Reuse System Research Articles

Comparison of environmental and health acceptability of squatting and sitting toilets: A review

AbstractIn general, two types of sitting and squatting toilets are used by people in the world, each of which has its own advantages and disadvantages from an environmental and health point of view. So far, no study has been done to compare these two types of toilets, precisely. Therefore, the precise comparison of these two types of toilets based on a simple literature review was the main purpose of this study. For this purpose, the amount of water consumption, toilet paper consumption, related diseases, ease of cleaning, odor problem, and the flexibility to equip with treatment and reuse systems in both types of toilets was compared. Squatting toilets is a better option in terms of water consumption, toilet paper consumption, ease of cleaning, and diseases related to body posture. In the case of infectious diseases, the sitting toilet has better conditions and in terms of flexibility to install the treatment and reuse systems, the conditions of both were almost similar. The odor problem in the sitting toilet is less than the squatting toilet. Since the advantages and disadvantages of both types of toilets are also complementary, the best option is to install both toilets together.

Design and Implementation of Closed-Loop Water Reuse Systems in Urban and Industrial Settings for Maximizing Resource Recovery and Minimizing Waste

Global demand for water while the freshwater sources are diminishing, it is necessary to find feasible solutions based on sustainable usage of resources. The goal is to provide beneficial use of as many resource constituents as possible with as little effluent discharge as possible leveraging innovations in treatment technologies and systems. Parameters of discussion include the operation and efficiency of membrane bioreactors, different kinds of oxidation, and reverse osmosis technologies. Such technologies are instrumental in improving the quality of water as well as enabling recovery of useful resources from the streams of wastewater that are normally obtained from several processes. This paper also assesses the feasibility of resource recovery closed-loop systems to measure its economic benefits determinable by operational expenses, energy usage and possible revenue streams from the recycled materials. Such knowledge synthesizes the findings of prior studies in the literature and emerging technologies that help to support this research and identify the impact that closed-loop water reuse systems can have. This emphasizes on the need to have proper regulatory status and consumer’s involvement for its general adoption and practicable implementation. In the long run, the integration of the systems explained above will definitely advance a sustainable water management system that will help in the stewardship of the environment and ensure that in case of arising challenges globally the country will be able to cope.

Greywater recycling for diverse collection scales and appliances: enteric pathogen log-removal targets and treatment trains

In light of increasingly diverse greywater reuse applications, this study proposes risk-based log-removal targets (LRTs) to aid the selection of treatment trains for greywater recycling at different collection scales, including appliance-scale reuse of individual greywater streams. An epidemiology-based model was used to simulate the concentrations of prevalent and treatment-resistant reference pathogens (protozoa: Giardia and Cryptosporidium spp., bacteria: Salmonella and Campylobacter spp., viruses: rotavirus, norovirus, adenovirus, and Coxsackievirus B5) in the greywater streams for collection scales of 5-, 100-, and a 1000-people. Using quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA), we calculated LRTs to meet a health benchmark of 10-4 infections per person per year over 10’000 Monte Carlo iterations. LRTs were highest for norovirus at the 5-people scale and for adenovirus at the 100- and 1000-people scales. Example treatment trains were designed to meet the 95% quantiles of LRTs. Treatment trains consisted of an aerated membrane bioreactor, chlorination, and, if required, UV disinfection. In most cases, rotavirus, norovirus, adenovirus and Cryptosporidium spp. determined the overall treatment train requirements. Norovirus was most often critical to dimension the chlorination (concentration × time values) and adenovirus determined the required UV dose. Smaller collection scales did not generally allow for simpler treatment trains due to the high LRTs associated with viruses, with the exception of recirculating washing machines and handwashing stations. Similarly, treating greywater sources individually resulted in lower LRTs, but the lower required LRTs nevertheless did not generally allow for simpler treatment trains. For instance, LRTs for a recirculating washing machine were around 2-log units lower compared to LRTs for indoor reuse of combined greywater (1000-people scale), but both scenarios necessitated treatment with a membrane bioreactor, chlorination and UV disinfection. However, simpler treatment trains may be feasible for small-scale and application-scale reuse if: (i) less conservative health benchmarks are used for household-based systems, considering the reduced relative importance of treated greywater in pathogen transmission in households, and (ii) higher log-removal values (LRVs) can be validated for unit processes, enabling simpler treatment trains for a larger number of appliance-scale reuse systems.

Assessing the sustainability of wastewater reuse and derivative waste recovery system in integrated circuit enterprise

Integrated circuit industry was featured by huge amount of freshwater consumption and pollutant discharge containing TMAH, fluorides, and heavy metals, making it a global challenge for wastewater reuse. A number of previous literatures focused on deep treatment and reuse techniques, while less attention was paid to a sustainable reuse of the wastewater at industrial scale. This paper took a leading integrated circuit enterprise in China as a case, using its pilot experiment on wastewater reuse and derivative waste recovery, which considering innovative technologies like in-situ Fenton autoxidation technique and coupling A/O-MBR with enhanced hydraulic acidification by weak current. Seven scenarios were designed and LCA-LCC-TNSBM methodology was constructed to assess environmental impact, life cycle cost, and efficiency. It was proved that the potential for integrated circuit wastewater reuse can reach up to 92.3 % in the pilot experiment, and LCA results showed that, compared to the scenario that was at original treatment condition, carbon emissions would be increased by 15.58 % when wastewater reuse and derivative waste recovery was implemented, interestingly, while its cost can be reduced by 43.99 %. The impact of electricity, CaCl2 and NaOH consumption should be concerned in some wastewater streams. Results of TNSBM showed that, treatment of derivative waste contributed mostly to total efficiency of wastewater reuse system. Moreover, recovery of fluoride sludge could reduce environmental impact while cutting total costs by 5.90 %. This study suggested EPCO (engineering, procurement, construction, and operation) business model, and government incentive mechanism to improve the sustainability of wastewater reuse systems. However, EPCO faces challenge of large investment, and more flexible payment ways should be considered in actual application.

From niche support to system building—Perceptions of the transformation potential of policy measures on packaging reuse

Reuse is suggested as a strategy to reduce mounting single-use packaging consumption and the related pollution. In this exploratory study, we investigated how governance can create conditions for the uptake of reusable food packaging in Finland when phasing out the existing single use system is not viable. We identified policy instruments addressing packaging reuse and analyzed how key stakeholders perceive the ability of these instruments to induce systemic change. The results indicate that the current policy mix entails mainly niche support measures and that its transformational power is relatively weak; to strengthen it, further measures on single use regime destabilization should be jointly implemented with reuse system building and niche support. However, addressing all three simultaneously may create tensions between different instruments within a policy mix or between policy mixes targeting separate goals. This requires paying more attention to directionality, policy coherence, consistence, and congruence when designing transformative policy mixes.

Optimizing ozone treatment for pathogen removal and disinfection by-product control for potable reuse at pilot-scale

Reclaimed water poses environmental and human health risks due to residual organic micropollutants and pathogens. Ozonation of reclaimed water to control pathogens and trace organics is an important step in advanced water treatment systems for potable reuse of reclaimed water. Ensuring efficient pathogen reduction while controlling disinfection byproducts remains a significant challenge to implementing ozonation in reclaimed water reuse applications. This study aimed to investigate ozonation conditions using a plug flow reactor (PFR) to achieve effective pathogen removal/inactivation while minimizing bromate and N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formation. The pilot scale study was conducted using three doses of ozone (0.7, 1.0 and 1.4 ozone/total organic carbon (O3/TOC) ratio) to determine the disinfection performance using actual reclaimed water. The disinfection efficiency was assessed by measuring total coliforms, Escherichia coli (E. coli), Pepper Mild Mottle Virus (PMMoV), Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus (ToBRFV) and Norovirus (HNoV). The ozone CT values ranged from 1.60 to 13.62 mg min L−1, resulting in significant reductions in pathogens and indicators. Specifically, ozone treatment led to concentration reductions of 2.46–2.89, 2.03–2.18, 0.46–1.63, 2.23–2.64 and > 4 log for total coliforms, E. coli, PMMoV, ToBRFV, and HNoV, respectively. After ozonation, concentrations of bromate and NDMA increased, reaching levels between 2.8 and 12.0 μg L−1, and 28–40.0 ng L−1, respectively, for average feed water bromide levels of 86.7 ± 1.8 μg L−1 and TOC levels of 7.2 ± 0.1 mg L−1. The increases in DBP formation were pronounced with higher ozone dosages, possibly requiring removal/control in subsequent treatment steps in some potable reuse applications.

Efficiency of the Installation to Treatment of Outflow from the Hybrid Constructed Wetland System and Possibility of Reuse of Treated Wastewater in the Household

Efficiency of the Installation to Treatment of Outflow from the Hybrid Constructed Wetland System and Possibility of Reuse of Treated Wastewater in the Household

Dichloramine Hydrolysis in Membrane Desalination Permeate: Mechanistic Insights and Implications for Oxidative Capacity in Potable Reuse Applications.

Dichloramine (NHCl2) naturally exists in reverse osmosis (RO) permeate due to its application as an antifouling chemical in membrane-based potable reuse treatment. This study investigated mechanisms of background NHCl2 hydrolysis associated with the generation of oxidative radical species in RO permeate, established a kinetic model to predict the oxidative capacity, and examined its removal efficiency on trace organic contaminants in potable reuse. Results showed that NHCl2 hydrolysis generated transient peroxynitrite (ONOO-) and subsequently dissociated into hydroxyl radical (HO•). The maximal HO• exposure was observed at an RO permeate pH of 8.4, higher than that from typical ultraviolet (UV)-based advanced oxidation processes. The HO• exposure during NHCl2 hydrolysis also peaked at a NH2Cl-to-NHCl2 molar ratio of 1:1. The oxidative capacity rapidly degraded 1,4-dioxane, carbamazepine, atenolol, and sulfamethoxazole in RO permeate. Furthermore, background elevated carbonate in fresh RO permeate can convert HO• to carbonate radical (CO3•-). Aeration of the RO permeate removed total carbonate, significantly increased HO• exposure, and enhanced the degradation kinetics of trace organic contaminants. The kinetic model of NHCl2 hydrolysis predicted well the degradation of contaminants in RO permeate. This study provides new mechanistic insights into NHCl2 hydrolysis that contributes to the oxidative degradation of trace organic contaminants in potable reuse systems.

Comparison of treatment trains for indirect potable reuse and use of quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) to evaluate reliability of pathogen removal: Zoo Miami case study

Wastewater and reclaimed water contain various microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and protozoa that can cause waterborne diseases in humans and animals. Zoos and animal conservation parks utilize reclaimed water for various purposes which may contain pathogens harmful to human and animal health. The goal of this study was to assess the treatment performance of two treatment trains for indirect potable reuse (IPR) and perform quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) to evaluate the reliability of pathogen removal at a proposed advanced water treatment facility at the Zoo Miami. A review of advanced treatment and disinfection technologies relevant for reclaimed water production and pathogen removal was conducted as a part of this study. DPRisk was used to perform QMRA for four reference pathogens selected as model organisms for two IPR treatment trains (TT1 and TT2). Public health risk estimates for pathogens including Adenovirus, Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and enteric viruses indicated that the risk of infection was below the EPA's target daily threshold of 2.7 × 10−7 and annual risk threshold of 10−4 without failure analysis. With failure analysis, both treatment trains met the daily risk goals for each of the reference pathogens approximately 99 % of the time. Adenovirus demonstrated the highest probability of infection with a mean annual risk of infection for TT1 of 6.65 × 10−9 in the absence of failures but reached a maximum of 7.34 × 10−2 with failure analysis. TT2 resulted in higher risk estimates compared to TT1 with a mean annual risk of infection of 2.10 × 10−8 without failure and a maximum of 8.37 × 10−2 with failure analysis. The results of the failure analysis demonstrate the benefit of treatment redundancy in potable reuse system design and highlight the importance of online process monitoring to rapidly identify off-spec or treatment failure events to protect public health. With this information, stakeholders can better understand treatment requirements and microbiological risks to inform potable reuse planning, design, and risk management.

Aproveitamento de água de chuva e conflito de interesse entre concessionárias, consumidores e o estado no contexto fluminense

The use of rainwater has vast potential and is a fundamental and necessary measure, but low development is evidenced by the low visibility of those who implement it and a series of difficulties for its implementation. Intuitively, the implementers make use of a logic of the need and absence of distribution concessionaires such as the hinterland, not just the northeast. Billing is the source of revenue for concessionaires and is incremental, where those who consume the most pay for the value of the m³ consumed. Therefore, reducing consumption by billing is conflicting with the loss of revenue and for this reason this article seeks to highlight the fact of the loss of revenue by distributors with values, simple ideas and logical reasoning in order to prospect the result of the development of a rainwater reuse system by an average consumer.

Characterization of solid wastes from sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) in intensive culture

Sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) is a Pacific marine species that adapts well to aquaculture, grows extremely fast, and command a high market price. Because of environmental and regulatory concerns, increased production of this species is likely to occur in land-based systems. Little is known about the waste production characteristics of sablefish, information that will have a critical impact on the design of aeration, solid removal, and biofilter design for this species. It was found that the concentration of total suspended solids (TSS) in the effluent was extremely low and the mean TSS ranged from 0.9 to 1.7 mg/L. Compared to other important culture fish, sablefish produce significantly less fecal solids (5.2–7.9 % based on feed inputs) and less of their solids settled out (57.3–65.8 % of total suspended solids). TSS production following feeding of a special feed for reuse systems was significantly higher (51.9 %) compared to fish fed a conventional diet. The reduced production of TSS by sablefish is due to higher apparent digestibility coefficients and possible production of wastes that are not retained on the standard filter used for TSS analysis. Additional rinsing of the filters to remove salt and the use of large sampling volumes can significantly improve the accuracy of TSS analysis for marine culture species.

Synergizing MBR and MCDI systems as a sustainable solution for decentralized wastewater reclamation and reuse

Decentralized wastewater reclamation and reuse systems have drawn much attention due to their capability for reducing the energy demand for water conveyance and reclaiming wastewater for local re-use. While membrane bioreactor (MBR) stands as a mature technology offering comprehensive solid and liquid separation, membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) presents a promising avenue for ion separation. Unfortunately, MCDI has seldom been incorporated into decentralized wastewater reclamation and reuse systems. This study aims to exemplify the design and the operation of the synergistic integration of MBR and MCDI system with a practical capacity of 1 m3 d− 1, showcasing its efficacy in reclaiming and reusing water at regional level. The integrated system demonstrated significant high removal of total organic carbon (from 97 to 2 mg L− 1) and chemical oxygen demand (COD, from 218 to < 3 mg L− 1). Meantime, nearly complete transformation (approximately 91%) of NH3 to NO3− within the MBR effluent was observed with a hydraulic retention time of 4.3–4.8 h and a food-to-microorganism of 0.15–0.20 kg COD kg− 1 MLSS d− 1 which can be further removed through the MCDI system (> 92% TN removal). A significant milestone of MCDI unit was reached with the remarkable removal efficiency of total ions (93%) and water recovery (80%) using a stop-flow regeneration approach coupled with an optimized voltage of 2.0 V. The MCDI unit not only proved its high stability but also featured low energy consumption (0.44 kWh m− 3). Overall, synergizing MBR and MCDI systems emerges as a sustainable and effective solution for decentralized wastewater reclamation and reuse, contributing to a more environmentally friendly and resource-efficient water management paradigm.

Development of modern irrigation systems for improving efficiency, reducing water consumption and increasing yields

The study was conducted to examine modern irrigation systems aimed at improving water efficiency, reducing water consumption and increasing crop yields. The study analysed the environmental and socio-economic aspects of modern irrigation systems, including their impact on the environment and social sustainability of agriculture. The study determined that the use of modern irrigation systems, such as drip irrigation and IoT-based automatic control systems, can significantly improve the efficiency of water use in agriculture. Data analysis demonstrated that such systems can reduce water consumption by up to 50% while increasing yields by up to 30%. The use of agricultural drones to monitor field conditions and precisely regulate irrigation helps to improve plant health and reduce labour costs. The study also determined that water recycling and reuse systems can significantly reduce the use of freshwater, which is especially important in regions with limited water resources. In general, modern irrigation technologies demonstrate high efficiency and economic feasibility, contributing to the sustainable development of agriculture. The study proved that the use of computer modelling and forecasting of plant water requirements provides optimal conditions for their growth, which further contributes to an increase in yields. The results of the study can be used in practice to develop and implement more efficient and environmentally friendly technologies in irrigation and drainage systems, which helps to reduce the negative impact on the environment through more efficient use of water resources and reduction of water runoff

Long-Term Statistical Process Monitoring of an Ultrafiltration Water Treatment Process.

As water treatment technology has improved, the amount of available process data has substantially increased, making real-time, data-driven fault detection a reality. One shortcoming of the fault detection literature is that methods are usually evaluated by comparing their performance on hand-picked, short-term case studies, which yields no insight into long-term performance. In this work, we first evaluate multiple statistical and machine learning approaches for detrending process data. Then, we evaluate the performance of a PCA-based fault detection approach, applied to the detrended data, to monitor influent water quality, filtrate quality, and membrane fouling of an ultrafiltration membrane system for indirect potable reuse. Based on two short case studies, the adaptive lasso detrending method is selected, and the performance of the multivariate approach is evaluated over more than a year. The method is tested for different sets of three critical tuning parameters, and we find that for long-term, autonomous monitoring to be successful, these parameters should be carefully evaluated. However, in comparison with industry standards of simpler, univariate monitoring or daily pressure decay tests, multivariate monitoring produces substantial benefits in long-term testing.

Efficient recycling of sewage water in a polyester integrated industry: A case study

The water reuse system in a petrochemical and polyester integrated industry in Zhejiang, designed to handle industrial circular sewage, had a capacity of 1600 m3/h. The system employed a process comprising a high-efficiency sedimentation tank, V-shaped filter, aerated biological filter, ultrafiltration, and reverse osmosis. The high-efficiency sedimentation tank's mud water drainage, along with pretreatment through the biological aerated filter (BAF), V-shaped filter, and ultrafiltration system, resulted in an overall system recovery rate of 70 %. Actual operational results indicated removal rates exceeding 70 % for chemical oxygen demand (COD) and 94 % for chloride ions. The effluent water had a COD of ≤ 20 mg/L, chloride ion concentration of ≤ 50 mg/L, and conductivity of ≤ 20 μS/cm. Given the high recovery rate and the use of domestically produced ultrafiltration membranes, the direct operational cost of the system amounted to a mere 6.28 yuan/m3. This led to a reduction of approximately 9.67 million tons of wastewater discharged annually, fulfilling the objective of recycling industrial sewage for reuse.

Indicator and pathogenic virus removal in bench scale soil aquifer treatment

The demonstration of enteric virus removal for indirect potable reuse of advanced purified water is necessary to ensure safe water reclamation practices. This study evaluated the efficacy of soil treatment in reducing concentrations of Pepper Mild Mottle Virus (PMMoV), Hepatitis A (HAV), and Norovirus (NoV) gene markers through bench scale unsaturated soil columns. Three different infiltration rates were evaluated to determine their impact on viral gene marker removal. The concentrations of viral markers in the column influent and effluent samples were measured through RNA extraction and then RT-qPCR, and the log reduction values (LRVs) were calculated to quantify the effectiveness of removal across the columns. The LRVs achieved for PMMoV were 2.80 ± 0.36, 2.91 ± 0.48, and 2.72 ± 0.32 for infiltration rates of 4.9 mm/h, 9.4 mm/h, and 14.0 mm/h, respectively. A one-way ANOVA indicated no statistically significant differences in LRVs among the various infiltration rates (p-value = 0.329). All samples measured for HAV were below the detection limit both in the influent and effluent of the soil columns. While NoV GI and GII markers were measurable in the soil column influent, they were removed to below the detection limit in the effluent. The use of half the Limit-of-Detection (LoD) for effluent values enabled the estimation of log removals, which were calculated as 1.42 ± 0.07, 1.64 ± 0.29, and 1.74 ± 0.18 for NoV GI and 1.14 ± 0.19, 1.58 ± 0.21, and 1.87 ± 0.41 for NoV GII at infiltration rates of 4.9 mm/h, 9.4 mm/h, and 14.0 mm/h. This highlights the efficacy of soil treatment in reducing virus gene marker concentrations at various infiltration rates, and that spreading basins employed for reclaimed water recharge to ground water aquifers are an effective method for reducing the presence of viral contaminants in indirect potable reuse systems.

Pilot scale demonstration of an underground biological aerated filter for rural wastewater treatment in a protected area

The availability of land is one of the advantages of rural wastewater treatment. However, this advantage may be absent in protected areas. The objective of this study is to showcase pilot-scale wastewater treatment approaches specifically tailored to address challenges presented by these unique circumstances. The demonstration case presented here involves a rural campsite where ground works are restricted. A pilot-scale decentralized system that includes a rainwater recycling system for potable water production (2–3 m3/d) and an underground biological aerated filter for wastewater treatment was installed. The biological aerated filter was built under a parking area (a so-called Phytoparking® system) and did as such not use additional ground surface. The Phytoparking with an area of 44 m2 was operated for 7 months and a total of 220 m3 grey water and 127 m3 black water was treated. Good pollutants removal efficiency was achieved for total suspended solids (93 %), COD (93 %), NH4+-N (93 %), TP (99 %), E.coli (log reduction 4.3) and total coliforms (log reduction 2.4). The potential wastewater reuse is not only about technological concern but also social acceptable concern. Therefore, the campsite customers' acceptance level of this system and the reused water were surveyed by a questionnaire. Based on the results of the study's pollutant removal efficiency and questionnaire responses, it can be concluded that local and/or decentralized water treatment and reuse systems were perceived positively.

Potential Waste Reduction Through 3R (Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle) in Surabaya City: Focus on East and South Surabaya

Surabaya, the second largest city in Indonesia, faces significant environmental challenges, particularly waste management. To address this issue, the Surabaya City Government, through the Surabaya City Environmental Service (DLH), has introduced an innovative solution: the waste bank program. This practical work aims to evaluate the potential for waste reduction in East Surabaya and South Surabaya using the 3R (Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle) system facilitated by the waste bank program. The waste bank involves the sorting and collecting of recyclable and reusable waste with economic value. Initially, waste sorting was done at the waste bank, but there has been progress. Now, many customers are sorting their waste by type at home. However, some waste bank administrators still need to sort waste on-site due to some customers' inability to do so. The waste bank program also maintains organized weighing and management procedures. All transactions are meticulously recorded in both cash books and passbooks. The results of this program show that waste reduction in active waste banks in East Surabaya and South Surabaya is 0.088%, while the overall waste reduction managed by the Environmental Service (DLH) is 0.571%. To enhance the effectiveness of the waste bank program, it is essential to conduct awareness campaigns to educate the public on the importance of waste management. Additionally, offering rewards to customers could further motivate them to actively participate in the waste bank program.

Design and Development of a Heat Sealing System for Rapid Reuse of Ultrasonic Probes

Design and Development of a Heat Sealing System for Rapid Reuse of Ultrasonic Probes

Rural electrification in Nigeria: A review of impacts and effects of frugal energy generation based on some of e-waste components

Nigeria is the seventh most populous country in world being the highest in Africa. The country is blessed with vast natural resources and is one of the highest producers of oil in the world. However, the inadequate supply of electrical energy is a major setback in the nation's economic development. Thus, there is need for an urgent and immediate solution to address the electricity access situation in Nigeria. It is in view of this that we first present an overview of the electrical energy situation of Nigeria (especially in the rural areas). The benefits of rural electrification and it impacts are discussed to buttress the need for electrifying rural areas and an overview of the abundant renewable energy resources in Nigeria is presented. As a proposed solution to improve the electricity situation, the concept of a reuse solar photovoltaic system based on e-waste components and old materials is presented. The system comprises repurposed Power Supply Unit (PSU) from old desktop computers, old thermal car Lead-acid batteries, old solar panels and Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) units. The possibility of adopting this solution in Nigeria depends on the amount of e-wastes generated annually thus necessitating the need for an analysis to see the annual impact of this system on electricity access based on the amount of available e-waste. Using the huge amount of e-waste generated/received annually in Nigeria, the feasibility of our solution is assessed by estimating the possible number of households that could be electrified by the second life renewable energy systems we propose. Due to the lack of official data in this field, certain constraints and assumptions were defined for the purpose of this analysis which resulted in obtaining a range of results that showed the possible impacts of adopting the reuse system. The analysis showed the minimum and maximum impacts the reuse solution could have on electricity access in Nigeria, based on best and worst case scenario respectively. The results further showed that an average of 287,000 households can be electrified annually if this solution is adopted, causing 2.2 % increment in population with electricity access in a year (between 620 thousand and 4.1 million individuals). Thus, the result is an indication that it is possible to achieve immediate growth in electricity access based on renewable energy integration, frugal innovation and reuse/repurposing of e-waste materials. In addition, this extension of their lifespan reduces their ecological footprint. It is expected that the energy demands of the continuously growing population can be met by strict adherence to set targets including adoption of smart-grids, generation diversification and focusing on rural electrification.