Reverse Gear Research Articles

Decolonization Debacle: The Bane of Sustainable Development Attainment in Nigeria

Colonization, an imperial conquest of native lands by European countries, became an epoch-making, monumental highlight in the historical development of third-world countries. There is no gainsaying that the colonial exercise did more evil than good for the colonized world. The decolonization of Africa and other colonized areas of the world was a slow process that was triggered by the First and Second World Wars. The devastating effects of the two wars on the economies of the West, coupled with the native resistance from the colonies, made colonialism impracticable. Hence, the European imperialist states were faced with no other choice than to relinquish their dominance in their colonies. Nigeria, which finally, attained independence in 1960, tailored its national development policy along the welfarist paradigm. In 1987, Nigeria joined the rest of the world in subscribing to the ideology of sustainable development by partaking in the World Commission on Environment and Development summit. The realization of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) became entrenched in national developmental planning after Nigeria attended the Sustainable Development Conference held by the UN in 2012. However, following the years of decolonization, Nigeria has grappled with developmental challenges and appeared to be in reverse gear in the developmental process. The post-colonial upheavals and mismanagement of Nigeria became a glaring feature, thus having far-reaching consequences on her development strides. This begs the question as to what and how the decolonization exercise benefitted Nigeria. Therefore, this study examines the decolonization dilemma of Nigeria and how it has hampered Nigeria’s chances of attaining sustainable development. The study employed a qualitative and expository analysis in examining the effect of the decolonization process on the attainment of the SDGs. The study builds on data from a range of published and unpublished sources. It was concluded in the study, that the climate that arose from the decolonization process had not enhanced the actualization of sustainable development in Nigeria. Among the suggestions in the study includes retracing the decolonization steps taken thus far and redefining how Nigeria can be rid of the legacies and traces of colonialism so as to set out on a steady drive toward attaining sustainable development.

Research on Gear Synthesis of Automatic Transmission

Abstract The lever method facilitates a straightforward analysis of the motion dynamics of an automatic transmission under various gear settings, offering a simple and intuitive approach to examining planetary gear transmissions. Specifically, the equivalent lever diagram for a parallel-double planetary gear transmission comprises four component points. From a control perspective, a transmission system with two planetary rows can accommodate up to two reduction gears, one direct gear, one overdrive gear, and one reverse gear. In contrast, the equivalent lever diagram for a parallel three-planetary gear transmission includes five component points, with such systems typically supporting up to three reduction gears, one direct gear, two overdrive gears, and two reverse gears. This methodological approach underscores the lever diagram’s utility in delineating the functional capabilities of complex transmission systems.

Features of hydrodynamic calculation of highly loaded plain bearings of heavy ship’s gears

Despite the high level of modern vessel engineering development, there are a number of unresolved design and technological problems, the most urgent of which is the issue of unification of the main components and assemblies of the vessel. At the same time, an important and unresolved task is to create a unified image of the ship’s reverse gear for the needs of the domestic civilian fleet and navy. The object of study is highly loaded bimetallic plain bearings, which are elements of the “heavy” marine reverse gears of a new generation. As part of the work, a hydrodynamic calculation that refines the parameters of the plain bearings of a highly loaded marine transmission at the stage of a prototype production is performed. The applicability of the State Standard ISO 7902 methodology to the products under consideration is assessed, as well as the approximation of the performance characteristics of bearings using interpolation of two variables function is performed. The rationale for the coverage angle and the location of the pockets for supplying lubrication of bearings taking into account the thermal and viscous properties of the oil is presented. Calculations of the parameters of the critical thickness of the lubricating layer, the maximum allowable specific load and the maximum allowable temperature of bearings are performed. Based on the results of the calculations, an additional assessment for the compliance of bearings with the requirements of State Standard ISO 7902 in terms of bearing capacity and stability parameters is carried out. The comparison of the obtained results with the data of the preliminary calculation performed at the stage of the technical project is given. It is revealed that when calculating dynamically loaded plain bearings, it is necessary to take into account a number of additional factors, namely the magnitude of the relative eccentricity and relative clearance. The risks of bearings failure in the process of dynamic loading are determined. The result of the work is the correction of the geometric parameters of the plain bearings of the marine reverse gear unit in order to increase its reliability and the overhaul interval.

Sownik frazeologizmw z archaizmami. Pamitki przeszoci w ocenie naukowej Profesora Bogdana Walczaka. Aneks do zbioru

The basic aim of the article is to present a body of scholarly material which has not been included in the lexicographical publication entitled Sownik frazeologizmw z archaizmami. Pamitki przeszoci because of the methodological assumptions which have been adopted. The text takes into account selected terminological combinations, with special reference to those which gained currency in colloquial usage e.g.: bieg wsteczny reverse gear, lusterko wsteczne rear view mirror, dom zdrojowy spa, katar sienny hay fever, udar mzgu stroke, wotum zaufania motion of confidence, wotum nieufnoci motion of no confidence, zb sieczny incisor (tooth).

MODELING AND FABRICATION OF 5 – SPEED GEARBOX USING 3D PRINTING WITH OPTIMUM WEIGHT

The main aim of the project is to focus on the modeling and 3D printing of synchromesh gear box and the weight reduction of it using different 3D printing techniques like SSLS, SLA, DLP, FDM. Differential permit each of the driving wheels to rotate at different speeds, while for most vehicles supplying equal torque to each of them. A vehicle's wheels rotate at divergent speeds, mainly when turning corners. The differential is designed to operate a pair of wheels with same torque while permit them to rotate at different speeds. Additive manufacturing education is becoming to widespread adoption. Additive manufacturing is also the manufacturing technology. It is used by multiple industry subsectors, including motor vehicles, aerospace, machinery, electronics, and medical products. It can facilitate the customized production of strong light-weight 3D modeling. This paper describes 3D modeling of five speed transmission is designed and constructed by using AutoCAD software, 3D Mesh software, MakerBot 3D printer and digitizer. This 3D modeling of five speed transmission is good quality through lighter part, can demonstrate easily. The teacher can take 3D modeling of transmission and teach the operations of transmission in the classroom. It can produce the gears, fork, cover and synchronizer sleeves with different color. Many beautiful colors are interested to the students. So, it can use as teaching aids for the engineering students. In this transmission, five forward speed gears are helical type whereas reverse gears are spur type. Design consideration of spur gear and helical gears and shafts are included in this paper. In gear design, the number of teeth, face width, gear tooth features and pitch diameter are calculated. The shafts are designed according to the point of view of the strength.

Economic Growth with Foreign Trade on the Reverse Gear: India's Re-experimentation

Economic Growth with Foreign Trade on the Reverse Gear: India's Re-experimentation

ADNP in reverse gear.

ADNP in reverse gear.

3D Modeling of Five Speed Manual Transmission System for Teaching Aid Vehicles

Additive manufacturing education is becoming to widespread adoption. Additive manufacturing is also the manufacturing technology. It is used by multiple industry subsectors, including motor vehicles, aerospace, machinery, electronics, and medical products. It can facilitate the customized production of strong light-weight 3D modeling. This paper describes 3D modeling of five speed transmission is designed and constructed by using AutoCAD software, 3D Mesh software, MakerBot 3D printer and digitizer. This 3D modeling of five speed transmission is good quality through lighter part, can demonstrate easily. The teacher can take 3D modeling of transmission and teach the operations of transmission in the classroom. It can produce the gears, fork, cover and synchronizer sleeves with different color. Many beautiful colors are interested to the students. So, it can use as teaching aids for the engineering students. In this transmission, five forward speed gears are helical type whereas reverse gears are spur type. Design consideration of spur gear and helical gears and shafts are included in this paper. In gear design, the number of teeth, face width, gear tooth features and pitch diameter are calculated. The shafts are designed according to the point of view of the strength.

Development and research of the efficiency of a tractor transmission with a disc type gearbox

BACKGROUND: Modern tractors are equipped with gearboxes that are divided into three ranges, such as slow, operating and transport, for the sake of better power usage and fuel efficiency of the engine as well as getting higher performance. In addition, gearboxes must have a large number of gears, that leads to an increase in their mass and dimensions. An increasing mass of gearbox leads to additional high-quality metal consumption as well as energy costs for self-propelling of a tractor, which reduces its operational capabilities.
 AIMS: Increasing the number of gears and reducing the weight of gearboxes for agricultural tractors.
 METHODS: A disc-type gearbox (Patent RF No. 208805) has been developed to make it possible to increase the number of gears and reduce the weight of gearboxes for agricultural tractors. The feature of this gearbox is the gear disk with three gear rims on top and three on the bottom that is installed in its housing in addition to the usual gears and shafts. The implementation of the gear disk with gear rims makes it possible to reduce the number of gearwheels by more than half. The experimental gearbox is manual and interrupted-drive. It gives 18 forward gears and 18 reverse gears. Laboratory studies of a tractor with the experimental gearbox were carried out on a roller test bench. Load condition was arranged with the STEU-40 electric brake test rig in order to determine the transmission efficiency. During the testing, the torques on the gearbox input shaft and the tractor half shafts were measured. Reliability testing of the experimental gearbox, built in the LTZ-55 tractor, lasted for 2714 hours under the normal operation condition.
 RESULTS: The results of the transmission efficiency study at the 1st, 5th and 10th gears with different drive wheels torques as well as different oil temperatures revealed that the transmission efficiency is in the range of 0.75-0.96 at the transmission oil temperature of 16 to 60C, which corresponds to the numerical values of fixed-ratio transmissions of stock tractors. Operational tests of the tractor, equipped with the experimental gearbox, showed efficiency of gearbox during operation of 2714 hours.
 CONCLUSIONS: Laboratory studies of the LTZ-55 tractor, equipped with the experimental gearbox (Patent No. 208805), showed that the transmission efficiency improves with an increase in the drive wheels torque and the transmission oil temperature, and deteriorates with an increase in the gear number. The efficiency of the experimental transmission is in the range from 0.75 to 0.96, which corresponds to stock manual interrupted-drive transmissions of tractors. With an increase in oil temperature up to 60 C, the efficiency of the transmission greatens.

Expanding the technological capabilities of the integral tractor chassis by reversing the transmission

The aim of the work is to find technical solutions that provide a complete reversal of the transmission on the example of an integral tractor, while allowing maximum use of commercially available units or installed as an option for a serial machine. The objects of study are mainly the chassis of a wheeled integral tractor designed for agriculture. The relevance of creating fully reversible transmissions for integral tractors and other agricultural, road-building and transport machines is shown. The variants of installation places for the reverse gear are considered, the features of loading and the principles of designing the reverse gear for specific placement points are analyzed. The most promising options for the case of an integral tractor based on a serially produced chassis were chosen - placement of a controlled power distribution mechanism in the rear axle gear housing or instead of wheel gears. Kinematic schemes and a technique for determining gear ratios and kinematic parameters are proposed. The reverse gear control technologies and the technological base for the design and manufacture of such mechanisms are indicated: when designing an integral tractor in accordance with the principle of maximum unification with a serial chassis, it is advisable to place the reverse gear in the drive axle housing; when developing an original reverse transmission and a new carrier system, the reverse gear should be located in front of the gearbox; in the design of the reverse gear, it is preferable not to use a blocking clutch, replacing it with a planetary gear set and a brake.

Обзор ярусоловных судов и их главных энергетических установок, эксплуатирующихся на Дальневосточном рыбопромысловом бассейне

The article presents an overview of the general events in longline fishing. Three types of longline fishing (pelagic (drifting), near-bottom and bottom fishing) are used today. Longline fishing and the required fishing gear ‒ 
 a ridge and hooks with leads ‒ are described. The development of longline fishing in the Far Eastern basin began in 1926. Cod and halibut were caught by longline fishing. Originally, small Kawasaki vessels and MRS-80 type fishing seiners were used for launching and hauling the nets. Since the 1950s longline fishing has practically ceased. Its revival began only in the mid-1970s. Than it became possible to conduct the research and development of means of longline fishing mechanization. Lagging of the national means of mechanization from the foreign ones was obvious, that is why it was decided to buy Norwegian and German longline complexes and convert already built vessels into longline fishing vessels. There have been considered different types of on longline fishing vessels. A refrigerating unit and a longline complex are common features for these vessels. The architecture of the vessel hulls of both small tonnage and medium tonnage does not meet the modern environmental requirements, because a large number of seabirds and other mammals die when hauling a line. As a result of the review of the main power plants, it was revealed that the main power plant includes a main engine, a reverse gear, a shaft generator, a fixed-pitch propeller or an adjustable-pitch propeller, and a multiplier. It has been inferred that there is no general approach when choosing the most appropriate main power plant for a longline vessel.

ANALISIS PUTARAN PULI RODA GIGI FLYWHEEL PENGGERAK BEBAN PUTARAN RODA GIGI TRANSMISI OTOMOTIF

The electric power of an ac electric motor of Pin = 310.4 watts produces rotation of the output shaft which is used to drive the flywheel gear pulley to produce a rotational speed of Vrpm(in) = 347.8 rpm with a torque parameter of Tin = 8.53 Nm which is transmitted to each each load rotation of the gear pulley of the forward transmission-1 to the forward transmission-4 and the reverse transmission. The results of the research on the speed of the flywheel gear pulley, the Vrpm(in) parameter of 347.8 rpm, was transmitted to the forward-1 transmission gear load resulting in Vrpm(forward-1) = 89.6 rpm, torque Tout(forward-1) = 33.1 Nm and mechanical power Pout(forward-1) = 191.87 watts. Then it is transmitted to the forward-2 transmission gear load producing Vrpm (forward-2) = 162.7 rpm, Tout (forward-2) = 17.34 Nm and Pout (forward-2) = 100.51 watts. Then transmitted to the gear load of the forward-3 transmission is Vrpm(forward-3) = 248.2 rpm, Tout(forward-3) = 11.36 Nm and Pout(forward-3) = 65.85 watts. Transmitted to the transmission gear load forward-4 produces Vrpm (forward-4) = 347.8 rpm, Tout (forward-4) = 8.11 N and Pout (forward-4) = 47.01 watts. To go to the reverse transmission gear load produces Vrpm (reverse) = 75.4 rpm, Tout (backward) = 37.44 Nm and Pout (reverse) = 217.03watt.

Evaluation the effect of maxillary protraction on the airway dimensions: a review

Aim and Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of maxillary protraction on airway dimensions in growing patients.
 Method and material: The research was conducted using literature reviews. Articles included in databases such as PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar and Cochrane were reviewed via inputting keywords such as maxillary protraction, maxilla retrusion, retrognathic, class III malocclusion, face mask, reverse head gear, Delaire, protraction head gear, reverse occlusion, anterior crossbite, growing patient, bone anchorage, dental anchorage. The search period for articles ranged from January 2005 to April 2021.
 Results:7 articles with inclusion criteria were included in the study; the results of the studies showed the effectiveness of maxillary protraction on increasing the dimensions of the airway. Studies have shown a significant increase in the size of the upper airway, especially the nasopharynx, following maxillary protraction with tooth-borne and bone-borne appliances.
 Conclusion: Maxillary protraction can increase the size of the upper airway in growing patients. However, further studies are needed to elucidate the effects on changes in the pharyngeal airway, respiratory indicators (such as the apnea-hypopnea index), and its long-term effects.

Optimization of chip repose angle in dry hobbing machine considering minimum thermal accumulation on workbench

The thermal deformation problem is quite serious for the workbench of the environmental dry hobbing machine due to the thermal accumulation of hot chips. A better understanding of the quantity and optimization of the chip repose angle is quite necessary to reduce the workbench thermal deformation. Hence, this paper focuses on the chip repose angle modeling and optimization for the workbench of the dry hobbing machine. Firstly, the dynamic flow characteristics of chips are clarified by analyzing the chip generation mechanism and the motion trajectory of dry hobbing. Then, the chip repose angle is mathematically characterized with consideration of the chip rolling characteristics, with which a chip repose angle optimization model is established by minimizing the thermal accumulation on the workbench, and a chip repose angle optimization method is proposed based on the intelligent optimization algorithm. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is analyzed through the simulation experiment on the dry hobbing of automotive reverse gear. The results show that the maximum overall thermal deformation is reduced by 8 μm for the workbench, and the skewness is reduced by 32% for the workbench spindle with the help of the proposed optimization method. The study provides an effective solution for the quantitative analysis and optimal design of chip repose angle on the workbench of the dry hobbing machine.

Design and development of multipurpose power tiller gear box for paddy cultivation

It is found that farmers cultivate small landholdings by traditional method. Further, the total holding of land is not located in one place, rather, it is scattered as split plots in several places. This often restricts power operated tilling, seeding and harvesting machines to perform at optimal efficiency. Even two wheel tractors, reapers and combines face tremendous problems of frequent turnings in such fragmented lands. On the other hand, most of the rural people are poor and hardly can buy a costly machine individually. They use these machines in their own lands and also operate them on hiring basis in others’ lands and earn a substantial return. But, the number of such farmers is limited. Providing efficient and improved small machineries to the present day farmers is the need of the hour. In order to achieve the maximum returns, these small gadgets need to be designed and developed efficiently and tested thoroughly to ascertain their field performance before they reach to the farmers. The proposed idea implements the Vehicle to perform the functions such as tilling, transplanting, harvesting, water pumping, transportation, mud levelling and seed drilling. These functions can be integrated into a single vehicle with multi attachments run with the help of power take off. This project report describes the conceptual design of multipurpose power tiller with tilling, transplanting and harvesting attachment. Simplified transmission system gear box has been designed and analysed based on the region specific requirement on the tiller. Further it details the calculation of required speed ratio and structure of all 1st, 2nd, 3rd, reverse gear and power take off systems designed using CREO-parametric and solid works software. Theoretical stress analysis of the gears is calculated by Lewis bending equation (bending stress), Hertz theory of contact stress and Ansys software to find out the overall robustness of the gear system.

A Novel Multi-Patient Mechanical Ventilator Drive System Using Continuously Variable Transmission and Reverse Gearbox

In the present study, a new model of multi-mechanical ventilator drive using a continuously variable transmission (CVT) cone was presented as the main driving force to control the pressure of the BVM Ambu bag, which can produce different airflow pressures for several patients, and using a worm gear to isolate the CVT cone so as not to get the load generated from the pressure of the Ambu bag. In addition, the reverse gear transmission system is used to control the direction of rotation, and the leadscrew is used to change the rotation according to the linear translational motion of the Ambu bag pushing arm. In this system, a DC motor is used as the main driver, and a flexible tuner cable that can be connected to other ventilators is utilized. This research shows that this CVT system can reduce rotation down to 60.35% and increase rotation up to 148.26% with constant rotation input. There are 23 points of change in the position of the belt, which causes variations in the pouch pressing. The system can produce the highest and lowest pressure value at 20.2 and 0.4 cm H₂O. Simultaneously, the rotation of the flexible tuner cable showed no significant change. However, the weakness in the CVT system is the belt friction with the cone surface causing heat and slippage. In this case, the selection of the appropriate material and belt shape can cause belt displacement easiness that important in appropriate speed for applied pressure.

SMART WHEELCHAIR/VEHICLE FOR PHYSICALLY CHALLENGED PEOPLE WITH REVERSE GEAR OPERATION

This paper aims to design the vehicle for the physically challenged person with reverse gear system. This proposed vehicle helps them not to believe any third persons to require a reverse gear. Here we used \"tumbler gear” mechanism for our prototype where the gear is accustomed by changing the direction of gear. It contains two gears which place in parallel by changing their position with motor direction; that are often changed but in real time application we\'d wish to use ideal gear system with gear box. Also the bike contains ultrasonic sensor which supports echo signals to supply alert on taking reverse to avoid collision between other object. this technique also contains \"GPS\" which help their family to locate the position of the physically challenged person just easily. in case of any emergency, an ultrasonic sensor, GPS module and relay circuits are employed to drive the motor in our prototype.

Bangladesh: A Half Century into Freedom

The paper is an observation of the fifty years that have gone by since the liberation of Bangladesh through a guerrilla war against Pakistan in 1971. It spells out the causes behind the military and political collapse of the Pakistan state in Bangladesh, formerly the eastern province of Pakistan. Furthermore, the article is a brief study of the conditions confronting Bangladesh at birth, which at a certain point pushed the country into reverse gear through the rise of illegitimate regimes in the mid-1970s and early 1980s. Finally, the paper provides an overview of the current state of politics in the country.

Kein schnelles Ende der Corona-Krise: Mittelfristige Produktions-, Beschäftigungs- und Investitionslücken der deutschen Industrie

Although a number of economic indicators are suggesting that 2020 ended with a strong recovery following the sharp downturns in the spring, the return to a normal business cycle in Germany is likely to be slow in coming. When measuring and interpreting output gaps, it is important to bear in mind that German industry has actually been in reverse gear since the end of 2017, and in recession since mid-2018. In the fourth quarter of 2020, industrial production was still around 9 per cent below the annual average for 2018. The IW Business Survey asked firms about the production, employment and investment gaps they were expecting. In November 2020 both service providers and manufacturers were already predicting an increase in their output gaps for the first half of 2021. By 2022, the gaps in manufacturers' production, employment and investment will have closed significantly, although half of them expect production shortfalls to continue in 2022. Those industrial firms reckoning with reduced production in 2022 put the size of their output gap at around 5 per cent. The largest gap will be in investment, at just over 6 per cent. The employment gap in manufacturing is likely to be some 4 per cent - provided the recovery is not jeopardised by a deterioration in price competitiveness.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ИЗНОСОСТОЙКОСТИ ЧУГУННЫХ ЗУБЧАТЫХ КОЛЕС С ДИФФУЗИОННЫМИ КАРБИДНЫМИ ПОКРЫТИЯМИ

The article is concerned with wear resistance increase of saw-tooth enclosed drives applying instead of iron gear wheels, made from cement steel quality, gear wheels from high-duty cast iron of HF 60 with thermodiffusion carbide layer. Elements- diffusants were chosen according to level of carbide forming and hardness of formed layersvanadium- for forming very hard, chrome-medium according to coating and manganese- for low layers according to coating hardness. Layers are formed on spur gears, which are reverse gear of light vehicle. Setting for research included draw gear- asynchronous electric drive, placed on lathe-bed with the help of which rotation of gear shift transmission with powered reverse gear was done. Transmission output shaft was pressed into chunk. Kinematick of disconnected machine provided necessary moment resistance. Through given number of cycles the box was taken down, gear set was removed and metal graphic research was carried out. Residual layer thickness and linear wear were diagnosed, on the basis of obtained experimental data we built characteristic curves of linear wear from number of stress cycles. For comparative evaluation in this type of research we carried out experiments on measurement of linear wear of case – hardening steel 20 ChGn after cementation and further quenching and research of hardened cast iron HF mark 60. It was found out that the highest quality wearing in this type of research vanadium layers have, slightly lower quality wear chromium plate have and on the 3rd place manganese layers. The worst quality wear we observed in steel 20 ChGN. On the basis of obtained –experimental data empirical regularities of wear rate of layers from their Brinnel hardness and diameter of obtained copy were determined.