMotivated by a fundamental discussion of the relation between theoretical and statistical modelling, the present paper takes stock of the research history of linguistic epicentres in the world Englishes paradigm and seeks to provide suggestions for future epicentral studies. Based on a review of earlier research into potential epicentral constellations, we provide an overview of the genesis of the concept of linguistic epicentres, describe different methodological approaches that have been chosen and/or recommended for their study and provide statistical comments. With a view to future epicentral research, we aim at (i) refining the theoretical construct of linguistic epicentres, (ii) suggesting empirical methods that allow identifying epicentral constellations more reliably than in the past and (iii) making statistical recommendations particularly relevant to epicentral research.

Conceptualizing Big Social Data

The popularity of social media and computer-mediated communication has resulted in high-volume and highly semantic data about digital social interactions. This constantly accumulating data has been termed as Big Social Data or Social Big Data, and various visions about how to utilize that have been presented. However, as relatively new concepts, there are no solid and commonly agreed definitions of them. We argue that the emerging research field around these concepts would benefit from understanding about the very substance of the concept and the different viewpoints to it. With our review of earlier research, we highlight various perspectives to this multi-disciplinary field and point out conceptual gaps, the diversity of perspectives and lack of consensus in what Big Social Data means. Based on detailed analysis of related work and earlier conceptualizations, we propose a synthesized definition of the term, as well as outline the types of data that Big Social Data covers. With this, we aim to foster future research activities around this intriguing, yet untapped type of Big Data.

Integrated Framework of Antecedents and Effects of Market Orientation

Earlier research concerning market orientation-related issues focuses on conceptualization of market orientation and its ingredients; various antecedents of market orientation; and impact of market orientation on firm’s entrepreneurial orientation, strategies, innovativeness and performance. This article is a descriptive and qualitative review of earlier research concerning all these issues. It also discusses the mediators and moderators that affect relationship between market orientation and firm’s performance. This article provides the holistic picture of what it means to be market oriented, what needs to be done to be better in market orientation and how market orientation affects firm’s performance. The article summarizes the propositions that emerged from the extensive review of literature, followed by the presentation of a proposed integrated framework of antecedents and effects of market orientation with its likely implications. These propositions and the proposed integrated framework provide a concrete base for carrying out future research studies. Thus, this article is significant value addition to the body of knowledge. Review of earlier research established that there exists a positive, significant and robust link between market orientation and firm performance. The review also indicates that market orientation has positive associations with an organization’s innovativeness and orientation mediated by innovation creates superior performance of a firm. The review also states that in earlier research, it has been found that there exists a close association between market orientation and entrepreneurial orientation as well as between market orientation and marketing planning/operational marketing strategies. Developing and improving on a firm’s market orientation may make a firm’s capabilities become more distinctive over the long run, resulting in sustainable competitive advantage.

What can we learn from car sharing experiences in the UK?

Car sharing has become synonymous with sustainable transport planning across the UK, but to date there is limited evidence on the effectiveness of different approaches in different settings and contexts. Research undertaken by Integrated Transport Planning Ltd in 2010 on behalf of the Yorkshire and Humber Rural Affairs and Rural Transport Forums has examined the extent, reach and coverage of current car sharing schemes in the Yorkshire and Humber region, with the aim of assessing their potential for improving access to employment, training and key services for people in areas of geographic isolation. The research shows that car sharing has the potential to play a far greater role in transport strategy without the need for significant investment. The paper combines the 2010 research findings with a review of earlier research and explores the contribution that car sharing can play in reducing carbon emissions and improving access to services.

On the Interface Between Management Accounting and Modern Information Technology - A Literature Review and Some Empirical Evidence

Based on a review of earlier research and empirical data this study suggests that the accounting academia has in general a limited understanding of the current developments in the accounting - information technology (IT) interfaces. This knowledge gap has important implications for as regards what should be studied in the area and how, as well as for the usefulness of knowledge we want to hold out to various stakeholders. The purpose of the study is to critically evaluate the status of research on the interface between accounting and IT. The focus of the paper is on the interface between IT and management accounting/control. The analysis demonstrates beneficial/enabling as well as problematic/constraining effects IT developments have had on accounting and control practice. The study particularly discusses the transforming potential of modern IT vis-a-vis the domains of accounting, the complex intertwining of integrated IT with accounting and control, and the paradox of IT complexity and its manifestations in the management accounting domain. The analysis gives reason to be concerned about the current state of Accounting Information Systems research in certain respects.

Diffraction, Interference, and Depolarization of Elastic Waves. Caustic and Penumbra

A theoretical study of polarization-spectral anomalies of wave fields, or their deviations from the predictions based on simple plane-wave models, is presented. A simple unified method of numerical simulation of anomalies of nonstationary wave fields near a caustic and in the penumbra is described. It uses both the leading and correcting terms in asymptotic expansions. Examples of calculation of displacements and average polarization ellipses are given. Qualitative properties of wave fields are discussed. A review of earlier research on polarization anomalies of elastic waves is given. Bibliography: 38 titles.

Duelling Languages: Grammatical Structure in Codeswitching

Myers-Scotton’s Direlliiig Laizgirqys is a book which deals with codeswitching (CS) from a sociolinguistic, but also, and predominantly, from a linguistic and a psycholinguistic point ofviewv. The book first came out in 1993, in hardback only, but has apparently been received so well that Oxford University Press decided to bring out a new paperback edition in 1997. In fact, the word “new” is slightly misleading, since the paperback edition is an exact copy of the first edition, but a twenty page aflenvord has been added to it. In the aflenvord MyersScotton clarifies some issues that had led to misunderstandings in the earlier edition and revises certain parts to bring them in line with her current thinking. The new book, then, consists of eight chapters and an aftenvord. In Chapter I, MyersScotton states the main goal of the book: “to present a model to account for the structures in intrasential CS” (p.5). In addition, Chapter I contains a detailed description of the database used for this study, the Nairobi corpus. IVe are given an interesting description of the position of Swahili and English in Kenya, and of the sociolinguistic background of the conversations from which the codeswitches were taken. Chapter I1 offers a critical review of earlier research on CS. One of the weaknesses pointed out is that in most early research single lexemes were excluded as instances of CS. The chapter is also critical of most early proposals for structural constraints, the main problem being that they have no theoretical basis and are therefore descriptive rather than explanatory. In Chapter 111, the background for the Matrix Language Frame (MLF) model is sketched. First, there is a discussion of several monolingual speech production models, notably Garrett’s (e.g., 1990) and Levelt’s (1989). Second, the distinction between the matrix language (ML) and the embedded language (EL) is introduced. A frequency-based criterion is suggested to operationalize the notion of the ML, which is defined as “the language of more morphemes in interaction types including intrasentential CS” (p. 68). Chapters IV and V constitute the t\vo most important chapters of the book since they present the MLF model and the predictions following from it. The MLF model is psycholinguistic in that it adopts some of the ideas from current work on speech production, such as the distinction between two kinds of morphemes: System morphemes and content

Individual Differences in Second Language Learning

This article is broadly concerned with the differences between individual language learners. In terms of particular content areas of Individual Differences (ID) research, it surveys developments in foreign language aptitude, motivation, learner strategies, and learner styles. A brief review of earlier research on aptitude is presented, followed by discussions of more contemporary work on the origin of aptitude, namely, as a residue of first language learning ability, and on the existence of evidence for “learner types.” Motivation research is reviewed partly with regard to Robert Gardner's research, and then in terms of a wider framework for the functioning of motivation within an educational context. The review of learner strategies research emphasizes current attempts to develop taxonomies of such strategies, and to investigate their theoretical basis and their trainability. Finally, learner styles research, drawing on field independence theory, is discussed, and links are made with the research on aptitude. The article finishes with sections on conceptual and methodological issues in ID research.

CHAPTER 2.: Brief Review of Earlier Research on the Cyanosis Developing during Treatment Avith Sulfanilamide Preparations.

CHAPTER 2.: Brief Review of Earlier Research on the Cyanosis Developing during Treatment Avith Sulfanilamide Preparations.