Reuse Of By-products Research Articles

Protective effects of Chinese bayberry pomace wine against oxidative stress on Drosophila melanogaster

The Chinese bayberry pomace wine (CPW) was prepared with the assisted fermentation of lactic acid bacteria and acetic acid bacteria, and its antioxidant effect on Drosophila melanogaster was researched. After mixed fermentation, CPW had a better color, which means there was more retention of anthocyanins, and the functional activity of anthocyanins could enhance the antioxidant capacity of flies. We found that the lifespan of flies exposed to CPW was prolonged, and the reproductive capacity of these flies was decreased. The food intake of flies was also influenced by CPW with gender differences. Furthermore, CPW alleviated the excessive proliferation of the intestinal precursor cells of H2O2-induced flies and activated the transcription level of antibacterial peptide genes. CPW had a protective effect on H2O2-induced acute injury flies, with an increased survival rate, enhanced SOD and CAT activities, and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) content in flies. The expression of oxidative stress-related genes including CuZn-SOD, Mn-SOD, and CAT was also significantly upregulated by CPW, but the downregulation effect of CPW on age-related gene expression such as methuselah (MTH), the target of rapamycin (TOR) and ribosomaiprotein S6 kinase (S6K) was sex-specific. These results suggested that CPW played an important role in anti-oxidative stress injury, which was beneficial to promoting the reuse of by-products from Chinese bayberry processing.

Influence of steel slag content on the mechanical and hydraulic properties of compacted silt-bentonite mixtures

ABSTRACT The reuse of by-products has become increasingly important as a means of minimising the consumption of natural resources and reducing waste disposal. This study examines the potential reuse of steel slag for soil stabilisation, with benefits such as conserving natural resources and mitigating the greenhouse gas emissions associated with the production of conventional stabilising agents. It focuses on evaluating the effect of pozzolanic reactions on the strength and stiffness of both loess silt and silt-bentonite mixtures. The experimental tests included the physical characterisation of granular materials, reactivity tests of the pozzolanicity of soil mixtures, compaction tests, unconfined compression tests, and hydraulic conductivity tests. The impact of the curing period was also analysed to quantify the effects of natural cementation and the development of hydrogels within soil pores on the compacted soil properties. The findings suggest that adding steel slag can significantly increase the strength and the stiffness of compacted loess silts by over 300% and 500%, respectively, after 56 days of curing, substantially reducing the hydraulic conductivity of granular materials, such as the tested silt, as hydrogels partially occupy the pores available for liquid flow. It should be noted that the chemical reactions during hydrogel formation may hinder the free expansion of clay mixtures and release Ca2+ ions, thereby counteracting the expected reduction in hydraulic conductivity when bentonite is added to compacted earthen barriers.

Orange fruit peels from PDO varieties of Ribera (Sicily, Italy): An insight into the chemistry and bioactivity of volatile and non-volatile secondary metabolites extracted using a microwave-assisted method

Peels of Washington Navel (WAS), Navelina (NAV), and Vaniglia Apireno (VAN) orange fruits from Ribera (Sicily, Italy) represent abundant by-products of the Italian agro-food sector. In this work, volatile (VE) and non-volatile (NVE) extracts were obtained from fresh peels using a microwave-assisted protocol, and were characterized for their content in secondary metabolites and bioactivity. VEs exerted antibacterial activity against different pathogens, and were toxic on Caco2 cells. Their main component was limonene (>85 %). NVEs inhibited tyrosinase, amylase, and glucosidase in vitro, and exerted significant antioxidant effects on THP-1 XBlue cells. They showed also anti-inflammatory properties, by decreasing NF-κB activity in LPS-stimulated cells. Putative molecular effectors were highlighted by multivariate correlation analysis. Overall, NVEs may represent novel sustainable nutraceutical ingredients with anti-inflammatory and metabolic properties, and can be obtained by using eco-sustainable approaches. Our results will encourage the reuse of by-products of the orange processing chain and will contribute to increase its circularity in the future.

Yield and chemical composition in Arapaima gigas fillets, reuse of by-products for flour make and quality of vegetable tannin-tanned leathers

Objective: The aimed of this study was to evaluate the yield and chemical composition of paiche (Arapaima gigas) fillets and use of head and spine for elaboration of flour and quality of the skins tanned with vegetable tannin. Main Body: Therefore, different flours were developed and evaluated in terms of chemical composition, minerals, fatty acid and amino acid profile, pH, Aw, colorimetry, granulometry and microbiology. Paiche evaluated had 12.61 kg and 120.5 cm in total length, with a skinless fillet yield 44.56%, totaling 55.44% of filleting by-products. Among these, there was possibility of using the spine 16.17%, head 16.49% and skin 16.81%. The fillets had 71.41% moisture, 20.34% protein, 5.58% lipids and 1.05% minerals. Natural flour was obtained from spines and heads, with an average yield 15.48%, and the spine flour had better nutritional value, containing 54.42% of protein and 7.24% of lipids, in addition to lower Aw 0.27, despite head flours having higher levels of calcium and phosphorus. Spine flour showed a more reddish color and smaller granulometry, where the Mean Geometric Diameter (MGD) was 0.24%, making its inclusion in food products easier. Leathers have higher tensile strength 13.85 N mm-2 and elasticity 86% in transverse direction. The skins within the by-products generated can tanned with vegetable tannin, shown high quality resistance and being able to used for making clothes, bags and shoes, adding a substantially high economic value to products.

Spent Grain: A Functional Ingredient for Food Applications.

Spent grain is the solid fraction remaining after wort removal. It is nutritionally rich, composed of fibers-mainly hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin-proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals, and must be managed properly. Spent grain is a by-product with high moisture, high protein and high fiber content and is susceptible to microbial contamination; thus, a suitable, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly valorization method of processing it is required. This by-product is used as a raw material in the production of many other food products-bakery products, pasta, cookies, muffins, wafers, snacks, yogurt or plant-based yogurt alternatives, Frankfurter sausages or fruit beverages-due to its nutritional values. The circular economy is built on waste reduction and the reuse of by-products, which find opportunities in the regeneration and recycling of waste materials and energy that become inputs in other processes and food products. Waste disposal in the food industry has become a major issue in recent years when attempting to maintain hygiene standards and avoid soil, air and water contamination. Fortifying food products with spent grain follows the precepts of the circular bio-economy and industrial symbiosis of strengthening sustainable development. The purpose of this review is to update information on the addition of spent grain to various foods and the influence of spent grain on these foods.

Circular agriculture increases food production and can reduce N fertilizer use of commercial farms for tropical environments

World food production must increase in the coming years with minimal environmental impact for food and nutrition security. Circular Agriculture has emerged as an approach to minimize non-renewable resource depletion and encourage by-product reuse. The goal of this study was to evaluate Circular Agriculture as a tool to increase food production and N recovery. The assessment was conducted for two Brazilian farms (Farm 1; Farm 2) with Oxisols under no-till and a diversified cropping system, including five species of grain, three cover crop species, and sweet potato. Both farms implemented an annual two-crop rotation and an integrated crop-livestock system with beef cattle confined for 2-years. Grain and forage from the fields, leftovers from silos, and crop residues were used as cattle feed. Grain yield was 4.8 and 4.5 t ha−1 for soybean, 12.5 and 12.1 t ha−1 for maize, and 2.6 and 2.4 t ha−1 for common bean, for Farm 1 and Farm 2, respectively, which is higher than the national average. The animals gained 1.2 kg day−1 of live weight. Farm 1 exported 246 kg ha−1 year−1 of N in grains, tubers, and animals, while 216 kg ha−1 year−1 was added as fertilizer and N to cattle. Farm 2 exported 224 kg ha−1 year−1 in grain and animals, while 215 kg ha−1 year−1 was added as fertilizer and N to cattle. Circular practices, i.e., no-till, crop rotation, year-round soil covered, maize intercropped with brachiaria ruziziensis, biological N fixation, and crop-livestock integration, increased crop yield and decreased N application by 14.7 % (Farm 1) and 4.3 % (Farm 2). 85 % of the N consumed by the confined animals was excreted and converted into organic compost. Overall, circular practices associated with adequate crop management allowed recovering high rate of applied N, reducing environmental impacts, and increasing food production with lower production costs.

Processing Strategies for Extraction and Concentration of Bitter Acids and Polyphenols from Brewing By-Products: A Comprehensive Review

Annually, 221 million tons of agro-food by-products are generated worldwide, causing diverse environmental issues due to incorrect discharge. Hot trub, spent hops, brewer’s spent grains, and brewer’s spent yeast are the by-products produced in the beer manufacturing chain. These by-products contain fibers, proteins, polyphenols, essential oils, and taste compounds, presenting high possibilities of use as alternative raw materials. In this review, we compiled the knowledge gaps of brewing by-product reuse, from phytochemical compound extractions to concentration approaches, mainly concerning bitter acids and polyphenols. Moreover, we assessed and discussed the emerging technologies and alternative solvents that have allowed for higher extraction yields. We illustrated the importance of purification and concentration steps of non-destructive methods for added value in products from reuse approaches. Finally, we showed the relevance of scale-up and economic feasibility studies in order to encourage the implementation of facilities that produce bitter acids and polyphenols from alternative sources such as hot trub and spent hops.

Exploring Olive Pomace for Skincare Applications: A Review

The cosmetic industry is continuously searching for new active ingredients in an effort to attend to consumer demands which, in recent years, are focused on more natural and environmentally friendly products, obtained from sustainable resources. Nevertheless, they are required to provide cosmetologically appealing skincare products, ultimately with the purpose of improving skin appearance. The olive oil industry generates a large amount of liquid and semi-solid by-products such as olive pomace. Their phytotoxicity impairs safe disposal, so valorization strategies that promote by-product reuse are needed, which may include skincare products. Hydroxytyrosol is the main phenolic compound present in olive pomace and possesses biological effects that make it a desirable active compound for cosmetic formulations such as antioxidant and anti-aging activities as well as photoprotector, depigmenting, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory actions. Other compounds present in olive pomace can also have functional properties and skin-related benefits. However, the application of this by-product can be a challenge in terms of formulation’s design, stability, and proven efficacy, so appropriate methodologies should be used to validate its incorporation and may include extraction and further encapsulation of bioactive compounds in order to achieve effective and aesthetic appealing skincare products.

Life cycle and circularity metrics to measure the sustainability of closed-loop agri-food pathways

This work aims to present a methodological proposal based on Life Cycle (LC) methodologies, and circularity performance indicators, to assess closed-loop pathways by providing comprehensive results on economic and environmental impacts generated by agri-food production systems. The methodological approach will be tested on olive oil production systems, one of the most important agri-food chains for Mediterranean countries, whose import and export significance is set to grow in light of the shrinking market supply of seed oils. Some insights for the co-products valorization are provided through the evaluation of the reuse of by-products as a possible resource capable to improve the sustainability of the olive oil farms. The integrated application of three different methodologies, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Environmental Life Cycle Costing (ELCC) and Material Circularity Indicator (MCI), enabled comparative evaluation of Extra Virgin Olive Oil (EVOO) production under a linear production model with production under a circular model. The circular scenario was better in most environmental impact categories, registering an improvement in Global Warming Potential (GWP) of nearly 30%. In economic terms, there was a lower production cost for the circular scenario and a lower environmental cost by reducing the use of synthetic products through the reuse of waste products. The circular scenario recorded a higher degree of circularity due to a reduction in virgin raw materials used in the production process and a reduction in non-recoverable waste. The implementation of circular strategies represents one of the possible trajectories to guide the ecological transition, and the proposed methodological framework can support the decisions of both producers and public decision-makers toward more sustainable and efficient production patterns.

Byproduct use optimization in a combined sinter plant and blast furnace model

Integrated steelplants produce a range of byproducts. An increased focus on sustainability and a global drive to develop a circular economy has shifted focus from byproducts that can be reused without significant operational impact to byproducts that have physical or chemical characteristics that complicate reuse.A case study of byproduct reuse was undertaken using an existing integrated SP and BF model that included ten trace elements considered critical for the assessment of byproduct reuse: As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Ti, V, Se, and Zn.The case study presents work undertaken to optimize the use of biochar and the reuse of byproduct activated carbon in the BF. Scenarios also include the reuse of basic oxygen furnace (BOF) filter cake (FC) in the BF, and the use of BF flue dust in both the SP and BF.Significant rates of biochar use were noted, with maximum biochar use not limited by the assumed As and Pb concentrations. The activated carbon byproduct could be reused at its production rate without violating the BF Zn input limit, while use of BOF FC was limited by its Zn content.

Understanding the adoption of urine-diverting dry toilets (UDDTs) in low- and lower-middle-income countries using the Diffusion of Innovation framework

Abstract Understanding barriers and facilitators to the adoption of sanitation technologies is crucial to the diffusion of these innovations. Urine-diverting dry toilets (UDDTs) have been implemented throughout regions that are lacking improved sanitation. This review applied the Diffusion of Innovation theory to 18 research articles that collected end-user/potential end-user feedback on UDDT pilot projects in low- and lower-middle-income countries to better understand barriers and facilitators to adoption. Results show the main barriers to adoption were beliefs incompatible with UDDT by-product reuse, a lack of supporting infrastructure, high capital costs, and ineffective promotional communication strategies. The benefits promoted by the diffusion agency were often misaligned with the desires and interests of the potential adopters. Ensuring supporting infrastructure was in place and tailoring the promotional communications to the adopters’ perspectives facilitated UDDT adoption. The main facilitator was the perceived relative advantages of the UDDT over existing sanitation options, including fertilizer production. This indicates that safe treatment and reuse processes need to be implemented. Urine diversion was rarely mentioned as a barrier. These findings can help communities and organizations working to increase sanitation technology adoption in low-income, rural areas by better understanding common barriers and facilitators to adoption.

Effect of Bovine Colostrum Dietary Supplementation on Rabbit Meat Quality.

Bovine colostrum (BC) is rich in nutrients, antimicrobial, and antioxidant factors; for these reasons, it has been used as supplement in animal nutrition. However, its possible effects on meat quality have not been studied yet. Thirty-nine New Zealand White rabbits (n = 13/group) were assigned to three groups and fed until slaughter with a commercial standard diet, control group (C), and C supplemented with 2.5% and 5% (w/w) of BC (BC-2.5 and BC-5 groups, respectively). After slaughtering, the effect of dietary supplementation on microbiological and chemical characteristics of the rabbit loins was evaluated at 48 h postmortem (D0) and after 3 (D3) and 8 (D8) days of refrigerated storage. Results showed no difference in the microbiological parameters. In the supplemented groups, TBARS and TVBN values were lower and higher than in the C group, respectively (p < 0.01), and their fatty-acid profile was increased in SFA and decreased in MUFA (p < 0.05). In conclusion, research must continue to examine in depth the possible effects of BC byproduct reuse in animal nutrition on meat quality (e.g., antioxidant power, and physical and sensory characteristics).

Enabling the re‐use of by‐products in steel mills and foundries by agglomeration

Chemie Ingenieur TechnikVolume 94, Issue 9 p. 1300-1300 Vortrag Enabling the re-use of by-products in steel mills and foundries by agglomeration T. Echterhof, T. EchterhofSearch for more papers by this author T. Echterhof, T. EchterhofSearch for more papers by this author First published: 25 August 2022 https://doi.org/10.1002/cite.202255407AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume94, Issue9Special Issue: (Bio)Process Engineering – a Key to Sustainable Development: ProcessNet and DECHEMA-BioTechNet Jahrestagungen 2022 together with 13th ESBES SymposiumSeptember 2022Pages 1300-1300 RelatedInformation

Trading one waste for another? Unintended consequences of fly ash reuse in the Indian electric power sector

In this paper, we examine the direct consequences of waste by-product reuse in a polluting industry, namely, India's coal-fired electric power sector, where ‘fly ash’ is legally required to be used as a substitute input in other industries. We first develop a simple theoretical model to gain insight and derive testable hypotheses applicable to our specific empirical setting. We provide empirical support for our model's predictions by exploiting plant-level variation in fly ash utilization. Results indicate greater reuse of fly ash per kWh of generation increases coal consumption per kWh, reduces the quality of coal used, and increases plant-level CO2 emissions per kWh. These results suggest the potential benefits of this policy—e.g., reduced waste disposal costs—may be offset by unanticipated increases in other external costs, particularly if not accompanied by supplementary regulation of other forms of pollution.

Industrial metabolism analysis of a Chinese wine industry chain based on material flow and input–output analyses

AbstractRecently, Chinese wine industry has developed rapidly and its sustainability has attracted increasing attention. However, the existing wine industry chain is short and its metabolic pathway and metabolic efficiency remain unknown. Therefore, we selected a representative wine company in China to conduct industrial metabolism analysis (IMA) research based on material flow analysis (MFA) and input–output analysis. MFA model and input–output matrix for the traditional industry chain (TIC) and ecological industry chain (EIC) of the investigated company were established to explore the material flow relationship between the industrial structure and the nodes. A new IMA evaluation index system was developed to evaluate the industrial metabolic efficiency and development trends of two scenarios considered in the study. The results showed that the addition of nodes in EIC promoted the reuse of byproducts and wastes, and reduced the waste of resources. The industrial metabolic efficiency of EIC was also higher than that of TIC. For example, the node material cycle coefficient (Ri) during the preliminary treatment and pressing and fermentation of EIC was increased by 0.041 and 0.127, respectively, compared with TIC. A correlation analysis showed that EIC nodes had stronger pull and push effects on upstream and downstream than those of TIC, and the influence coefficient (Uj) of viticulture and pressing and fermentation increased by 0.168 and 0.112, respectively. This study provides a scientific basis for optimizing the wine industrial layout, improving the overall environmental performance of the industry chain, and promoting sustainable development.

Resource-Efficient Characterisation of Pit Latrine Sludge for Use in Agriculture

Resource recovery through reuse of by-products of the sanitation chain presents a great potential towards ensuring universal access to safely managed sanitation. Many developing countries are faced with uncertainty over public and environmental health concerns associated with use of faecal sludge in agriculture. Due to resource constraints, limited data exists on the characteristics of faecal sludge to inform proper and safe use in agriculture. Despite predictive characterisation being demonstrated to be a resource-efficient approach to generate data in other fields, its application in agricultural resource recovery from faecal sludge is lacking in the literature. This paper explored predictive modelling as a less resource-intensive approach for characterisation of nutrients and pathogens in faecal sludge. Specifically, it investigated the extent to which gravimetric parameters could predict nutrients and pathogens in pit latrine sludge from informal settlements in the cities of Malawi. The study explored predictive models to estimate total ammoniacal nitrogen (TAN), total phosphorus (TP), E.coli and helminth eggs from gravimetric parameters (total solids [TS] and total volatile solids [TVS]) in pit latrine sludge. The models developed in the study allow substantially reliable estimation of TAN (R2pred = 75.4%) and TP (R2pred = 78.2%); they also provide moderately reliable predictions for E.coli (R2pred = 69.1%) and helminth eggs (R2pred = 74.3%) from total solids. Since total solids are easy and inexpensive to measure, the models present an option that can reduce resource requirement for characterisation of pit latrine sludge for informed decision-making when using pit latrine sludge in agriculture. In the absence of data on faecal sludge characteristics at the national level, the models provide a starting point for estimation of pathogens and nutrients in sludge for agricultural use. However, stepwise refinement of the models needs to be done through their validation for different types of sludge and inclusion of spatially available demographic, technical and environmental (SPA-DET) data.

Urban Strategies Enabling Industrial and Urban Symbiosis: The Case of Slovenia

Industrial symbiosis (IS) recognizes the exchange of waste resources and by-products between companies that do not normally cooperate in resource exchange; on the other hand, urban symbiosis (UrS) recognizes the use of solid waste in cities as input sources for industries that do not normally accept these sources. It is difficult to realize both in a pre-planned process, and there are few successful initiatives based on the exchange of waste and energy. The main objective of this research is to find out whether there are urban strategies that support the emergence, existence and development of IS and/or UrS in Slovenia. National documents, networks, projects, programs, and national statistical sources were examined. The Integrated Sustainable Urban Development Strategies (ISUSD) for eleven cities and municipalities were reviewed against ten selected indicators. The main findings are that there is intense awareness raising on IS and UrS, and adequate overall legislative support, aligned with EU legislation. Nevertheless, there has been surprisingly less waste conversion to energy recovery since 2010. The reuse of by-products either for energy or new products is non-existent or negligible. Selected main urban strategies for cities in Slovenia are far from setting more concrete guidelines for the development of IS and/or UrS. In the future, more successful integration of IS and UrS is possible in the context of regeneration development of brownfield sites.

Matrix Trays: From waste to opportunities

Matrix Trays are single-use plastic carriers used to transport integrated chips and circuit board components during automated test and assembly processes for Printed Circuit Boards. These trays represent a significant yet consistent waste stream; primarily in the electronics industry and many other industries that integrate microchips into their products especially the automotive industry. By the end of 2017, the National Sword Policy which was implemented by China on plastic waste import from other countries and especially the United States catalyzed a huge crisis and forced manufacturers and companies to deal with their own plastic waste streams. This study presents two alternative approaches of reusing trays to the reduced conventional recycling practices which have caused used trays to remain in storage or be deposited in landfills. Approaches including a students’ design competition and a proof of concept case study for an autonomous shading device are presented. The shading device was designed, tested and validated. Trays were transformed from waste into 13 possible products showing that a circular economy and industrial symbiosis can be achieved by integrating multidisciplinary reuse approaches for by-product reuse and sustainable industry practices. Environmental and economic impacts were evaluated comparing reuse to recycling, combustion and landfilling. The results showed that reusing trays reduces energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.

Production of High Added-Value Chemicals in Basfia succiniciproducens: Role of Medium Composition

Succinic acid production through biological fermentation led to new pathways in the integration of renewable feedstock from different industries into biosynthesis. In this article, we investigate the population growth dynamics and succinic acid production potential of the recently isolated natural succinic acid producer, Basfia succiniciproducens, using in silico constraint-based metabolic models as well as in vitro experiments. Our work focuses on the influence of different renewable substrates and added yeast extract on fermentation dynamics, and the produced metabolites of the strain cultured in mineral (minimal) medium. According to our experiments, which were carried out as small-scale fermentations and in bioreactor conditions, glucose is the preferred carbon source, while the addition of 1% yeast extract has a significant positive effect on biomass formation. In the case of B. succiniciproducens cultured in minimal salt medium, a production potential as high as 47.09 mM succinic acid was obtained in these conditions. Industrial applications related to this bacterial strain could contribute to new possibilities for the re-use of byproducts by using fermentation processes, leading to high added-value compounds.

Suitability and characteristics of combustion residues from renewable power plants for subbase aggregate materials, in Thailand

Physico-chemical properties and the environmental impacts were studied relative to the leaching of rubber fly ash and bottom ash. The pozzolanic properties of fly ash and bottom ash were confirmed by the chemical composition, including silicon oxides, calcium oxides, and aluminum oxides. The geo-technical characteristics of rubber wood fly ash and bottom ash, i.e., modified compaction, plasticity, and the soaked California Bearing Ratio, were evaluated to assess the feasibility of fly ash or bottom ash mixed with lateritic soil as aggregate materials for the subbase in road construction in order to optimize the replacement of lateritic soil by fly ash or bottom ash. The leachates from rubber fly ash and bottom ash did not exceed standard thresholds. The measured characteristics of fly ash or bottom ash mixed with lateritic soil were in good alignment with the effective engineering thresholds. Recommendations were developed for safe reuse of byproducts from rubber renewable power plant in subbase road construction.