Reverse Potential Research Articles

Designable Electrochemiluminescence Patterning for Renewable and Enhanced Bioimaging.

Electrochemical imaging enables an in-depth analysis of the interface heterogeneity and reaction kinetics of single entities. However, electrode passivation during electrochemical reactions decreases the active sites and harms the long-term stability. Here, we introduce a method using laser-induced photothermal effects to restore the electrochemical activity, which is particularly displayed as enhanced micrometric patterns in electrochemiluminescence (ECL) microscopy. By co-localization characterization and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the mechanism of active site regeneration is validated as the removal of the oxide film for restoring the local surface ECL reactivity under laser irradiation. The surface-confined and voltage-dependent features of ECL allows for easy pattern erasure and rewriting, and it shows good reversibility and anti-counterfeiting potential. This approach overcomes the passivation processes, evidently improves the image quality of single biological entities including Shewanella bacteria and cells, and makes the subtle contour structures more distinct. The renewable electrode interface also enhances the ECL signal of model bead-based bioassays. This approach not only showcases precise control in fabricating micron patterns but also holds promise for enhancing the sensitivity in electrochemical immunoassays and bioimaging.

Electrochemiluminescence of Carbon Dots and Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Dots from a Microwave-Assisted Method

This research focuses on the use of carbon dots (CDs) and nitrogen-doped carbon dots (NCDs) synthesized using a microwave-assisted method as electrochemiluminescence (ECL) luminophores. CDs have been synthesized using citric acid, while various concentrations of nitrogen-doped CDs have been successfully obtained by varying the amount of urea from 1 to 3 g with citric acid to produce NCD1, NCD,2 and NCD3. The ECL mechanism of CDs and NCDs on screen-printed electrodes has been studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV). ECL emission from as-prepared CDs and NCDs was observed in PBS with potassium persulfate (K2S2O8) as a co-reactant. The addition of potassium chloride (KCl) as a supporting electrolyte displays fast electroreduction of CDs and K2S2O8 to expedite the generation of CDs and peroxydisulfate radicals that simultaneously increase ECL intensity. Furthermore, as the concentration of nitrogen-doped CDs increases, so does the intensity of the ECL. NCD3 shows the highest ECL intensity by an increment of 86.4% in comparison to CDs in PBS with the addition of K2S2O8 and KCl. Finally, optimization of ECL measurement was carried out in terms of CV potential range, concentration of luminophore, supporting electrolyte, and co-reactant using NCD3 luminophore. The CV potential range at 0 to -2 V shows 50 mV of early CV reverse onset potential that resulted in an increase of 52.9% ECL intensity. Meanwhile, 30x dilution of NCD3, 0.1 M of supporting electrolyte KCl, and 0.1 M of co-reactant K2S2O8 show the optimum value to obtain high ECL intensity.

Molecular Docking Studies of Synthesized Pyridazinone Scaffolds as Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs)

Pyridazinone derivatives, 6-aryl-pyridazinone (2a–f) and 2-(N-substituted)-6-aryl-pyridazinone (3a–h) derivatives were synthesized and assessed for cytotoxicity action using brine shrimp assessment method and in silico molecular studies. In silico molecular study of pyridazine derivatives used as NNRTIs and Doravirine is used as reference drug. The compounds were investigated for docking modes onto probable binding sites with HIV reverse transcriptase. The majority of these demonstrated favorable binding interactive connections with the active receptor domain. The majority of the compounds exhibited a remarkable docked binding affinity score when compared with the reference drugs. Among the synthesized pyridazine derivatives, compounds 3a and 3c–h exhibited a good docking score. For the designed compounds, in silico ADME assessment indicated the favorable physicochemical properties to be a suitable drug candidate. The synthesized compounds could serve as a novel alternative in designing safe and effective anti-HIV options with reverse transcriptase inhibitor potential. In the cytotoxicity study, all the compounds were evaluated at dose levels 10, and 20 (μg/mL), and potassium dichromate was used as a reference. Compounds 2c and 2e have shown potent lethality through LC50 2.23 and 3.20 μg respectively. Various compounds, including 2a, 2b, 2d, and 2f have demonstrated significant cytotoxicity. Their LC50 values are 7.58, 6.76, 8.91, and 4.46 μg, respectively. Additionally, compounds 3b and 3d exhibited potent lethality with LC50 values of 4.023 and 4.20 μg. Other compounds, namely 3g, 3f, 3c, 3h, 3a, and 3e, displayed noteworthy cytotoxicity ability13.91, 12.58, 11.91, 11.76, 10.58, 9.76, and 7.46 μg, respectively having LC50 values. This study supports the use of in silico molecular design and the brine shrimp bioassay as a suitable, reliable, and simple method for assessing the bioactivity of compounds. It provides further evidence for their use in medicine.

Binder-free Cu-Sb-Sn-Zn-P alloys as high-efficiency anodes for sodium-ion batteries via double-pulse electrodeposition

Alloy anodes are widely recognized for their high theoretical specific capacity and have garnered significant attention among the anode materials studied for sodium-ion batteries. In this study, we synthesize Cu68.6Sb23.0Sn3.2Zn0.3P4.9 anodes using a double-pulse electrodeposition method. This binder-free alloy anode, comprising five high-capacity elements, significantly enhances specific capacity and improves cycling stability, while also demonstrating excellent sodium storage capability. Specifically, the Cu68.6Sb23.0Sn3.2Zn0.3P4.9 anode achieves an initial charge capacity of 368.8 mAh∙g−1 and remains highly stable over 100 cycles, with a capacity decay of only 0.1 %. In addition, the anode delivers 290.3 mAh∙g−1 even at a current density of 3200 mA∙g−1. The outstanding electrochemical performance can be attributed to improved electronic transfer efficiency due to the introduction of Cu into Cu68.6Sb23.0Sn3.2Zn0.3P4.9 alloy via reverse potential, as well as the porous structure that facilitates electrolyte penetration and sodium ion transport. The galvanostatic intermittent titration technique reveals a high sodium ion diffusion coefficient, further highlighting the potential of this alloy anode in advancing sodium-ion batteries.

Ultra-Fast Selenol-Yne Click (SYC) Reaction Enables Poly(selenoacetal) Covalent Adaptable Network Formation.

The emergence of covalent adaptable networks (CANs) based on dynamic covalent bonds (DCBs) presents a promising avenue for achieving resource recovery and utilization. In this study, we discovered a dynamic covalent bond called selenacetal, which is obtained through a double click reaction between selenol and activated alkynes. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrated that the ΔG for the formation of selenoacetals ranges from 12 to 18 kJ mol-1, suggesting its potential for dynamic reversibility. Dynamic exchange experiments involving small molecules and polymers provide substantial evidence supporting the dynamic exchange properties of selenoacetals. By utilizing this highly efficient click reaction, we successfully synthesized dynamic materials based on selenoacetal with remarkable reprocessing capabilities without any catalysts. These materials exhibit chemical recycling under alkaline conditions, wherein selenoacetal (SA) can decompose into active enone selenide (ES) and diselenides. Reintroducing selenol initiates a renewed reaction with the enone selenide, facilitating material recycling and yielding a newly developed dynamic material exhibiting both photo- and thermal responsiveness. The results underscore the potential of selenoacetal polymers in terms of recyclability and selective degradation, making them a valuable addition to conventional covalent adaptable networks.

Ultra‐Fast Selenol‐Yne Click (SYC) Reaction Enables Poly(selenoacetal) Covalent Adaptable Network Formation

AbstractThe emergence of covalent adaptable networks (CANs) based on dynamic covalent bonds (DCBs) presents a promising avenue for achieving resource recovery and utilization. In this study, we discovered a dynamic covalent bond called selenacetal, which is obtained through a double click reaction between selenol and activated alkynes. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrated that the ΔG for the formation of selenoacetals ranges from 12 to 18 kJ mol−1, suggesting its potential for dynamic reversibility. Dynamic exchange experiments involving small molecules and polymers provide substantial evidence supporting the dynamic exchange properties of selenoacetals. By utilizing this highly efficient click reaction, we successfully synthesized dynamic materials based on selenoacetal with remarkable reprocessing capabilities without any catalysts. These materials exhibit chemical recycling under alkaline conditions, wherein selenoacetal (SA) can decompose into active enone selenide (ES) and diselenides. Reintroducing selenol initiates a renewed reaction with the enone selenide, facilitating material recycling and yielding a newly developed dynamic material exhibiting both photo‐ and thermal responsiveness. The results underscore the potential of selenoacetal polymers in terms of recyclability and selective degradation, making them a valuable addition to conventional covalent adaptable networks.

Reversible Modulation of Cell-Cell Interactions Using Electrochemistry.

Cell-cell interactions play an important role in many biological processes, and various methods have been developed for controlling the cell-cell interactions. However, the effective and rapid control of intercellular interactions remains challenging. Herein, we report a novel, rapid, and effective electrochemical strategy without destroying the basic life processes for the dynamic control of intercellular interactions via liposome fusion. In the proposed system, bioorthogonal chemical groups and hydroquinone (HQ)- and aminooxy (AO)-tethered ligands were modified on the surface of living cells on the basis of the liposome fusion, enabling dynamical intercellular assemblies. Upon application of the corresponding oxidative potential, the "off-state" HQ could be oxidized to the "on-state" quinone (Q), which subsequently reacts with AO-tethered ligands to form stable oxime linkages under physiological conditions. This reaction effectively shortens the distance between cells, promoting the formation of cell clusters. When the corresponding reverse reductive potential is applied, the oxime linkage is cleaved, resulting in the release of the cells. Furthermore, we employed HQ- and AO-tethered ligands to modify mitochondria, inducing mitochondrial aggregation. This noninvasive and label-free strategy allows for the dynamic reversible regulation of intercellular interactions, enhancing our understanding of intercellular communication networks, and has the potential for improving the antitumor therapy efficacy.

Predictive models for personalized precision medical intervention in spontaneous regression stages of cervical precancerous lesions

BackgroundDuring the prolonged period from Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection to cervical cancer development, Low-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion (LSIL) stage provides a critical opportunity for cervical cancer prevention, giving the high potential for reversal in this stage. However, there is few research and a lack of clear guidelines on appropriate intervention strategies at this stage, underscoring the need for real-time prognostic predictions and personalized treatments to promote lesion reversal.MethodsWe have established a prospective cohort. Since 2018, we have been collecting clinical data and pathological images of HPV-infected patients, followed by tracking the progression of their cervical lesions. In constructing our predictive models, we applied logistic regression and six machine learning models, evaluating each model’s predictive performance using metrics such as the Area Under the Curve (AUC). We also employed the SHAP method for interpretative analysis of the prediction results. Additionally, the model identifies key factors influencing the progression of the lesions.ResultsModel comparisons highlighted the superior performance of Random Forests (RF) and Support Vector Machines (SVM), both in clinical parameter and pathological image-based predictions. Notably, the RF model, which integrates pathological images and clinical multi-parameters, achieved the highest AUC of 0.866. Another significant finding was the substantial impact of sleep quality on the spontaneous clearance of HPV and regression of LSIL.ConclusionsIn contrast to current cervical cancer prediction models, our model’s prognostic capabilities extend to the spontaneous regression stage of cervical cancer. This model aids clinicians in real-time monitoring of lesions and in developing personalized treatment or follow-up plans by assessing individual risk factors, thus fostering lesion spontaneous reversal and aiding in cervical cancer prevention and reduction.Graphical

416 The Impact of Pancreas Transplantation on Secondary Diabetic Complications: A Systematic Review

Abstract Aim Pancreas transplantation (PT) provides diabetic cure for patients with complicated Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM). We aimed to examine the impact of PT on secondary diabetic complications, including retinopathy, neuropathy, and cardiovascular disease. Method A database search using MedLINE for publications up to April 2023 was conducted employing MeSH terms ‘Pancreas Transplantation’ AND ‘Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1’ AND ‘Diabetic Retinopathy’ OR ‘Heart Disease’ OR ‘Cardiovascular Diseases’ OR ‘Peripheral Vascular Disease’ OR “Amputation’ OR ‘Neuropathy.” Results 223 articles were screened, with 172 excluded as per study design (total included 51). 64.7% (n=33) of studies were retrospective case control studies, 35.3% (n=18) of studies were retrospective cohort studies. A total of 5616 patients with a mean of 99.1 (SD± 262.4) simultaneous kidney transplant (SPK) patients and 48.2 (SD± 262.4) pancreas transplant alone (PTA) patients per article were studied. All articles examining diabetic retinopathy concluded that retinopathy improved or stabilized. 69% (n=11) of papers demonstrated no significant change to visual acuity. An equal number of articles (n=4) demonstrated increased peripheral nerve conduction velocity after SPK and PTA. 40% (n=2) of articles examining vibration perception studies demonstrated an increase post-transplantation. Improvements in cardiac events incidence, metabolic factors, and heart structure were seen in 79% (n=15) of cardiovascular articles. Conclusions Despite significant heterogeneity in outcome measures observed, PT provides benefits in mitigating the complication profile of T1DM. Standardised outcome measurement should be adopted to allow assessment of the impact of beta-cell replacement with the potential for objective evidence reversibility of secondary complications.

Sensitive detection of uric acid based on low-triggering-potential cathodic luminol electrochemiluminescence achieved by ReS2 nanosheets.

The majority of previously reported cathodic electrochemiluminescence (ECL) systems often required very negative potential to be carried out, which hasgreatly limited their applications in the sensing field. Screening high-performance cathodic ECL systems with low triggering potential is a promising way to broaden their applications. In this work, rhenium disulfide nanosheets (ReS2 NS) have been revealed as an efficient co-promoter to realize low-triggering-potential cathodic luminol ECL. One strong cathodic ECL signal appeared at a potential of -0.3V and one anodic ECL peak was obtained at -0.15V under the reverse potential scan, which were caused by electrogenerated reactive oxygen species (ROS) from hydrogen peroxide. The generation of strong luminol ECL at low potential was the result of the electrocatalytic effect of ReS2 NS on the reduction of H2O2. The scavenging effect of uric acid (UA) on the ROS could significantly inhibit the cathodic ECL. As a result, an ECL sensor was proposed, which showed outstanding performance for the detection of UA in the range of 10nM to 0.1mM with a low detection limit of 1.53nM. Moreover, the ECL sensor was successfully applied in the sensitive detection of UA in real samples. This work provides anew avenue to establish a low-potential cathodic ECL system, which will sufficiently expand the potential application of cathodic ECL in the sensing field.

Electrochemical oxidation of ATMP (Amino Trimethylene Phosphonic Acid) in low-concentrated acidic electrolyte on graphite and glassy carbon electrodes using cyclic voltammetry

This study investigates the irreversible electrochemical oxidation of Amino Trimethylene Phosphonic Acid (ATMP) in ClO4−–electrolyte on original unmodified graphite electrodes (GRE) and glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) using cyclic voltammetry (CV) as the main analytical technique. The oxidation reaction starts at ≈ +0.7 V on GRE and ≈ +0.92 V on GCE vs. Ag/AgCl (3M KCl) respectively. Four distinct electrode/electrolyte systems were selected for a comprehensive analysis of charge transfer and mass transport processes at non-Faradaic and Faradaic current regions at various scan rates υ (SR). These systems comprised of GRE/ClO4−–electrolyte, GRE/ATMP–ClO4−–electrolyte, GCE/ClO4−–electrolyte, and GCE/ATMP–ClO4−–electrolyte. Charging currents in the so-called double-layer region of the CV are found to scale linearly with SR on GCE (Adsorption mechanism); instead, the charging currents obey a nearly square root law on GRE (Diffusion mechanism). The electrochemical oxidation kinetics of ATMP in ClO4−–electrolyte using GRE and GCE obey nearly the fourth root law of the maximum oxidation current density (at the upper reverse potential) vs. SR. Finally, we identified the major transformation products generated from the ATMP electrochemical oxidation: ortho-phosphate (o− PO4), iminodimethylphosphonic acid (IDMP), and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA).

Rapidly reversible persistent long-term potentiation inhibition by patient-derived brain tau and amyloid ß proteins.

How the two pathognomonic proteins of Alzheimer's disease (AD); amyloid ß (Aß) and tau, cause synaptic failure remains enigmatic. Certain synthetic and recombinant forms of these proteins are known to act concurrently to acutely inhibit long-term potentiation (LTP). Here, we examined the effect of early amyloidosis on the acute disruptive action of synaptotoxic tau prepared from recombinant protein and tau in patient-derived aqueous brain extracts. We also explored the persistence of the inhibition of LTP by different synaptotoxic tau preparations. A single intracerebral injection of aggregates of recombinant human tau that had been prepared by either sonication of fibrils (SτAs) or disulfide bond formation (oTau) rapidly and persistently inhibited LTP in rat hippocampus. The threshold for the acute inhibitory effect of oTau was lowered in amyloid precursor protein (APP)-transgenic rats. A single injection of synaptotoxic tau-containing AD or Pick's disease brain extracts also inhibited LTP, for over two weeks. Remarkably, the persistent disruption of synaptic plasticity by patient-derived brain tau was rapidly reversed by a single intracerebral injection of different anti-tau monoclonal antibodies, including one directed to a specific human tau amino acid sequence. We conclude that patient-derived LTP-disrupting tau species persist in the brain for weeks, maintaining their neuroactivity often in concert with Aß. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Long-term potentiation: 50 years on'.

Reversible Crosslinking of LC-Materials by Gel-Formation

Reversible Crosslinking of LC-Materials by Gel-Formation

Optimal dispatch of integrated electricity and heating systems considering the quality-quantity regulation of heating systems to promote renewable energy consumption

The integrated electricity and heating system (IEHS) can improve energy efficiency and promote renewable energy consumption. When quality-quantity regulation (QQR) is adopted, namely adjusting hydraulic and thermal conditions of heating system, the increase in operation flexibility is more remarkable. However, present IEHS dispatch models considering QQR overlook hydraulic characteristics of valves and variable frequency pumps resulting in inexecutable dispatch results easily and hindering IEHS's flexibility potential. Furthermore, loop networks and the access of multiple heat sources in heating systems may lead to flow reversal, but current research adopts a fixed flow direction which suppresses the potential of flow reversal to improve flexibility. In this paper, we propose an IEHS dispatch model considering QQR to promote renewable energy consumption, which considers hydraulic characteristics of valves and variable frequency pumps, and flow reversal. Specifically, we introduce two binary flow direction labels for every branch in heating system model and then the IEHS dispatch model which can deal with flow reversal is established. A sequential solution process combining linear and nonlinear optimization is formulated to overcome the non-convex feature of IEHS dispatch model. Specifically, piecewise linearization and piecewise McCormick relaxation are combined to handle complex nonlinear terms in the dispatch model. Therefore, a mixed integer linear programming model is obtained and solved, of which results are used as initial values for nonlinear optimization. Results in the case study show that operation cost is decreased by 0.97 % and renewable power consumption rate is increased from 83.31 % to 84.42 % after considering valve adjustment. Operation cost is further decreased by 6.06 % and renewable power consumption rate is increased to 94.04 % after considering flow reversal.

Enhancement of electrochemical reversibility in Poly 3-hexylthiophene layers for flexible dynamic glass windows applications

Thin films of Poly 3-hexylthiophene (P3HT) were deposited onto Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) coated glass substrates using a spin coating method and the films were vacuum annealed at different temperatures to study the effect of annealing on the electrochemical reversibility. From the absorption spectra, the variation of the optical band gap with annealing temperature was studied for different annealing temperatures. The optical band gap obtained for P3HT film deposited at room temperature (RT) was around 1.94 eV and 1.92 eV for the sample annealed at 100 °C. A cyclic voltammetry (CV) analysis showed that at certain applied redox potentials, P3HT thin films changed the colour from magenta to transparent and then back to magenta in the reverse potential. P3HT films annealed at 100 °C showed the best electrochemical reversibility among all the annealed samples. These electrically switchable electrochromic P3HT thin films can be used in flexible dynamic windows (FDWs) as smart windows for controlling the temperature and light in buildings, displays and mirror light modulators.

Reversible Contraception in Males: An Obtainable Target?

The last few decades have brought contraception to the forefront of research, with great strides made in effectively targeting and optimizing the physiology, pharmacology, and delivery processes that prevent pregnancy. However, these advances still predominantly target female contraceptives for the prevention of contraception, whereas targeting the male sex has lagged far behind. This has led to a marked deficiency in safe and effective male contraceptive agents, resulting in a heavy dependence on female contraceptives to prevent unwanted and unplanned pregnancies. Current research in the veterinary field and in rodents highlights several promising avenues whereby novel, safe, and effective male contraceptive alternatives are being developed-with an emphasis on reduced side effects and reversibility potential. This review aims to discuss current and novel male contraceptives (both human and veterinary formulations) while highlighting their efficacy, advantages, and disadvantages.

Physical Interventions Restore Physical Frailty and the Expression of CXCL-10 and IL-1β Inflammatory Biomarkers in Old Individuals and Mice.

Frailty is a geriatric syndrome associated with negative health outcomes that represents a dynamic condition with a potential of reversibility after physical exercise interventions. Typically, inflammatory and senescence markers are increased in frail individuals. However, the impact that physical exercise exerts on inflammatory and senescence biomarkers remains unknown. We assessed the effect of physical intervention in old individuals and mice and determined the expression of inflammatory and senescence markers. Twelve elderly individuals were enrolled from a primary care setting to a 3-month intervention. Frailty was measured by SPPB and the expression of biomarkers by cytokine array and RT-qPCR. In addition, 12 aged C57BL/6 mice completed an intervention, and inflammation and senescence markers were studied. The physical intervention improved the SPPB score, reducing frail and pre-frail individuals. This was correlated with a reduction in several pro-inflammatory biomarkers such as IL-6, CXCL-1, CXCL-10, IL-1β, IL-7, GM-CSF as well as p16INK4a and p21CIP1 senescence markers. Otherwise, the levels of anti-inflammatory biomarker IL-4 were significantly increased. Moreover, the physical intervention in mice also improved their functional capacity and restored the expression of inflammatory (Il-1β, Cxcl-10, Il-6, and Cxcl-1) and senescence (p21Cip1) markers. Additionally, PLSDA and ROC curve analysis revealed CXCL-10 and IL-1β to be the biomarkers of functional improvement in both cohorts. Our results showed that a physical intervention improves physical frailty, and reverses inflammation and senescence biomarkers comprising CXCL-10 and IL-1β.

Inherent Tumor Microenvironment‐Reversing Hydrogels: Potentiating Molecular Therapy Efficacy Against Drug‐Resistant Tumors

AbstractThe tumor microenvironment is a pivotal driver of tumor progression, highlighting the potential of microenvironment reversal as a promising breakthrough in cancer therapy. However, the current tumor microenvironment reversing capacity through targeted drug delivery remains limited, posing a significant challenge in the biomedical field. In this study, a materials science strategy to achieve an inherently efficient reversal of the solid tumor microenvironment while potentiating molecular therapy efficacy against drug‐resistant tumors is proposed. To construct bioactive hydrogel materials, biocompatible and acid‐reversible nanoclays are utilized as building blocks, and peptide polydendrons are designed as supramolecular cross‐linkers. To drive hydrogel network formation, bioactive hydrogels are capable of reversing tumor acidotic microenvironment, integrating superior mechanical properties, injectability, self‐healing capability, and drug‐loading capacity. Through a drug‐resistant cell line in vitro and a tumor‐bearing mouse model in vivo, the hydrogel materials successfully modulate acidic accumulation resulting from tumor metabolic abnormalities and reverse the acidic microenvironment within the tumor tissue. Remarkably, the tumor microenvironment‐reversing hydrogels effectively suppress tumor cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, while significantly amplifying the antitumor drug efficacy. The bioactive hydrogel materials offer an innovative avenue for reversing the tumor microenvironment, displaying promising prospects for clinical translation and applications.

In Situ Characterization of Atomic-Scale Surface Restructuring of Copper Electrodes Under CO2 Electroreduction Conditions

The electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) by copper-based heterogeneous catalysts has attracted widespread attention due to its potential social, economic, and environmental benefits, as it utilizes electricity from renewable sources to transform CO2 into value-added chemicals, thus closing the carbon cycle[1]. However, because the energy efficiency, selectivity and lifetime of CO2RR on Cu are still far away from those required at industrially conditions, a knowledge-based catalyst design to optimization of the catalytic system is urgently needed. The reactivity and selectivity of CO2RR depends on the catalyst material as well as on surface and interfacial structure/composition and the nanoscale morphology of the catalyst[2]. With the development of in situ and operando characterization techniques, the fundamental understanding of the structure-reactivity/selectivity relationships of catalysts under reaction conditions can be obtained. Here we monitor the CO-induced surface reconstruction of Cu(100) electrodes during CO2RR in 0.1M KHCO3 solution by in situ scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), surface X-ray diffraction (SXRD), and Raman spectroscopy. In situ STM images during step-wise potential changes show reversible cluster formation. The nanosized clusters start to appear at a potential ≤ -0.2 V vs. RHE and slowly disappear once the potential is changed back to more positive potentials, the clusters slowly disappear. However, the formation of Cu nanocluster leads to an irreversible modification of the surface structure on the molecular level. According to our previous research [3],freshly prepared Cu(100) electrodes are covered by a well-ordered (bi)carbonate adlayer in the double layer regime. After a potential excursion to the range of cluster formation, a disordered adlayer phase with only short-range order is observed in STM images, which can be explained by the presence of Cu adatoms and surface vacancies that remain on the electrode after dissolution of the nanoclustersIn the in situ SXRD studied, crystal truncation rods (CTRs) were recorded at different potentials from the double layer (0 V) to the CO2RR (-1.1 V) regime and then back to 0 V. Quantitative analysis based on a surface adatom/vacancy pairs model exhibits a clear increase in the surface defects density at potentials ≤ -0.2 V and a change in the defects coverage of ≈ 4%. After increasing the potential back to 0 V, the coverage of these defects decreases only slightly, indicating that some Cu adatoms remain on the surface. These results are in good agreement with our STM studies. The vertical expansion of the topmost atomic Cu layer exhibits a distinctly different potential dependence. This surface relaxation is not related to cluster formation, but can be attributed to changes in the type of chemisorbed species on the surface.To identify the adsorbate species on copper surface, in situ surface-enhanced Raman was employed. In the double layer range, bidentate carbonates and (bi)carbonate anions are dominant surface species. Below -0.04 V, the characteristic bands of carbonate become weak or disappear. In the meantime, new bands assigned to adsorbed carboxylate or carboxyl groups emerge, which can be attributed to the first reduction intermediates of CO2[4]. These bands disappear at potential below -0.34 V. Adsorbed CO appears on the surface starting from -0.24 V in the same potential range as the Cu nanocluster. In the reverse potential scan back to more positive values, only weak carbonate bands reappear and formate bands remain constant up to 0.26 V. These observed behavior suggests that some intermediates are formed irreversibly, in accordance with the irreversible changes in the molecular structure of the adlayer.[1] S. Nitopi et. al., Chem. Rev. 2019, 119(12), 7610–7672[2] Y. Y. Birdja at. al, Nature Energy 2019, 4, 732–745[3] R. Amirbeigiarab et. al., Angew. Chemie Int. Ed. 2022, 61 (46), No. e202211360[4] W. Shan et. al., ACS Nano 2020, 14(9), 11363–11372

Time Reversal vs. Integration of Time Reversal with Convolution Neural Network in Diagnosing Partial Discharge in Power Transformer

Partial discharge (PD) is a common issue in power transformers that can lead to catastrophic failures if left undetected. Time reversal (TR) is a well-known technique in signal processing that can reconstruct signals by reversing the direction of time. The paper investigates the use of time reversal and the integration of time reversal with convolution neural networks (CNNs) for diagnosing PD in power transformers. We compare the performance of these techniques on a dataset of PD signals collected from power transformers. We propose a novel method of using time reversal as a pre-processing step to improve the accuracy of CNNs on noisy or distorted signals. Our experimental results demonstrate that this approach can significantly enhance the performance of CNNs on various datasets, including speech, audio, and image datasets. This paper provides a novel approach to signal processing and demonstrates the potential of time reversal as a pre-processing step in CNNs.