Review Body Research Articles

Dissecting the epigenetic orchestra of HDAC isoforms in breast cancer development: a review.

Epigenetic modulators have recently emerged as potential targets in cancer therapy. Breast cancer, the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women globally and the most common cancer in India, continues to have a low survival rate despite available treatments. This underscores the urgent need for more effective therapeutic strategies. Histone deacetylases (HDACs), a prominent class of epigenetic modulators, are frequently overexpressed in various cancers, including breast cancer, making them and their downstream pathways, a focus of current research, aiming to develop more effective and less invasive treatments that could help overcome chemoresistance and enhance patient outcomes. Despite the growing body of evidences, a comprehensive and consolidated review on molecular intricacy behind the HDAC-mediated epigenetic regulation of breast cancer is conspicuously absent. Therefore, this review aims to open doors for future research by exploring the evolving role of HDACs, their molecular mechanisms, and their potential as therapeutic targets in breast cancer treatment.

The Quality Improvement Review Board: An Innovative Approach to Oversight of Projects That Do Not Meet Criteria of Human Subject Research.

This article describes the development of an institutional quality improvement review board (QIRB) as an effective and efficient method for reviewing and overseeing institutional quality improvement (QI) initiatives. QI projects involve the systematic collection and analysis of data and the implementation of interventions designed to improve the quality of clinical care and/or educational programs for a distinct population in a specific setting. QI projects are fundamentally distinct from human subjects research (HuSR); however, the differences between them are subtle and highly nuanced. Determining whether a project meets the definition of QI or qualifies as HuSR, thus requiring institutional review board (IRB) review, can be confusing and frustrating. Nevertheless, this distinction is highly consequential due to the heavy regulatory requirements involved in HuSR and IRB oversight. Making the correct determination of a project's regulatory status is essential before the project begins. Project leaders may not realize that their work meets the definition of HuSR and, therefore, might conduct the project without appropriate IRB review. Therefore, best practices dictate that project leaders should not decide which type of institutional review is appropriate for their projects. In addition, when QI project teams attempt to disseminate the results of their work, documentation of formal review and approval is generally required by peer-reviewed journals and professional organizations. However, institutional review mechanisms are rarely available. Projects that do not meet the definition of HuSR fall outside the purview of IRBs and most institutions do not have an alternative review body. This creates frustration for both project leaders and IRB administrators. Apart from IRB review, a separate process for reviewing QI projects offers several benefits. These include (1) relieving the burden on busy IRB staff; (2) promoting scholarly activity; (3) protecting the institution, project leaders, and participants from HuSR conducted outside of appropriate IRB review; and (4) promoting rigorous QI methods.

Artificial intelligence in human resource development: An umbrella review protocol.

The recent surge in artificial intelligence (AI) has significantly transformed work dynamics, particularly in human resource development (HRD) and related domains. Scholars, recognizing the significant potential of AI in HRD functions and processes, have contributed to the growing body of literature reviews on AI in HRD and related domains. Despite the valuable insights provided by these individual reviews, the challenge of collectively interpreting them within the HRD domain remains unresolved. This protocol outlines the methodology for an umbrella review aiming to systematically synthesize existing reviews on AI in HRD. The review seeks to address key research questions regarding AI's contributions to HRD functions and processes, as well as the opportunities and threats associated with its implementation by employing a technology-aided systematic approach. The coding framework will be used to synthesize the contents of the selected systematic reviews such as their search strategies, data synthesis approaches, and HRD-related findings. The results of this umbrella review are expected to provide insights for HRD scholars and practitioners, promoting continuous improvement in AI-driven HRD initiatives. This protocol is preregistered on the Open Science Framework (https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/Z8NM6) on May 27, 2024.

Critical analysis of the law-making paradigm of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation

The constitutional control of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation is aimed, to a certain extent, at creating (temporary) legal norms. Law-making in itself is not the basis for the activity of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, however, at the same time it is hardly possible not to recognize the existence of a special function for the creation of law for the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. This function of constitutional justice is implemented in practice through the prism of constitutional control. At the same time, approaches to determining the powers and functions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation on this issue differ significantly from each other. Based on this, the subject of the study is the decisions and legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, which have an impact on the Russian legal order. The research methods used are logical, comparative legal, formal legal, hermeneutic and empirical methods of cognition. The discussion on the role and significance of the law-making function of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation is far from over, and assessments of such activities of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation vary from radical to conservative. The author concludes that the law-making function of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation is a secondary function of the Russian judicial review body, it is not the necessary role of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. At the same time, the processes of constitutionalization and, in particular, the creation of temporary legal norm by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation affect the Russian legal system.

A Fuzzy Synthetic Evaluation Approach to Assess Usefulness of Tourism Reviews by Considering Bias Identified in Sentiments and Articulacy

Assessing the usefulness of reviews has been the aim of several research studies. However, results regarding the significance of usefulness determinants are often contradictory, thus decreasing the accuracy of reviews’ helpfulness estimation. Also, bias in user reviews attributed to differences, e.g., in gender, nationality, etc., may result in misleading judgments, thus diminishing reviews’ usefulness. Research is needed for sentiment analysis algorithms that incorporate bias embedded in reviews, thus improving their usefulness, readability, credibility, etc. This study utilizes fuzzy relations and fuzzy synthetic evaluation (FSE) in order to calculate reviews’ usefulness by incorporating users’ biases as expressed in terms of reviews’ articulacy and sentiment polarity. It selected and analyzed 95,678 hotel user reviews from Tripadvisor, written by users from five specific nationalities. The findings indicate that there are differences among nationalities in terms of the articulacy and sentiment of their reviews. The British are most consistent in their judgments expressed in titles and the main body of reviews. For the British and the Greeks, review titles suffice to convey any negative sentiments. The Dutch use fewer words in their reviews than the other nationalities. This study suggests that fuzzy logic captures subjectivity which is often found in reviews, and it can be used to quantify users’ behavioral differences, calculate reviews’ usefulness, and provide the means for developing more accurate voting systems.

Social, Ethical and Regulatory implications of conducting a malaria Vaccine Efficacy trial in a human infection study in Kenya (SERVE-Kenya): A study protocol

Malaria remains an important public health problem in many LMICs, including Kenya – necessitating alternative prevention and control strategies. Malaria human infection studies (HIS) – trials that involve the deliberate infection of healthy volunteers with malaria parasites to assess the efficacy of potential vaccine and drug candidates and to understand the innate and acquired protection against malaria parasites - have become an important approach to fast-track the development of a malaria vaccine. The KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme (KWTRP) otherwise known as the KEMRI Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast) (KEMRI CGMRC) has developed expertise in setting up and running research on malaria HIS, with two completed and two planned in the coming months. One of the planned studies is an EDCTP-funded Phase IIb malaria vaccine efficacy trial within a HIS. While all scientific proposals at KWTRP are carefully reviewed by national and international science and ethics review bodies and are supported by a well-developed local community engagement platform, research to understand the social, ethical and regulatory issues for HIS from a grounded perspective is in early stages of development, especially in LMICs. Given the particular opportunities provided by the KWTRP’s experience in running HIS, expertise in embedded social science research and the presence of a well-established community engagement platform, we plan to conduct a social science study within the HIS-based Phase IIb malaria vaccine trial. The overall aim is to contribute to the development of locally responsive policies on the ethical conduct of malaria vaccine efficacy studies involving the use of a HIS in Kenya. Data will be collected from a range of HIS stakeholders, including HIS participants, community members, HIS research team, ethics committees, regulatory authorities and policy makers through surveys, interviews, group discussions, participatory workshops, observations and document review. This is an EDCTP-funded Career Development Fellowship project awarded to PCC.

Modern Agro Techniques for Carbon Sequestration to Mitigate Climate Change

The review discusses both abiotic and biotic technologies and describes the mechanics involved in sequestering carbon dioxide (CO2). In an attempt to reduce the net rate of rise in atmospheric CO2, carbon sequestration entails transporting or storing CO2 into various long-lived global reservoirs, such as biotic, geological, pedologic, and marine layers. Carbon sequestration is the process of removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by biological or geological mechanisms. The method of keeping carbon in a stable, solid state is known as sequestration. Technologies are being developed which is explained in the main body of review to reduce the rate at which land-use change, energy, process industries, and the process of cultivating soil in raising the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide.

Quality assurance in surgical trials of arteriovenous grafts for haemodialysis: A systematic review, a narrative exploration and expert recommendations.

Introducing new procedures and challenging established paradigms requires well-designed randomised controlled trials (RCT). However, RCT in surgery present unique challenges with much of treatment tailored to the individual patient circumstances, refined by experience and limited by organisational factors. There has been considerable debate over the outcomes of arteriovenous grafts (AVG) compared to AVF, but any differences may reflect differing practice and potential variability. It is essential, therefore, when considering an RCT of a novel surgical procedure or device that quality assurance (QA) is defined for both the new approach and the comparator. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the QA standards performed in RCT of AVG using a multi-national, multi-disciplinary approach and propose an approach for future RCT. The methods of this have been previously registered (PROSPERO: CRD420234284280) and published. In summary, a four-stage review was performed: identification of RCT of AVG, initial review, multidisciplinary appraisal of QA methods and reconciliation. QA measures were sought in four areas - generic, credentialing, standardisation and monitoring, with data abstracted by a multi-national, multi-speciality review body. QA in RCT involving AVG in all four domains is highly variable, often sub-optimally described and has not improved over the past three decades. Few RCT established or defined a pre-RCT level of experience, none documented a pre-trial education programme, or had minimal standards of peri-operative management, no study had a defined pre-trial monitoring programme, and none assessed technical performance. QA in RCT is a relatively new area that is expanding to ensure evidence is reliable and reproducible. This review demonstrates that QA has not previously been detailed, but can be measured in surgical RCT of vascular access, and that a four-domain approach can easily be implemented into future RCT.

In Translation: Gabriel Navarro, Latina/o Film Critic

ABSTRACT: Gabriel Navarro (1894–1950) was critic and entertainment editor for La Prensa (San Antonio) and La Opinión (Los Angeles) during the 1920s and 1930s. In an extensive body of film reviews, columns, and film-related fiction, Navarro considered questions of fandom, stardom, representation, and the racial hierarchies that structured the US film industry. He offered his readers behind-the-scenes accounts of Hollywood, advocated for Mexican immigrant audiences and talent, and argued for culturally sensitive representation. Navarro's work opens new ways of thinking about Latino/a/es in US film history and offers new perspectives on the historical relationships between mainstream media and marginalized audiences.

Intervention components in the self-management of Parkinson’s: a mixed-methods synthesis of qualitative and quantitative evidence

IntroductionSelf-management interventions consist of multiple components to support people in the management of medical, emotional, and behavioural aspects of their condition, and aim to improve quality of life, function, and other outcomes. A systematic review of self-management interventions in Parkinson’s showed no conclusive evidence for effectiveness of specific self-management approaches in Parkinson’s to date but identified several potentially useful components.AimTo identify the key required components for self-management in people with Parkinson’s by synthesising evidence from a body of primary qualitative evidence and systematic reviews, and to explore which of these key components should be incorporated into trials of self-management in Parkinson’s.MethodA mixed-methods synthesis was conducted. We combined data from two primary qualitative studies and a systematic review of qualitative studies that focused on self-management in Parkinson’s to identify key intervention components. These were then mapped onto the results of a systematic review of Randomised Controlled Trials (RCTs) using matrices. First, data were extracted from the qualitative studies with people with Parkinson’s and healthcare professionals on the key self-management components in this population. Second, a matrix table was created to map the identified Parkinson’s specific self-management components against potential effectiveness from published RCTs of self-management interventions.ResultsSynthesis of qualitative data identified 15 potential self-management components. These 15 components included components needed to start self-managing (e.g., information, skill acquirement) and components needed to maintain self-managing (e.g., self-motoring, increasing motivation). From 18 RCTs, interventions varied in how many components were included (range 1–10). Trials reporting significant beneficial effects of their intervention included a higher number of components (4 or more self-management components) than trials without significant findings (1–3 self-management components).ConclusionFifteen key self-management components were identified that should be incorporated into interventions or programs of self-management in Parkinson’s. No current trial has incorporated all aspects, but a higher number of these key components appears to make trials of self-management interventions more likely to be successful.

Influence of Teaching Approaches on Senior High School Students’ Mathematical Mindset

Reviewing bodies have shown that a high percentage of SHS students tend to underperform in mathematics examinations. In that respect, we examined the influence of two teaching approaches on Ghanaian public Senior High School students’ mathematical mindsets. A quantitative research design was used, that is, an ex post facto research design was used for this study. A total sample of 366 respondents was involved in this study. Two sets of questionnaires were employed for the study which are the students’ perceptions of teaching approaches and mathematical mindset questionnaires. Descriptive analysis such as means and frequencies were used to analyze the data. The results revealed a possible influence of the teaching approaches students experienced and their mathematical mindset. That is, students taught with a student-centered approach were found to generally possess a growth mindset while those identified as possessing a more fixed mindset were mostly students taught using a more teacher-centered approach. The study recommended that teachers should adopt a student-centered approach to teaching since it has the potential to shape students’ mindset toward a strong growth mindset, as students who have a growth mindset are more likely to succeed in school and beyond.

Online Product Evaluation System Based on Ratings and Review

The decision-making process for product design and improvement is hindered by traditional user research methods due to the rapid updating pace, limited survey scopes, small sample sizes, and labor-intensive procedures. This study suggests a novel method for gathering valuable online evaluations from e-commerce platforms, develops a system for measuring the effectiveness of a product and suggests ways to improve a product using sentiment analysis and opinion mining of online reviews. The method's efficacy issupported by a sizable body of user reviews for smartphones, from which we can reliably estimate the product's unfavorablereview rate with only a 9.9% error using the assessment indication system. Afterconsidering the entire method in the case study, improvement strategies are suggested. The strategy is applicable for product evaluation

Toward an integrated ethical review process: an animal-centered research framework for the refinement of research procedures.

The involvement of animals in research procedures that can harm them and to which they are deemed unable to consent raises fundamental ethical dilemmas. While current ethical review processes emphasize the application of the 3Rs (Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement), grounded in a human-centered utilitarian ethical approach, a comprehensive ethical review also involves a harm-benefit analysis and the consideration of wider ethical issues. Nevertheless, to our knowledge, approaches are still needed to facilitate the integrative assessment and iterative revision of research designs to improve their ethical value or to identify cases in which using animals is irremediably unethical. Additionally, frameworks are lacking that explicitly include an animal-centered perspective into the ethical review process beyond welfare concerns, failing to cover broader ethical considerations (such as consent). In previous work we proposed an Animal-Centered Research framework (ACRf) comprising four animal-centered research principles (relevance, impartiality, welfare and consent) which could help researchers and ethical review bodies apprise research designs from an animal-centered perspective. This paper builds on and further develops our previous work by contextualizing the ACRf within the bigger picture of animal research ethical review and by illustrating how the ACRf could be operationalized within current ethical review processes. We contribute an extended framework that integrates the application of the ACRf principles within the ethical review process. To this end, we present findings from a theoretical case study focusing on the ethical review of a research protocol on the study of stress response in pigs. We discuss how our extended framework could be easily applied to facilitate a holistic approach to the ethical review process, and inform an iterative process of refinement, to support the development of research designs that are both more ethical and scientifically valid.

NIGERIA PUBLIC PROCUREMENT ACT AND THE WAR AGAINST CORRUPTION: IDENTIFYING THE MISSING LINK

Developing countries such as Nigeria have a common enemy of economic, social and political development – corruption. The need to end corruption was one of the major reasons the military gave for forcefully taking over the seat of government in Nigeria. Even when the country returned to civil rule, opposition parties have accused the government in power of mismanagement of public funds and often promised to end corruption if elected into power. It is an incontrovertible truth that one area where corruption exists in Nigeria is Public Procurement. However, in 2007 the Nigerian government enacted the Public Procurement Act (PPA) to battle corruption in its procurement process. Despite this, the nation's procurement process is still characterized by irregularities as evident from the many cases of infractions of the procurement guidelines in some government quarters. This paper undertakes a review of the PPA (2007) vis-à-vis its provisions on anti-corruption in comparison with international best practices to identify any missing link. The study reveals that though the PPA has improved the procurement process in Nigeria, it cannot sufficiently eliminate fraud and corrupt practices because it has some loopholes. These loopholes include, amongst others: non-provision for an automated tendering system, passive roles played by the civil society organizations/ professional bodies in procurement implementation and the absence of an independent administrative review body. The study, therefore, recommends the reform of the PPA which will incorporate the identified missing links to battle corruption in public procurement effectively.

유럽사법재판소의 입법과정심사

Along with the development of legisprudence that explores how to ensure the ‘quality’ of legislation, ‘ex-ante’ control devices to improve the ‘rationality’ of the legislative process and legislative decision-making have been discussed. A representative example of such a proactive control device is ‘legislative impact assessment,’ adopted in the European Union legislative process and becoming increasingly common worldwide. As the legislative process is documented in the form of legislative impact assessments, judicial review bodies are also forced to consider the rationality of the legislative process in ‘ex-post’ constitutionality or legality judgments. Today, the European Court of Justice is the representative judicial review body that examines the legislative process in judicial review. Regarding the legislative process review emerging at the European Court of Justice, there is a conflict between the optimistic outlook that it will improve the quality of legislation by enhancing the rationality of the legislative process and the pessimistic outlook that it will damage legislative discretion by causing excessive judicialization. This article analyzes the decisions of the European Court of Justice that include argumentations that can be classified as legislative process review, identifies its methods and scope of application, and considers the relationship with the proportionality principle. Then, it provides implications for our constitutional court jurisprudence and the limitations of such judicial review.

Socioeconomic inequalities in vaccine uptake: A global umbrella review.

This global umbrella review aimed to synthesise evidence of socioeconomic inequalities in the uptake of routine vaccinations and identify the mechanisms that may contribute to the association. To our knowledge, no attempt has been made to synthesise the global body of systematic reviews across a variety of vaccines, geographical locations, and measures of SES. The inclusion criteria were as follows: studies assessing vaccination uptake according to education, income, occupation/employment, and/or area-level deprivation; any country or universally recommended routine vaccination (according to the WHO); qualitative or quantitative reviews, published 2011-present. The searches were performed in eight databases. The screening process followed PRISMA-E guidelines, each stage was performed by one reviewer, and a 10% sample checked by a second for consistency. Included reviews underwent data extraction, quality appraisal (AMSTAR-2), and narrative synthesis according to country-context. After deduplication, 9,163 reports underwent title and abstract screening, leaving 119 full texts to be assessed for eligibility. Overall, 26 studies were included in the umbrella review. Evidence for lower uptake amongst disadvantaged SES individuals was found in all 26 reviews. However, 17 reviews showed mixed results, as inverse associations were also identified (lower uptake for advantaged SES, and/or higher uptake for disadvantaged SES). Those that explored high-income countries had a greater prevalence of mixed findings than those focusing on low/middle-income countries. The two most frequently cited mechanisms were vaccination knowledge, and confidence in vaccination or vaccination providers. These mechanisms were often understood by review authors as varying by level of education. We find socioeconomic differences in routine vaccination uptake, but the association did not always follow a gradient. Whilst education may be associated with uptake globally, our study indicates that its role varies by country-context. A limitation is the overlap of some primary studies across the included systematic reviews.

Protocol for a systematic review of reviews on training primary care providers in dermoscopy to detect skin cancers

IntroductionGlobally, incidence, prevalence and mortality rates of skin cancers are escalating. Earlier detection by well-trained primary care providers in techniques such as dermoscopy could reduce unnecessary referrals and improve longer...

PUBLIC DECISIONS IN THE TAX LEGISLATION OF GEORGIA

Ekaterine Shainidze 
 E-mail: ekaterine.shainidze@bsu.edu.ge 
 Doctor of Finance, Associate Professor, Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University 
 Batumi, Georgia 
 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3612-1790
 
 Abstract. According to the tax legislation of Georgia, informing taxpayers is one of the important elements in the tax administration system. On January 1, 2011, with the implementation of the new tax code in Georgia, a public decision was defined as one of the sources of providing information to the taxpayer. It is a decision on the norm of application of the tax legislation, which is issued by the Minister of Finance of Georgia based on the decision of the dispute review body or based on the analysis of the existing practice of taxation of taxpayers by the tax body. A public decision has binding legal force, therefore, regulatory and law enforcement authorities are not authorized to charge a person additional fees and/or sanctions if he acts in accordance with a public decision.
 The introduction of the public decision mechanism into the tax legislation of Georgia was supposed to be a measure to facilitate the timely fulfillment of tax obligations by taxpayers, however, until now only 7 such decisions have been adopted and published accordingly. In addition, the use of the mentioned lever for informing the payers did not happen until 2018.
 Published public decisions have regulated several issues of taxation, including: income from securities, forgiveness of loan obligations for individuals, operations related to crypto-assets, the right to use a leased asset, delivery of agricultural products produced in Georgia, the difference between the weight of goods at the port of unloading and the port of loading when importing grain, Rules of taxation of tourist services. It is important to note that the basis of public decision-making is the analysis of the existing practice, which determines the need to explain the tax norm more than it is conveyed by the tax code or subordinate normative acts.
 The annual reports of the Revenue Service do not reflect information about the effectiveness of using this important lever of tax administration - the mechanism of public decision. In addition, it is difficult to name arguments about the absence of the need to use this means of informing the payers more intensively.
 A significant part of tax disputes is partially satisfied complaints in favor of taxpayers, which indicates that there are many disputed legal norms in the tax legislation. In the conditions of a low tax culture in the country, insufficient protection of one of the fundamental rights of taxpayers - the right to receive information about the application of the tax legislation of Georgia - has a negative effect on the timely fulfillment of tax obligations. In the mentioned conditions, the active use of the public decision mechanism has an important role in ensuring the correct and unambiguous application of tax norms, both from the side of the payers and the tax authorities.

An aerosol odyssey: Navigating nutrient flux changes to marine ecosystems

This perspective piece on aerosol deposition to marine ecosystems and the related impacts on biogeochemical cycles forms part of a larger Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere Study status-of-the-science special edition. A large body of recent reviews has comprehensively covered different aspects of this topic. Here, we aim to take a fresh approach by reviewing recent research to identify potential foundations for future study. We have purposefully chosen to discuss aerosol nutrient and pollutant fluxes both in terms of the journey that different aerosol particles take and that of the surrounding scientific field exploring them. To do so, we explore some of the major tools, knowledge, and partnerships we believe are required to aid advancing this highly interdisciplinary field of research. We recognize that significant gaps persist in our understanding of how far aerosol deposition modulates marine biogeochemical cycles and thus climate. This uncertainty increases as socioeconomic pressures, climate change, and technological advancements continue to change how we live and interact with the marine environment. Despite this, recent advances in modeling techniques, satellite remote sensing, and field observations have provided valuable insights into the spatial and temporal variability of aerosol deposition across the world’s ocean. With the UN Ocean Decade and sustainable development goals in sight, it becomes essential that the community prioritizes the use of a wide variety of tools, knowledge, and partnerships to advance understanding. It is through a collaborative and sustained effort that we hope the community can address the gaps in our understanding of the complex interactions between aerosol particles, marine ecosystems, and biogeochemical cycles.

좋은 행정 구현을 위한 청문절차 개선과제

The hearing system in the context of the European Charter of Fundamental Rights is crucial in achieving ‘Good Administration.’ While recognized as a fundamental component of administrative procedures in South Korea, its practical utility appears to be limited. This article aims to emphasize the institutional problems and propose improvements in the current administrative review system, particularly focusing on realizing good administration. Firstly, the current selection process of hearing panelists does not ensure professionalism and fairness, often prioritizing government officials. It is suggested to adopt a comparative approach, akin to the U.S. Administrative Law Judge system, where a lawyer's qualification is a prerequisite. Additionally, establishing an independent administrative review body to guarantee operational independence is recommended. Secondly, there is a concern regarding the expansion of criteria for conducting hearings. For discretionary reviews, granting individuals the right to request a review is vital, rather than relying solely on the judgment of administrative agencies. Also, recognizing the need for a review in cases of refusals of profitable administrative actions is essential. Thirdly, concerning the hearing process itself, it is reasonable to publish the panelists' opinions in the interest of the involved parties, expand their rights to access information, and generally open up hearings to enhance transparency. Fourthly, concerning the effectiveness of hearing outcomes, it is deemed more suitable to operate with an acknowledgment of practical enforceability rather than bestowing legal binding force upon hearing outcomes. Lastly, to ensure the effectiveness of objections in alignment with recent amendments to the Administrative Basic Act, it is reasonable to introduce hearings within the objection process. Considering ways to link hearings with the results of administrative appeals is also necessary for the substantive realization of the hearing system.