Review Of Detection Methods Research Articles

Recent Advances on Jamming and Spoofing Detection in GNSS.

Increased interest in the development and integration of navigation and positioning services into a wide range of receivers makes them susceptible to a variety of security attacks such as Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) jamming and spoofing attacks. The availability of low-cost devices including software-defined radios (SDRs) provides a wide accessibility of affordable platforms that can be used to perform these attacks. Early detection of jamming and spoofing interferences is essential for mitigation and avoidance of service degradation. For these reasons, the development of efficient detection methods has become an important research topic and a number of effective methods has been reported in the literature. This survey offers the reader a comprehensive and systematic review of methods for detection of GNSS jamming and spoofing interferences. The categorization and classification of selected methods according to specific parameters and features is provided with a focus on recent advances in the field. Although many different detection methods have been reported, significant research efforts toward developing new and more efficient methods remain ongoing. These efforts are driven by the rapid development and increased number of attacks that pose high-security risks. The presented review of GNSS jamming and spoofing detection methods may be used for the selection of the most appropriate solution for specific purposes and constraints and also to provide a reference for future research.

Mesoscale Clusters in the Crystallisation of Organic Molecules

AbstractThe early stages of the molecular self‐assembly pathway leading to crystal nucleation have a significant influence on the properties and purity of organic materials. This mini review collates the work on organic mesoscale clusters and discusses their importance in nucleation processes, with a particular focus on their critical properties and susceptibility to sample treatment parameters. This is accomplished by a review of detection methods, including dynamic light scattering, nanoparticle tracking analysis, small angle X‐ray scattering, and transmission electron microscopy. Considering the challenges associated with crystallisation of flexible and large‐molecule active pharmaceutical ingredients, the dynamic nature of mesoscale clusters has the potential to expand the discovery of novel crystal forms. By collating literature on mesoscale clusters for organic molecules, a more comprehensive understanding of their role in nucleation will evolve and can guide further research efforts.

Mesoscale Clusters in the Crystallisation of Organic Molecules.

The early stages of the molecular self-assembly pathway leading to crystal nucleation have a significant influence on the properties and purity of organic materials. This mini review collates the work on organic mesoscale clusters and discusses their importance in nucleation processes, with a particular focus on their critical properties and susceptibility to sample treatment parameters. This is accomplished by a review of detection methods, including dynamic light scattering, nanoparticle tracking analysis, small angle X-ray scattering, and transmission electron microscopy. Considering the challenges associated with crystallisation of flexible and large-molecule active pharmaceutical ingredients, the dynamic nature of mesoscale clusters has the potential to expand the discovery of novel crystal forms. By collating literature on mesoscale clusters for organic molecules, a more comprehensive understanding of their role in nucleation will evolve and can guide further research efforts.

Review of methods for detection and characterization of non-tuberculous mycobacteria in aquatic organisms.

Mycobacteriosis is an emerging and often lethal disease of aquatic organisms caused by several non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) species. Early diagnosis of mycobacteriosis in aquaculture and aquatic settings is critical; however, clinical diagnoses and laboratory detection are challenging, and the available literature is scarce. In an attempt to fill the gap, here we review the most relevant approaches to detect and characterize mycobacteria in clinical specimens of aquatic organisms. Emphasis is given to recent advances in molecular methods used to differentiate NTM species spanning from targeted gene sequencing to next-generation sequencing. Further, given that there are major gaps in our understanding of the prevalence of the different NTM species, partially because of their distinct requirements for in vitro growth, we also reviewed the most relevant NTM species reported to cause disease in aquatic organisms and their specific in vitro growth conditions. We also highlight that traditional bacterial culture continues to be relevant for NTM identification, particularly in non-automated laboratories. However, for NTM species discrimination, a high level of accuracy can be achieved with MALDI-TOF MS and molecular approaches, especially targeted gene sequencing applied from clinical specimens or from pure NTM isolates.

Circulating tumor cells in colorectal cancer - a review of detection methods and clinical relevance.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer; it is one of the leading malignancies contributing to cancer mortality. Colorectal cancer is the third most diagnosed cancer in men and the second in women worldwide. Diagnosis of CRC depends on several clinical features such as age, primary site, tumor-node-metastasis stage, genetic parameters and the presence or absence of metastasis. The latter is a phenomenon that is induced by the shedding of tumor cells in the blood circulation by the primary tumor. Such cells are known as circulating tumor cells (CTCs). The detection of CTCs is quite challenging due to their scarceness; thus it requires their enrichment and characterization. Studying the utility of CTCs in the diagnosis of CRC has been the aim of several studies; they demonstrated that ≥ 3 CTCs in 7.5 ml of blood is correlated with a worse prognosis and short progression-free and overall survival. Circulating tumor cells have also been monitored to study treatment response and predict future relapses. The present review aims to bring to light the different techniques used to detect and characterize these malignant cells in the peripheral blood of cancer patients as well as the clinical relevance of CTCs in CRC patients.

Natural Antioxidant Evaluation: A Review of Detection Methods.

Antioxidants have drawn the attention of the scientific community due to being related to the prevention of various degenerative diseases. The antioxidant capacity has been extensively studied in vitro, and different methods have been used to assess its activity. However, the main issues related to studying natural antioxidants are evaluating whether these antioxidants demonstrate a key role in the biological system and assessing their bioavailability in the organism. The majority of outcomes in the literature are controversial due to a lack of method standardization and their proper application. Therefore, this study aims to compile the main issues concerning the natural antioxidant field of study, comparing the most common in vitro methods to evaluate the antioxidant activity of natural compounds, demonstrating the antioxidant activity in biological systems and the role of the main antioxidant enzymes of redox cellular signaling and explaining how the bioavailability of bioactive compounds is evaluated in animal models and human clinical trials.

A review of methods for detection and segmentation of kidney stones from CT scan images using image processing method

A review of methods for detection and segmentation of kidney stones from CT scan images using image processing method

A review of methods for detection and segmentation of kidney stones from CT scan images using image processing method

A review of methods for detection and segmentation of kidney stones from CT scan images using image processing method

Methods for detection of antibiotics in urban wastewater

This review provides analysis of existing methods for detection antibiotics in wastewater. Special attention is paid to the classification of methods for the detection of antibiotics and the possibility of these methods during antibiotics formation with separate components of wastewater complex compounds. According to the classification and a review of detection methods, preference was given to the analysis of the antibiotic content in dust on a solid-state polarograph, analyzing a sample of the solution using a KORIAN-3 analyzer, and differential spectroscopy.

METHOD FOR DETECTING AGING RELATED FAILURES OF PROCESS SENSORS VIA NOISE SIGNAL MEASUREMENT

In this article we examine the methods for detecting and predicting aging related process sensor failures by analyzing the noise of the sensor output signal. The study uses data from non-differential and differential pressure transmitters used in the pressure and water level measurements of the reactor pressure vessels of units 1 and 2 of the Olkiluoto nuclear power plant in Finland. The article contains a review of the current methods for detection of sensor failures. Additionally, we present a new method for detecting changes in the sensor output signal. The method creates fingerprints of the power spectra of the sensors by using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The changes in these fingerprints together with the measurements of the redundant sensors can be used to detect indications of some of the impending sensor failures. In the experimental study we are able to produce stable fingerprints for both the non-differential and differential pressure transmitters. Also, a potential failure in one of the differential pressure transmitters in Olkiluoto unit 2 is detected by inspecting the fingerprints and analyzing the spectral changes of the transmitter output signal.

Review of methods for detection of toxic compounds involved in animal poisoning

Review of methods for detection of toxic compounds involved in animal poisoning

Bone marrow micrometastasis in breast cancer: review of detection methods, prognostic impact and biological issues

Immunocytochemical detection of disseminated tumour cells in the bone marrow of patients with primary breast cancer at surgery has been shown to be an independent prognostic factor in single institutional...

Detection of the Dinozoans Pfiesteria piscicida and P. shumwayae: A Review of Detection Methods and Geographic Distribution1

Molecular methods, including conventional PCR, real-time PCR, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, fluorescent fragment detection PCR, and fluorescent in situ hybridization, have all been developed for use in identifying and studying the distribution of the toxic dinoflagellates Pfiesteria piscicida and P. shumwayae. Application of the methods has demonstrated a worldwide distribution of both species and provided insight into their environmental tolerance range and temporal changes in distribution. Genetic variability among geographic locations generally appears low in rDNA genes, and detection of the organisms in ballast water is consistent with rapid dispersal or high gene flow among populations, but additional sequence data are needed to verify this hypothesis. The rapid development and application of these tools serves as a model for study of other microbial taxa and provides a basis for future development of tools that can simultaneously detect multiple targets.

Platelet antibody: review of detection methods.

The driving force behind development of in vitro methods for platelet antibodies is identification of plasma factors causing platelet destruction. Early methods relied on measurement of platelet activation. Current methods are more specific and use a purified antibody against immunoglobulin or complement, which is usually labeled with 125I or tagged with an enzyme or fluorescein. Comparisons of quantitation of platelet-associated IgG show wide variability between different methods. The disparate results can be related both to differences in binding of secondary antibodies to immunoglobulin in solution compared to immunoglobulins attached to platelets and to the improper assumption that the binding ratio between the secondary detecting and primary antiplatelet antibody is one. Most assays can 1) identify neonatal isoimmune thrombocytopenia and posttransfusion purpura, 2) help to differentiate between immune and nonimmune thrombocytopenias, 3) help to sort out the offending drug when drug-induced thrombocytopenia is suspected, and 4) identify platelet alloantibodies and potential platelet donors via a cross match assay for refractory patients. However, the advantages of quantitative assays over qualitative methods with respect to predictions of patients clinical course and response to different treatments remain to be investigated.