Reverse Engineering Techniques Research Articles

Efficacy of 3D printed anatomically equivalent thermoplastic polyurethane guide conduits in promoting the regeneration of critical-sized peripheral nerve defects.

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is an emerging tool for creating patient-specific tissue constructs analogous to the native tissue microarchitecture. In this study, anatomically equivalent 3D nerve conduits were developed using thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) by combining reverse engineering and material extrusion (i.e., fused deposition modeling) technique. Printing parameters were optimized to fabricate nerve-equivalent TPU constructs. The TPU constructs printed with different infill densities supported the adhesion, proliferation, and gene expression of neuronal cells. Subcutaneous implantation of the TPU constructs for three months in rats showed neovascularization with negligible local tissue inflammatory reactions and was classified as a non-irritant biomaterial as per ISO 10993-6. To perform in vivo efficacy studies, nerve conduits equivalent to rat's sciatic nerve were fabricated and bridged in a 10 mm sciatic nerve transection model. After four months of implantation, the sensorimotor function and histological assessments revealed that the 3D printed TPU conduits promoted the regeneration in critical-sized peripheral nerve defects equivalent to autografts. ThisstudyprovedthatTPU-based 3D printed nerve guidance conduits can be created to replicate the complicated features ofnaturalnerves that can promote the regeneration of peripheral nerve defects and also show the potential to be extended to several other tissues for regenerative medicine applications.&#xD.

In Vitro Investigation of Marginal & Internal Adaptation of Two Screw-Retained Implant Supported Crowns: A Comparative Analysis of Direct Optical & Subtractive Reverse Engineering Techniques.

In Vitro Investigation of Marginal & Internal Adaptation of Two Screw-Retained Implant Supported Crowns: A Comparative Analysis of Direct Optical & Subtractive Reverse Engineering Techniques.

A vehicle firmware security vulnerability: an IVI exploitation

AbstractIn the last years, the increasing vehicular technology has led to a surge in cybersecurity attacks, particularly regarding connected vehicles and their vulnerable infotainment systems. This paper explores the vulnerabilities within an In-Vehicle Infotainment (IVI) system firmware, focusing on the Gen5W_L multimedia device utilized in Hyundai, Kia, and Genesis vehicles. Leveraging reverse engineering techniques, the study uncovers several security issues within the firmware, allowing for the creation and installation of custom firmware. The paper introduces Chimaera, a reverse engineering attack targeting the IVI system firmware, which exploits a vulnerability introduced by statically compiling the mbedtls library. After a reverse engineering analysis and injecting malicious assembly code directly in the IVI firmware, the attack enables the extraction of sensitive information from the firmware files like the cryptographic keys to install a customized firmware. The research shows that exploiting these vulnerabilities facilitates the installation of insecure firmware, granting attackers unauthorized access to vehicle functionalities. This includes the possibility to inject CAN bus messages, potentially compromising critical vehicle systems such as radio controls and safety features. The findings underscore the need for robust cybersecurity measures within automotive systems and highlight the significance of vulnerability assessment to mitigate security risks in connected vehicles.

Analysing shrinkage compensation in additive manufacturing: a comparative study of reverse engineering and gauge-based methods

AbstractAdditive Manufacturing has transformed modern manufacturing with its well-known advantages. However, shrinkage remains a critical challenge, causing dimensional inaccuracies that should be properly compensated to assure geometric fidelity. This study aims to assess the reliability of a Reverse Engineering (RE) technique for dimensional compensation. A gauge-based measurement approach has been used to validate the RE method. Results confirm that the RE method is promising, while highlighting the intrinsic errors of the RE technique, and suggesting ways to evaluate and prevent them.

PROTOTYPING OF A TWO WHEELER CLUTCH HUB USING REVERSE ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

A clutch hub is a critical component in a two wheeler manual transmission system, responsible for transferring rotational power from the engine to the transmission gears and providing a mechanism for disengaging the gears to allow for smooth gear changes. The clutch hub is placed between clutch basket and pressure plate. The clutch plates are mounted on it. It has teeth at center hole which rotate with main shaft. The prototyping of clutch hub using reverse engineering technique, making it essential to understand its design and functionality reverse engineering is employed to deconstruct an existing clutch hub, analyze its dimensions and materials, and create an accurate digital 3D model is created using computer aided design software, by scanning the part and prototyping of clutch hub is made by using 3D printing technology. Key Words: Clutch hub, Reverse engineering, 3D Model, Prototyping, 3D printing.

Mechanical behavior of endodontically treated teeth: A three-dimensional finite element analysis using displacement vector.

This study aimed to analyze the effects of core materials, remaining tooth structures, and interfacial bonding on stress distribution in endodontically treated teeth using finite element analysis (FEA). Three-dimensional FEA was conducted using a reverse engineering technique based on maxillary premolars scanned by micro-computed tomography. Six models were generated with or without ferrules and with one of the following three abutment systems: metal core, resin core, or resin core with fiber posts. In each model, bonding and debonding were assumed in the dentin and surrounding structures: bonded and debonded models. The maximum principal stress values were recorded, and stress distribution of the entire restored teeth and dentin was generated. Furthermore, the distribution of the displacement vector of the debonded models was generated. In comparing the bonded and debonded models, the debonded models showed larger values for tensile stresses than those in bonded models for all abutment models. The models without ferrules rotated around the center of the abutment, whereas those with ferrules did not show remarkable displacement in the analysis. FEA assuming fracture of adhesive interface proved to be an effective method to clarify the significance of ferrules. It prevents stress concentration in dentin by reducing the rotation of the abutment, even when the adhesive fails.

A Modified Horse Herd Optimization Algorithm and Its Application in the Program Source Code Clustering

Maintenance is one of the costliest phases in the software development process. If architectural design models are accessible, software maintenance can be made more straightforward. When the software’s source code is the only available resource, comprehending the program profoundly impacts the costs associated with software maintenance. The primary objective of comprehending the source code is extracting information used during the software maintenance phase. Generating a structural model based on the program source code is an effective way of reducing overall software maintenance costs. Software module clustering is considered a tremendous reverse engineering technique for constructing structural design models from the program source code. The main objectives of clustering modules are to reduce the quantity of connections between clusters, increase connections within clusters, and improve the quality of clustering. Finding the perfect clustering model is considered an NP-complete problem, and many previous approaches had significant issues in addressing this problem, such as low success rates, instability, and poor modularization quality. This paper applied the horse herd optimization algorithm, a distinctive population-based and discrete metaheuristic technique, in clustering software modules. The proposed method’s effectiveness in addressing the module clustering problem was examined by ten real-world standard software test benchmarks. Based on the experimental data, the quality of the clustered models produced is approximately 3.219, with a standard deviation of 0.0718 across the ten benchmarks. The proposed method surpasses former methods in convergence, modularization quality, and result stability. Furthermore, the experimental results demonstrate the versatility of this approach in effectively addressing various real-world discrete optimization challenges.

Enhanced Reverse-Engineering Method for Accurately Predicting Lamina Properties in Laminated Composites via Combined Static and Dynamic Finite Element Simulations

This study aims to ascertain the material characteristics that are intrinsic to the prepreg layer within a laminated composite structure. The elastic modulus of the lamina, a primary determinant of composite structural behavior, is the focal point of this analysis. This parameter has been assessed by employing reverse-engineering techniques on a composite composed of sequentially stacked prepregs. The investigation entailed simulating the behavior of the composite under static loads and conducting modal analyses to reflect both static and dynamic conditions. The findings indicate that the elastic modulus values derived from combined tensile and modal analysis simulations exhibit superior accuracy compared to those obtained through tensile simulation alone. Specifically, the maximum prediction error for E1 (the tensile-direction elastic modulus of one lamina sheet) decreased from 1.17% to 0.28%, and that of E2 (the transverse-direction elastic modulus of one lamina sheet) decreased from 12.01% to 7.30%. Further simulations incorporating fabrication error variances underscored the critical nature of precise E2 analysis. The proposed methodology evidenced a more accurate assessment of E2, underscoring its potential to enhance the reverse-engineering process in composite material design.

Malware Analysis and Reverse Engineering: Unraveling the Digital Threat Landscape

Malware constitutes an endemic form of cyber threat, and its ever-changing nature makes it difficult for cyber security strategies to adapt and counteract its dynamic characteristics. In the face of this highly prevalent menace, the "malware analysis and reverse engineering" strategy is utilized. This research paper examines these two essential fields extensively. Various themes are addressed, including malware types and their impacts, analysis techniques, reverse engineering techniques, case studies conducted, challenges encountered, and finally an overview of the study. Additionally, the results and discussions in this section will illustrate the main findings and provide vital information for improving current cyber security measures. Nonetheless, a discussion and conclusion on the wider implications of the research will be made in preparation for future research in this dynamic realm.

Effect of mixed-mode loading on surface crack propagation in steels

To understand the effect of mixed-mode loading on surface crack propagation in structural alloy steels, fatigue crack growth tests were performed on surface crack tension (SCT) specimens with initial semi-elliptical surface cracks. SCT specimens with cracks normal to the load axis were used for the mode I tests. Experiments with mixed-mode loading were conducted on SCT specimens with inclined surface cracks. A specific feature of the surface crack propagation, in the segmentation of the crack front, the occurrence of «factory roof» patterns, and deviations in the crack front from a planar shape were established under mixed-mode loading. A reverse engineering technique was applied in a numerical study to reproduce a complex fracture surface under mixed-mode loading. The equivalent stress intensity factor (SIF) formulation was used to interpret the fatigue-crack growth rate. A significant reduction in the fatigue crack growth rate was established for mixed-mode loading compared with pure mode I conditions. Several fracture mechanisms were identified along the surface crack front under mixed-mode loading. The areas corresponding to changes in the dominant fracture mechanism were identified using detailed fractography of the fracture surfaces.

A Computational Fluid Dynamics Study to Compare Two Types of Arterial Cannulae for Cardiopulmonary Bypass

Thanks to recent technological and IT advances, there have been rapid developments in biomedical and health research applications of computational fluid dynamics. This is a methodology of computer-based simulation that uses numerical solutions of the governing equations to simulate real fluid flows. The aim of this study is to investigate, using a patient-specific computational fluid dynamics analysis, the hemodynamic behavior of two arterial cannulae, with two different geometries, used in clinical practice during cardiopulmonary bypass. A realistic 3D model of the aorta is extracted from a subject’s CT images using segmentation and reverse engineering techniques. The two cannulae, with similar geometry except for the distal end (straight or curved tip), are modeled and inserted at the specific position in the ascending aorta. The assumption of equal boundary conditions is adopted for the two simulations in order to analyze only the effects of a cannula’s geometry on hemodynamic behavior. Simulation results showed a greater percentage of the total output directed towards the supra-aortic vessels with the curved tip cannula (66% vs. 54%), demonstrating that the different cannula tips geometry produces specific advantages during cardiopulmonary bypass. Indeed, the straight one seems to generate a steadier flow pattern with good recirculation in the ascending aorta.

Characterization and Reverse Engineering of Pharmaceuticals: Role of Thermoanalytical Techniques

During pharmaceutical or biopharmaceutical drug product development, one of the most important steps to be followed is characterization and reverse engineering of the drug product. Out of so many characterization tools and orthogonal reverse engineering techniques, thermoanalytical methods are the most useful techniques. Different thermoanalytical techniques are used to identify, quantify and understand the interaction between different polymorphic forms of drug substances and excipients. These techniques are also used to monitor the physical form (amorphous or crystalline) of the drug substance in drug product throughout its manufacturing processes and helps in identifying, omitting or modifying the steps or processes responsible for change in physical or polymorphic form of the drug substance in the finished drug product. Thermoanalytical techniques are not only useful for characterization of small molecules but also extensively applied in analysis of biological samples and nano-formulations. In current scenario, pharmaceutical development specifically during generic drug development the most useful step is the reverse engineering. When reverse engineering of drug product is concerned, thermoanalytical techniques are the best tools to be used to prove the similarity of physico-chemical properties or same state of matter or arrangement of matter between test and reference products. However, in earlier days these techniques were not used as frequently as the other techniques like spectroscopy and chromatography. Various reasons for limited use of thermoanalytical techniques were unavailability of software or compatible hardware, manual sampling process and a tedious process of manual calculation which consumes lots of time. Now a day, due to advancement of technology, automation, use of robotics, and better understanding, and the thermal analysis not only become a powerful tool but also increase the throughput. The present review focuses on some of the most commonly used Thermoanalytical techniques e.g. Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Solution Calorimeter (SC), Thermo Mechanical Analysis (TMA) and Isothermal Titration Calorimeter (ITC) for characterization and reverse engineering of different dosage forms like solid oral dosage forms, injectable formulation, inhalation formulation, ophthalmic formulation, and biosimilar formulation products such as peptides and proteins using specific case studies.

Trajectory reconstruction of a wingtip segment separated from an aircraft using CFD simulation

Reconstructing the trajectory of the disintegrated component in an aircraft using numerical methods is anticipated to be a valuable technology for air crash investigation. The motion of separated objects in the air is significantly influenced by aerodynamic loads, making it necessary to employ computational fluid dynamics to estimate the forces and moments acting on the objects. To address the limitations of current methods, a multi-zone dynamic mesh method was utilized and validated via a store separation case, demonstrating good consistency with wind tunnel data. Since the trajectory of the wingtip is highly dependent on the center of gravity and mass properties, a predictive-level finite element model was developed using 3D scanning and reverse engineering techniques. Trajectories of the wingtip for a Tu-154M under various initial conditions were reconstructed, revealing nonlinear variations over time. By comparing the predicted crash position with the actual one, it is possible to ascertain the aircraft's condition at the moment when the wingtip separated.

Architecture Driven Modernization: A Review on Reverse Engineering Techniques based on Models’ Approach

Software specifications represent one of the risks that can cause a project to fail if they tend to be modified during development. it is a problem that all companies with an information system or developing software can face regardless of the latter's size. Specification techniques have indeed evolved over the last few years to avoid this type of situation as much as possible. Nevertheless, one can never predict a client's evolutionary needs. To remedy this problem, there is a solution that we consider effective, which is reverse engineering. Reverse engineering is not a new term. Originally, reverse engineering meant analyzing hardware to improve it in the case of a proprietary product or to detect its strengths in the case of a competing product. By projecting these concepts onto the software, we conclude that the goal is to fully understand the system and its structure. And if the goal of reverse engineering on hardware is to duplicate the system, the goal on software is to understand its design for maintenance and support purposes.

Reverse Engineering Used to Profile a Gerotor Pump Rotor

In most situations, for the proper design of a gerotor pump, numerous parameters must be taken into account: the pump geometry, the properties of the materials from which the pumps are made (Young’s modulus, Poisson’s coefficient, friction coefficients, etc.), the hydraulic characteristics of the circulated fluids (fluid density, kinematic viscosity, etc.), the working performance of the pump (speed ranges, pressure, flow rate, etc.), with greater or lesser influence on volumetric efficiency, work capacity, or energy consumption. The paper presents a study regarding the inspection of the reciprocally enwrapping surfaces of the gerotor pumps using a three-dimensional measurement technique specific to reverse engineering, which involves 3D scanning of the pump components in gearing movement. The components were measured by means of a specific software (GOM Inspect) and compared, by overlap, with the CAD models made with the help of CATIA software (CATIA V5R21). At the same time, an analytical calculation algorithm was developed for the complementarity of virtual representations. Finally, the advantages of the reverse engineering technique compared to the developed theoretical algorithm and traditional CAD design are presented.

Manufacture of Automotive Component Using Reverse Engineering and Manufacturing Additive Techniques

Reverse engineering is an extraction process of design data from an existing product in order to get its 3D model by data acquisition method. This type of engineering is often applied in software engineering, biomedical field, and parts restoration. The main reasons for implementing reverse engineering are due to obsolete parts, unavailable spare parts and the absence of documentation design.. The objective of the work is to reproduce an automotive part utilizing a 3D printer from data acquisition and CAD model. The reverse engineering technique in this work involves data acquisition, surface and model construction, post-processing and fabrication of the final product. One of the equipment in the non-contact method, the 3D scanner is used to extract design data from the master part. Then, the scanned model is transferred to Solidworks in order to reconstruct the missing features in the model. The findings show that the reverse engineering technique used in this work can reproduce the automative part which is near net-shape of the master part. However, the CAD model require some surface and model reconstruction due to data loss during the conversion of information from scanning data to CAD data. After the final product is fabricated using a 3D printer, it is compared with the master part in terms of the difference of dimensions found between them. Besides, the data loss occurred throughout data acquisition is also discussed in this work. As a conclusion, reverse engineering should be the best alternative to reproduce an object without any design details provided.

THz Analysis in the Depth of a Sunflower Leaf

The internal structure of a sunflower leaf could be reconstructed by applying RET reverse engineering techniques on measurements from terahertz time-domain probing (Time Domain Spectroscopy TDS). This new and non-destructive method allows us to follow the evolution of this structure in time during a process of dehydration. This paper is a synthesis of our previous work.

Customized Wrist Immobilization Splints Produced via Additive Manufacturing—A Comprehensive Evaluation of the Viable Configurations

Orthopedic splints are external medical devices designed to support and protect the functions of the human musculoskeletal system from pathological conditions or traumatic events. Tailoring these medical solutions to the morphology of the patient’s limb is essential to ensure a correct and rapid rehabilitation pathway. Although traditional splinting techniques might achieve a unique fit, the procedures are highly dependent on the skill and experience of the medical operator, affecting the quality of the care treatment. In response to the drawbacks associated with traditional splinting techniques, the present article proposed an innovative and structured methodology to manufacture customized wrist immobilization splints, prioritizing simplicity and user-friendliness in fabrication activities. The customized splint manufacturing was based on the integration of reverse engineering (RE) and additive manufacturing (AM) techniques. The research designed a baseline model of a wrist splint, varying over different thickness values and manufacturing materials (ABS, nylon, PLA, PC, PA6-GF25, PA6-CF20). For every splint model, the production times and material costs were assessed. Technical tests were performed via finite element analysis (FEA). The conducted analysis and the resulting charts empower medical operators to select the most appropriate solution, ensuring a well-informed and effective decision-making approach.

Adiabatic Shortcuts Completion in Quantum Field Theory: Annihilation of Created Particles.

Shortcuts to adiabaticity (STA) are relevant in the context of quantum systems, particularly regarding their control when they are subjected to time-dependent external conditions. In this paper, we investigate the completion of a nonadiabatic evolution into a shortcut to adiabaticity for a quantum field confined within a one-dimensional cavity containing two movable mirrors. Expanding upon our prior research, we characterize the field's state using two Moore functions that enables us to apply reverse engineering techniques in constructing the STA. Regardless of the initial evolution, we achieve a smooth extension of the Moore functions that implements the STA. This extension facilitates the computation of the mirrors' trajectories based on the aforementioned functions. Additionally, we draw attention to the existence of a comparable problem within nonrelativistic quantum mechanics.

Design and Analysis of Coconut Tree Climbing Bike Using Reverse Engineering Technique

Coconut trees have hard-shelled fruits that grow as high as eight meters to 30m. It is one of the most important crops in the world. Coconut is considered as a healthy food and is used in a various foods and medicine. In this research, a coconut tress climbing bike was designed using reverse engineering technique based on availableinternet media resources. This research aims to solve the problem faced by most climbers who do not have thecomplete equipment and technology to climb coconut trees. Throughout the investigation and analysis,references based on Ganapathi Bhat’s climbing bike design were studied to obtain the necessary informationincluding load capacity, weight, price, size and estimated speed. Simulation and engineering analysis is made using SolidWorks software to evaluate specification. Based on the analysis and simulation result, this design is able to support and carry a user weighing 80kg to climb a coconut tree. The maximum speed of a coconut tree climbing bike is estimated at 0.6m/s. The coconut tree climbing bike design has a size of 717mm(L) x 539mm(W) x 415mm(H) and its estimated weight is 29.7kg. The selling price of this bike is estimated to be approximate RM 3500. This project is expected to provide information to the readers to obtain the coconut tree climbing bicycle technology that has already been in the small regional market in India. Hence, hopefully this research can help tointroduce this technology in more detail to the Malaysia universities and citizens.