Reverse Process Research Articles

Weighted reverse counting process (WRCP): A novel approach to quantify the overall treatment effect with multiple time-to-event outcomes by adaptive weighting.

In a longitudinal randomized study where multiple time-to-event outcomes are collected, the overall treatment effect may be quantified by a composite endpoint defined as the time to the first occurrence of any of the selected events including death. The reverse counting process (RCP) was recently proposed to extend the restricted mean survival time (RMST) approach with an advantage of utilizing observations of events beyond the "first-occurrence" endpoint. However, the interpretation may be questionable because RCP treats all events equally without considering their different associations with the overall survival. In this work, we propose a novel approach, the weighted reverse counting process (WRCP), to construct a weighted composite endpoint to evaluate the overall treatment effect. A multi-state transition model is used to model the association between events, and an adaptive weighting algorithm is developed to determine the weight for individual endpoints based on the association between the nonfatal endpoints and death using the trial data. Simulation studies are presented to compare the performance of WRCP with RCP, log-rank test and RMST approach. The results show that WRCP is a powerful and robust method to detect the overall treatment effect while controlling the clinically false positive rate well across different simulation scenarios.

Mechanisms of axoneme and centriole elimination in Naegleria gruberi.

The early branching eukaryote Naegleria gruberi can transform transiently from an amoeboid life form lacking centrioles and flagellato a flagellate life form where these elements are present, followed by reversion to the amoeboid state. The mechanisms imparting elimination of axonemes and centrioles during this reversion process are not known. Here, we uncover that flagella primarily fold onto the cell surface and fuse within milliseconds with the plasma membrane. Once internalized, axonemes are severed by Spastin into similarly-sized fragments that are then enclosed by membranes, before their contents are eliminated through the lysosomal pathway. Moreover, we discovered that centrioles undergo progressive K63 autophagy-linked poly-ubiquitination and K48 proteasome-promoting poly-ubiquitination, and that such ubiquitination occurs next to centriolar microtubules. Most centrioles are eliminated in either lysosomes or the cytoplasm in a lysosomal- and proteasome-dependent manner. Strikingly, we uncover in addition that centrioles can be shed in the extracellular milieu and taken up by other cells. Collectively, these findings reveal fundamental mechanisms governing the elimination of essential cellular constituents in Naegleria that may operate broadly in eukaryotic systems.

In-situ electrochemical XRD and raman probing of ion transport dynamics in ionic liquid-etched Ti3C2Tx MXene for energy storage applications

This study focuses on understanding the electrochemical behavior of Ti3C2Tx MXene synthesized using tetramethylammonium tetrafluoroborate (TMATFB) as an etching agent for the Ti3AlC2 MAX phase. Through in situ Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD), we investigate the charge storage mechanisms and surface transformations of TMATFB-etched MXene. The results indicate that Ti3C2Tx MXene undergoes reversible H+ ion intercalation, achieving a specific capacitance of 417.4F/g at 1 mV/s in 1 M H2SO4. This reversible process is characterized by a transformation between Ti3C2O2 and Ti3C2(OH)2 on the MXene surface, highlighting the role of oxygen-rich functional groups in enhancing pseudocapacitive behavior. These insights contribute to the understanding of MXene’s electrochemical potential in energy storage systems.

Experimental and numerical study of turbulent penetrative Rayleigh-Bénard flow of water near 4 °C in a box-shaped container

Understanding the reversal process of the large-scale circulation will facilitate system recognition of turbulent penetrative Rayleigh-Bénard convection. The present work describes experimental and numerical investigations on the Rayleigh-Bénard flow of water near 4 °C in a box-shaped container. The results indicate that the revised Nusselt number is slightly higher than average Nusselt number with adiabatic assumption. The Nusselt numbers from the simulations show good agreement with the experiment values. Large-scale circulation reversal becomes less likely with the increasing Rayleigh number and density inversion parameter. Reversal is not observed at large density inversion parameters and Rayleigh numbers. Large vertical velocity and temperature fluctuations at the center point are found during the reversal process. However, the Nusselt number is slightly affected by the occurrence of the reversal.

Unusually high selectivity (100 %) of photocatalytic C[sbnd]C coupling achieved by instant reverse reduction of byproducts

The photocatalytic CC coupling of benzyl alcohol (BA) into hydrobenzoin (HB), is appealing to obtain high-value chemicals. However, the selectivity of HB is still low due to the inevitable formation of benzaldehyde. Herein, we report In(OH)3-ZnS photocatalyst for CC coupling of BA into HB with very high selectivity (∼100 %). The introduction of In(OH)3 onto ZnS with stable interaction facilitates light harvesting and separation of photo-excited charges. As a result, BA conversion on optimized In(0.1)-ZnS catalyst (73 %) is much higher than ZnS (29 %). Besides, the surface hydroxyl groups derived from In(OH)3 enables the facile desorption of CH(OH)Ph radical. Therefore, the over oxidation of CH(OH)Ph radical into by-product of benzaldehyde can be effectively inhibited. More significantly, in-situ FTIR spectra and reduction of by-product manifest the instant reverse reduction process of benzaldehyde into CH(OH)Ph radical during CC coupling of BA, which is the key to realizing satisfied HB selectivity (100 %). Theoretical simulations reveal that the weak adsorption of CH(OH)Ph radical over catalyst and the high energy barrier of over-oxidation of CH(OH)Ph into benzaldehyde contributes to the formation of highly selective coupling products. This work will inspire new insights to design rational photoredox systems for organic transformations with high selectivity

GALA: Graph Diffusion-based Alignment with Jigsaw for Source-free Domain Adaptation.

Source-free domain adaptation is a crucial machine learning topic, as it contains numerous applications in the real world, particularly with respect to data privacy. Existing approaches predominantly focus on Euclidean data, such as images and videos, while the exploration of non-Euclidean graph data remains scarce. Recent graph neural network (GNN) approaches could suffer from serious performance decline due to domain shift and label scarcity in source-free adaptation scenarios. In this study, we propose a novel method named Graph Diffusion-based Alignment with Jigsaw (GALA) tailored for source-free graph domain adaptation. To achieve domain alignment, GALA employs a graph diffusion model to reconstruct source-style graphs from target data. Specifically, a score-based graph diffusion model is trained using source graphs to learn the generative source styles. Then, we introduce perturbations to target graphs via a stochastic differential equation instead of sampling from a prior, followed by the reverse process to reconstruct source-style graphs. We feed them into an off-the-shelf GNN and introduce class-specific thresholds with curriculum learning, which can generate accurate and unbiased pseudo-labels for target graphs. Moreover, we develop a simple yet effective graph mixing strategy named graph jigsaw to combine confident graphs and unconfident graphs, which can enhance generalization capabilities and robustness via consistency learning. Extensive experiments on benchmark datasets validate the effectiveness of GALA. The source code is available at https://github.com/luo-junyu/GALA.

Excitation-Dependent Circularly Polarized Luminescence Inversion Driven by Dichroic Competition of Achiral Dyes in Cholesteric Liquid Crystals.

The development of stimuli-responsive chiral cholesteric liquid crystals (CLCs) materials holds significant potential for achieving three-dimensional (3D) anti-counterfeiting and multi-level information encryption. However, constructing phototunable CLCs systems with easy fabrication and fast response remains a great challenge. Herein, we exploit an excitation-dependent CLCs (ExD-CLCs) material by establishing dynamically photoresponsive dichroic competition between two achiral dyes: a negative dichroic dye (SP-COOH) and a positive dichroic dye (Nile Red, NR) within a CLCs medium. The ExD-CLCs exhibits a negative CPL signal (glum = -0.16) at 650 nm when excited at 365 nm. Remarkably, under excitation at 430 nm, the CPL signal is inverted, and the glum value increases to +0.26. Notably, the helical superstructure and handedness of the ExD-CLCs remain unchanged during this reversal process. The CPL signal reversal is driven by the dichroic competition between the SP-COOH dimer, which displays strong negative dichroism in its open-ring isomer form and silent negative dichroism in its closed-ring isomer form, and the NR dye, which exhibits static positive dichroism. Leveraging these excitation-dependent CPL properties, the quadruplex numerical anti-counterfeiting using ExD-CLCs is achieved.

Impact of Reverse Empowerment and Proactive Motivations on Physicians' Online Knowledge Sharing in Digital Platforms: Survey Study.

Digital platforms offer a venue for patients and physicians to exchange health information and provide health care services outside traditional organizational contexts. Previous studies have seldom focused on the factors that drive the proactivity of physicians' online behavior. Additionally, there is limited research exploring the influence of patients on physicians' online behavior, particularly from the perspective of patients possessing power. This study aims to investigate the effect of patient-empowering behaviors on physicians' online knowledge sharing and uncover the potential mechanisms of proactivity. Based on the proactive motivational model and empowerment theory, we propose the existence of a reverse empowerment process, where empowerment flows from patients to physicians. We suggest that patient-empowering behaviors may drive physicians' online knowledge sharing as a form of proactivity. Specifically, 3 proactive motivational states-knowledge-sharing self-efficacy, sharing meaning, and positive professional affect-mediate this relationship. Additionally, platform extrinsic rewards, as a contextual factor, have a moderating effect. To validate our proposed research model, we conducted a survey in China using the WJX platform, targeting physicians engaged in online knowledge sharing. The measurement instrument utilizes validated items adapted from prior research, using a 5-point Likert scale. We collected 257 valid responses, ensuring that participation was both anonymous and voluntary. Data analysis was performed in 2 stages. The first stage assessed the measurement model for reliability and validity, using the Harman 1-factor test and confirmatory factor analysis. The second stage used partial least squares-structural equation modeling to examine the direct, moderation, and mediation effects among the constructs, with bootstrapping used for significance testing. This comprehensive approach ensures a robust analysis of the proposed hypotheses and contributes to the overall validity of our research model. Perceived patient-empowering behaviors significantly and positively influence physicians' online knowledge sharing (β=0.27, P<.001). Knowledge-sharing self-efficacy (effect=0.06, P=.04), sharing meaning (effect=0.12, P<.001), and positive professional affect (effect=0.10, P=.003) each partially mediate the effect of patient-empowering behaviors on physicians' online knowledge sharing. The overall proactive motivational states play a complete mediation role, meaning the entire indirect effect of the model is significant (effect=0.29, P<.001), while the direct effect in the model is nonsignificant (effect=0.07, P=.26). Additionally, platform extrinsic rewards significantly and negatively moderate the effect of sharing meaning on physicians' online knowledge sharing (β=-0.13, P=.001). This study is the first to recognize and examine proactivity as an alternative mediating mechanism for physicians' online knowledge sharing, highlighting the active role of patients in empowering physicians. It makes a significant contribution to the existing literature on empowerment, eHealth, and proactive behavior. Additionally, the findings offer valuable guidance for designing and managing digital platforms to ensure service sustainability.

Unmasking the reverse catalytic activity of 'ene'-reductases for asymmetric carbonyl desaturation.

Carbonyl desaturation is a fundamental reaction widely practised in organic synthesis. While numerous methods have been developed to expand the scope of this important transformation, most of them necessitate multi-step protocols or suffer from the use of high loadings of metal or strong oxidizing conditions. Moreover, approaches that can achieve precise stereochemical control of the desaturation process are extremely rare. Here we report a biocatalytic platform for desymmetrizing desaturation of cyclohexanones to generate diverse cyclohexenones bearing a remote quaternary stereogenic centre, by reengineering 'ene'-reductases to efficiently mediate dehydrogenation, the reverse process of their native activity. This 'ene'-reductase-based desaturation system operates under mild conditions with air as the terminal oxidant, tolerates oxidation-sensitive or metal-incompatible functional groups and, more importantly, exhibits unparalleled stereoselectivity compared with those achieved with small-molecule catalysts. Mechanistic investigations suggest that the reaction proceeded through α-deprotonation followed by a rate-determining β-hydride transfer.

Comparative optimization of the thermal performance for H2 – Metal hydride heat storage and heat pump systems

Metal hydride is very promising in hydrogen storage and simultaneously the thermal effect in the reversible hydrogenation process makes it possible in heat storage and heat pump area. The interaction of H2 – Metal – hydride pair and its further applications need comprehensive thermodynamic design and performance optimization. Therefore, this work makes thermodynamic comparative research of heat storage and heat pump systems by adopting H2 – Metal-hydride pair. According to the investigation, the thermodynamically optimal charging-discharging temperatures (Tm1,Tm2), the heat source temperature (Th1) and the ambient temperature (Tc1) meet the relationship of Tm1Tm2=Th1Tc1 for the heat storage system. Given the operating pressure (p), there exists a well-matched temperature (T) range to maximize the exergy performance of metal hydride heat storage system. Meanwhile, the running p-T is positively correlated, e.g., when the charging pressure is set at 0.2 MPa to 0.3 MPa, the well-matched T varies from 307 K to 317 K. When the discharging pressure is set at 0.4 MPa to 0.7 MPa, the well-matched T varies from 304 K to 320 K. For the metal hydride heat pump system, the optimal performance lies in maximizing the transported heat. Given the operating T, there exists a well-matched pressure range for the heat sink device, e.g., for the heat releasing process, when operating T is set at 353 K, 363 K, 373 K, 383 K and 393 K, the well-matched p are 2.3 MPa, 3.3 MPa, 3.8 MPa, 4.6 MPa and 6.1 MPa. Both the heat storage and heat pump performances are also affected by the operating pressure – temperature −transported heat, presenting improved region and degraded region. The optimal thermodynamic criterion and the matchability of the operating parameters provide a theoretical guidance for the MH-based thermodynamic system design and operation.

Ultra-capacity and low-cost P3-type K0.5Mn0.96Fe0.04O2 cathode materials for K-ion batteries

The exploration of low-cost K-ion batteries (KIBs) to alleviate lithium resource depletion and energy supply issues has reached a consensus worldwide. However, the most fatal drawback of KIBs is that the K+ radius is too large and the lack of positive electrode materials can be adapted to it. In this present study, the resource abundant transition metal elements Mn and Fe are used to construct the layered KIBs cathode material with super capacity. The P3-K0.5Mn0.96Fe0.04O2 cathode material synthesized by high-temperature solid-state method can obtain an initial discharge capacity of 168.1 mAh·g−1, which is much higher than the theoretical capacity (125.9 mAh·g−1). Based on the results of ex-situ XRD and electrochemical characterization, it can be determined that the K0.5Mn0.96Fe0.04O2 cathode material can better adapt to the deintercalation process of K+ and the introduction of Fe3+ can effectively improve the diffusion kinetics and reaction kinetics of K+. Furthermore, through the X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) of the Mn element, it is verified that the reversible redox process of Mn3+ and Mn4+ in K0.5Mn0.96Fe0.04O2 compound. The Fe4+ signal detected by 57Fe-Mössbauer spectroscopy confirmed the reversible redox process of iron ions. This work provides an experimental basis for the construction of low-cost, high-performance KIBs cathode materials, and helps to promote the development of new KIBs energy storage systems.

Anisotropic Etching of Monolayer MoS2 Flakes for Zigzag Edges in Chemical Vapor Deposition.

The edge of two-dimensional (2D) flakes of transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) profoundly influences their optical, electronic, catalytic, and magnetic properties due to the asymmetric atomic configurations on the edge. As a reverse process of growth, the etching of monolayer MoS2 flakes can be modulated by tuning the sulfur stoichiometric ratio in chemical vapor deposition. Here, we report studies of the high-density formation of etched pores with defined orientations on MoS2 flakes. Structural analysis reveals that these pores are bound by zigzag edges. Our measurements show that the saturation magnetization of etched MoS2 flakes can be up to five times higher than that of unetched counterparts, indicating that increased zigzag edge density enhances the ferromagnetism of MoS2 flakes. These observations provide valuable insights for tailoring the edge density of 2D TMD flakes to optimize properties for targeted applications.

Insights into the role of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) in plant-virus interactions.

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is a common and dynamic epitranscriptomic modification in eukaryotic RNAs, affecting stability, splicing, translation, and degradation. Recent technological advancements have revealed the complex nature of m6A modifications, highlighting their importance in plant and animal species. The m6A modification is a reversible process, with "writers" depositing methylation, "erasers" demethylating it, and "reader" proteins recognizing m6A and executing various biological functions. Studying the relationship between m6A methylation and viral infection is crucial. Animal viruses, including retroviruses, RNA viruses, and DNA viruses, often employ the host's m6A machinery to replicate or avoid immune responses. In plant viruses, host methyltransferases or demethylases can stabilize or degrade viral RNA, depending on the virus-host interaction. Additionally, viral infections can modify the host's m6A machinery, impacting the viral life cycle. This review examines the role of m6A modifications in plant viral pathogenesis, focussing on RNA viruses infecting crops like alfalfa, turnip, wheat, rice, and potato. Understanding the role of m6A in virus-host interactions can aid in studying plant viral disease development and discovering novel antiviral targets for crop protection. In this review, we summarize current information on m6A in RNA biology, focussing on its function in viral infections and plant-virus interactions.

A study on the difficulties of practicing reverse logistics by an association of waste pickers in the city of Manaus

Sustainability has been a growing concern worldwide, with reverse logistics being its most relevant ally. This study aimed to analyze the difficulties encountered in the practice of reverse logistics by an association of solid waste collectors operating in the city of Manaus. It used the survey method, whose data was collected from interviews and observations, analyzed using the content analysis technique, and presented through photographs. The results showed five stages of the reverse logistics process: reception, sorting, separation, and mixing of the material and pressing of the raw material produced, as well as the difficulties encountered in all phases of reverse logistics (internally and externally). The conclusion shows that the difficulties can be summarized in the lack of personal protective equipment, machines, and equipment for handling the material and storage of the collected material and the lack of vehicles for transporting and moving the waste internally and externally and the finished product to the association's customers.

A framework for product development based on recycled plastic from pesticide packaging: A study of short supply chains from the perspective of circular economy

The global shift towards circular economies has emphasized the need to rethink traditional supply chains, particularly in industries with high waste outputs, like plastics. This study argues that the implementation of Short Supply Chains (SSC) for the plastic recycling process, particularly for pesticide packaging, can create added value. Therefore, this paper aims to characterize the concept of Short Supply Chain in the context of circular plastic product development, with a focus on recycling and regional commercialization. A case study was conducted with a Brazilian pesticide supply chain. Brazil is one of the world's largest food producers and pesticide users. Key actors in the reverse logistics process were interviewed, and the data were supplemented with information from industry reports. Through content analysis, the key findings reveal how implementing a short supply chain can generate value across three main categories: the scale of waste recovery, development of circular products, and legal considerations. Propositions were developed as theoretical implications for each category and integrated into a novel conceptual framework. By cross-referencing propositions with practical implications, research opportunities were identified on how short supply chains can promote the circularity of pesticide packaging.

Exploring Magnetic Disorder in Inverted Core-Shell Nanoparticles: The Role of Surface Anisotropy and Core/Shell Coupling.

In this work, we have studied the effect of internal coupling in magnetic nanoparticles with inverted core-shell structure (antiferromagnet-ferrimagnet) and also magnetic surface anisotropy, performing Monte Carlo simulations based on a micromagnetic model applied in the limit of lattice size equal to the crystalline unit cell. In the treatment, different internal regions of the particle were labeled in order to analyze the magnetic order and the degree of coupling between them. The results obtained are in agreement with experimental observations in CoO/CoFe2O4 and ZnO/CoFe2O systems, which we have taken as reference. It is observed that the surface anisotropy decreases the coercive field and the blocking temperature of the system. However, the core/shell coupling improves these properties and magnetically hardens the system. Our study shows that a significant magnetic stress is generated in the system, leading to magnetic disorder in the spins of the particle interface. On the other hand, in cases of high surface anisotropy, within a range of interfacial exchange values, a clear magnetic disorder is observed in the shell, which leads to anomalous behavior because the magnetization reversal process is no longer coherent.&#xD.

Sign language interpretation using machine learning and artificial intelligence

AbstractSign language is the only way for deaf and mute people to represent their needs and feelings. Most of non-deaf-mute people do not understand sign language, which leads to many difficulties for deaf-mutes' communication in their social life. Sign language interpretation systems and applications get a lot of attention in the recent years. In this paper, we review sign language recognition and interpretation studies based on machine learning, image processing, artificial intelligence, and animation tools. The two reverse processes for sign language interpretation are illustrated. This study discusses the recent research on sign language translation to text and speech with the help of hand gestures, facial expressions interpretation, and lip reading. Also, state of the art in speech to sign language translation is discussed. In addition, some of the popular and highly rated Android and Apple mobile applications that facilitate disabled people communication are presented. This paper clarifies and highlights the recent research and real used applications for deaf-mute people help. This paper tries to provide a link between research proposals and real applications. This link can help covering any gap or non-handled functionalities in the real used applications. Based on our study, we introduce a proposal involves set of functionalities/options that separately introduced and discussed by the recent research studies. These recent research directions should be integrated for achieving more real help. Also, a set of non-addressed research directions are suggested for future focus.

Abstract IA019: Regulation of EMT tumor states by stromal cells

Abstract Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a reversible process during which epithelial cells lose their epithelial characteristics and acquire mesenchymal features, that are important for tumor initiation, progression, stemness, metastasis, and therapy resistance. Different EMT states, each with distinct functional properties, have been identified across various tumor models. These EMT states reside within specific physical niches, characterized by unique stromal cell populations. Understanding the cellular interactions within the tumor microenvironment (TME) and their influence on EMT could lead to novel therapeutic strategies. To understand how the TME regulates the distinct tumor states, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing of the tumor cells and their TME in mouse cancer models presenting EMT. We identified distinct subsets of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), macrophages, neutrophils, endothelial cells, pericytes, adipocytes, dendritic cells, mast cells, Schwann cells, and T cells in different tumor types. To unravel how TME-tumor cell interactions regulates EMT, we used different bioinformatic approaches to identify ligand-receptor pairs that are likely to organize the tumor niche and to regulate tumor transition states. In vitro treatment of tumor cells with some of these ligands demonstrated their EMT-promoting effects. These findings provide novel mechanistic insights on the crosstalk between tumor cells and the surrounding TME, that may have important implications for anti-cancer therapy. Citation Format: Cédric Blanpain. Regulation of EMT tumor states by stromal cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference in Cancer Research: Tumor-body Interactions: The Roles of Micro- and Macroenvironment in Cancer; 2024 Nov 17-20; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(22_Suppl):Abstract nr IA019.

Effect of Deformed Prior Austenite Characteristics on Reverse Phase Transformation and Deformation Behavior of High-Strength Medium-Mn Steel.

In this study, microstructure evolution during prior austenite decomposition and reverse phase transformation processes was revealed in a high-strength medium-Mn steel. Furthermore, the relationship between deformed prior austenite characteristics and deformation behavior was studied. The results indicated that the recovery and recrystallization of the deformed prior austenite were significantly inhibited during hot rolling in the non-recrystallized zone, the grain size was obviously refined along the normal direction (ND), and that the strain hardening of prior austenite via hot deformation could increase the resistance of shear transformation, resulting in the preservation of high-density lattice defects in the quenched martensite matrix. Before the nucleation of intercritical austenite, the dislocation and grain boundary can provide fast diffusion paths for C and Mn, and the enrichment of C and Mn before intercritical austenite formation can reduce the critical temperature of ferrite/austenite transformation. The nucleated sites and driving force for intercritical austenite were strongly increased by rolling in the non-recrystallization region. The resistance of crack propagation was found to be enhanced by the sustained transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) effect (via retained austenite with different stability) and for the laminated microstructure, the optimum properties were obtained as being a combination of yield strength of 748 MPa, tensile strength of 952 MPa, and total elongation of 26.2%.

An examination of 3R (Reuse-remanufacturing-recycling) challenges in the reverse logistics process of the textile and clothing industry

ABSTRACT The world without the textile and clothing industry would be unimaginable as it plays an essential role in the lifecycle of human beings. However, due to rapidly changing fashion trends and the short lifespan of textile products, the consumption rate is increasing daily, resulting in worldwide concern about managing textile waste and sustainability. Reuse-remanufacturing-recycling (3R) of textile items is an alternative for longer product life and reduced consumption. This paper attempted to identify the 3R challenges and possible solutions in the reverse logistics process of the textile supply chain. A systematic literature review of 68 articles was done to develop five propositions of 3R challenges: product acquisition, waste collection, inspection & sorting, disposition, and information & legislation. The understanding of challenges helps managers to develop mitigation strategies to overcome them. Implementing 3R practices by overcoming the challenges helps the stakeholders for sustainable reverse logistics (economic, environmental, and social) in the textile and clothing units. Knowledge about a comprehensive list of challenges to 3R practices in reverse logistics helps policymakers to develop regulations and rules that encourage sustainability practices in the textile and clothing industry. The study concluded with limitations and future research directions.