Reusable Architecture Research Articles

Reusable Architecture Growth for Continual Stereo Matching.

The remarkable performance of recent stereo depth estimation models benefits from the successful use of convolutional neural networks to regress dense disparity. Akin to most tasks, this needs gathering training data that covers a number of heterogeneous scenes at deployment time. However, training samples are typically acquired continuously in practical applications, making the capability to learn new scenes continually even more crucial. For this purpose, we propose to perform continual stereo matching where a model is tasked to 1) continually learn new scenes, 2) overcome forgetting previously learned scenes, and 3) continuously predict disparities at inference. We achieve this goal by introducing a Reusable Architecture Growth (RAG) framework. RAG leverages task-specific neural unit search and architecture growth to learn new scenes continually in both supervised and self-supervised manners. It can maintain high reusability during growth by reusing previous units while obtaining good performance. Additionally, we present a Scene Router module to adaptively select the scene-specific architecture path at inference. Comprehensive experiments on numerous datasets show that our framework performs impressively in various weather, road, and city circumstances and surpasses the state-of-the-art methods in more challenging cross-dataset settings. Further experiments also demonstrate the adaptability of our method to unseen scenes, which can facilitate end-to-end stereo architecture learning and practical deployment.

Distance optimization KNN and EMD based lightweight hardware IP core design for EEG epilepsy detection

Long-term and effective detection of epileptic seizures is a crucial aspect of epilepsy monitoring and treatment. Addressing the resource overhead issue of wearable epilepsy detection devices, this paper proposes a lightweight hardware implementation scheme for epilepsy detection based on a reusable architecture empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN). Firstly, EMD is used to extract epileptic features from electroencephalogram (EEG), optimized through a reusable architecture design and sawtooth transform to reduce hardware resource usage. Subsequently, a KNN classifier with similarity judgment mechanism is designed to improve the recognition efficiency. Implemented on TSMC 65 nm process, the circuit area is 1.91 mm2, operates at 1 V and 20 MHz, with a power consumption of 4.034 mW. Evaluation on the Bonn EEG dataset yielded a classification accuracy of 96 %, sensitivity of 98 %, and a single detection delay of 1.51 ms. The hardware design offers a simple structure, high accuracy, and low resource consumption, making it suitable for wearable epilepsy detection devices.

Twice-Told Tales - About Love Toward Immortality

Aside from design, adaptive reuse in architecture is underpinned by a complex interplay of aesthetic, historical,environmental, and economic considerations. This paper discusses the rationale behind salvaging old structuresrather than opting for demolition and new builds, examining three key aspects: Firstly, architecture transcends merefunctionality, encompassing history, memory, and ‘human desire’1 to shape the built environment. Old buildingsserve as historical witnesses, embodying2 a narrative that contributes to the cultural richness of their surroundings.Secondly, the sustainability imperative favors the salvage of existing structures over demolition, acknowledging theembodied tangible and intangible resources and energy within them. Finally, the intrinsic value of irreplaceableelements such as traditional construction methods, spatial experiences, and authentic materials underscores theunique character of old buildings. Critical to the success of adaptive reuse projects is meticulous documentation,serving as a vital tool for architects, designers, and preservation experts. But most importantly, adaptive reuse allowsarchitecture to retell historical and contemporary stories multiple times.

Relocation and reuse of iron architecture in the contemporary period – case studies in Seville and Badajoz (Spain)

Relocation and reuse of iron architecture in the contemporary period – case studies in Seville and Badajoz (Spain)

Toward the Adaptive Reuse of Vernacular Architecture: Practices from the School of Porto

Strategies for the adaptive reuse of vernacular architecture are of utmost importance in the current context of social, economic, and environmental vulnerability. This article examines the design strategies of adaptive reuse in three cases of renowned architects of the so-called School of Porto developed across the second half of the 20th century, specifically between 1956 and 1991. The paper aims to introduce a new and deeper knowledge of the selected practices by critically documenting the whole process of the intervention (before, during, after) and not only the final result, as is common practice in specialized publications. The research methodology combines the bibliographical and archival research and interpretation of diverse graphic, photographic, and textual documentation with the production of analytical drawings. The demolitions/additions color code (black/yellow/red) is applied to plans, sections, and elevations as an essential tool for understanding and communicating the transformations undertaken. The selected case studies are Além House (1956–1967) by Fernando Távora, Alcino Cardoso House (1971–1973; 1988–1991) by Álvaro Siza, and the House in Gerês (1980–1982) by Eduardo Souto de Moura. These projects show different strategies of intervention in built heritage, providing lessons on the reactivation of obsolete or abandoned rural constructions with new functions that are compatible with the preservation of their values (historical, landscape, constructive, social, and aesthetic) and guidelines for sustainable reuse.

Female entrepreneurship and the care of places: towards a map of gender practices in Naples

What kind of initiative is gendered enterprise? Do projects that make art a driver for local development have a gendered relationship with the spaces they manage and the contexts that host them? Starting from these research questions, the article offers a narrative of the action developed to collect experiences and activation practices that in Naples have triggered, through art, processes of redevelopment and/or rethinking and adaptive reuse of architecture and open spaces in marginal contexts of the city. For this in-progress mapping, the ‘rioni’ (districts) Sanità and Forcella were selected as pilot study areas, since their features allow for the experimentation of the survey protocol. In this complex context of the historical city, different kinds of female enterprise, apt to generate practices of care for space and spaces of care, are being explored, outlining the contribution of new feminisms to the city of social inclusion and spatial equity. The interviews with the key actors collected during a field survey performed using a mixed methodology, the comparison with similar experiences and the participation in actions in space turn the spotlight on opportunities, difficulties, unleashed energies and latent resources. The mapping of gender-sensitive culture-led practices aims at shedding light on issues and on networking skills apt to nurture generative and regenerative capacity.

Current Re-Use Architecture and Pre-Distortion Technique Employing Re-Configurable Low Noise Amplifier for the Design of Nano-Electronic Sensors

This study presents the design of reconfigurable CMOS Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) topologies to achieve acceptable linearity, gain, and low noise for Nano-sensor applications. The frequency bands at 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz and 28 GHz are taken into consideration for employing the Pre-distortion and current reuse technique. Millimeter Wave (MMW) frequency bands include excellent impedance matching, good isolation between the ports, To improve the futuristic applications of RADAR sensors, low noise figures and significant gain are preferred. The designed re-configurable structure achieved At 2.4 GHz, the gain is modest with a low NF of 2.6 dB, less than 2 dB at 5 GHz, and more than 10 dB at 28 GHz frequencies. The Stability of the amplifier greater than 1 dB, The arrangement of the layout with a chip measuring 0.5×0.2 mm2 and a moderate power increase make it appropriate for nanosensor creation.

Hybrid Features Extraction for Emotion Detection using Deep Convolutional Neural Network

Abstract: These Human facial expressions communicate much information more visually than verbally. Recognition of facial expressions is essential for human-machine interaction. Applications for automatic facial expression recognition include but are not limited to, comprehending human behaviour, spotting mental illnesses, and creating artificial human emotions. Humancomputer interaction, autonomous cars, and a wide range of multimedia applications all rely heavily on facial expression detection. In this study, we present a reusable architecture for recognizing human emotions based on facial expressions. Two machine learning algorithms that may be learned in advance for use in real-time applications make up the framework. At first, we use AdaBoost cascade classifiers to find instances of faces in the photos. The extracted neighborhood difference characteristics then serve as a representation of a face's features according to its localized appearance data. Instead of only looking at intensity data, the NDF predicts multiple patterns depending on the connections between surrounding areas. Despite a high identification rate, facial expression recognition by computers remains difficult. Based on geometry and appearance, two widely used approaches for automated FER systems are often used in the literature. Pre-processing, face detection, feature extraction, and expression classification are the four steps that typically make up facial expression recognition. Various deep learning techniques (convolutional neural networks) were used in this effort to recognize the primary seven human emotions: anger, fear, happiness, surprise, and neutrality

A Replicable Valorisation Model for the Adaptive Reuse of Rationalist Architecture

Adaptive reuse has progressively become a useful approach for generating new values concerning abandoned or underused buildings, sites, and areas to the extent that the topic is no longer conceived and perceived merely as a “bricks-and-mortar” issue. Instead, it has a dual nature: (i) one that is technical, linked to the difficult balance between low costs and fostering sustainable building solutions, and (ii) one that is social, which refers to social equity, well-being, and quality of life. Within this context, urban and architectural transformations are among those human activities that play a key role in shaping the territory in an increasingly invasive acceleration of urbanization processes. However, it is precisely here that adaptive reuse can counteract such alterations. This paper proposes a sustainable, economically feasible, and replicable valorisation model for the evaluation of adaptive reuse possibilities of a particular historical–architectural heritage, which is vast and widespread in Italy and an important example of Rationalist architecture. Such a model incorporates flexible and easily replicable spatial implications precisely because it is specifically related to the characteristics of an open-plan structure. In doing so, it aims to redefine the valorisation model based on a constant dialogue between the project and market analysis; the replicability of project strategies for “families” of historic buildings; and the need for the project’s ability to change and adapt according to emerging requirements.

Out of Ruins: Contextualizing an Ancient Egyptian Spectacle of Architectural Reuse

Architectural reuse was common in ancient Egypt. Modern interpretations of this practice, particularly in royal contexts, usually ascribe it either a practical or ideological function, only rarely considering it possible that different motivations were involved. This type of approach is particularly true for the reuse of Old Kingdom blocks by the Middle Kingdom king Amenemhat I in his pyramid at Lisht, a case often classified as solely utilitarian. However, an approach that prioritizes not only the ancient Egyptian worldview and royal ideology, but also how this case of reuse fits into cross-cultural considerations of monumentality, demonstrates the necessity to look at this practice more holistically. This study focuses in particular on the possibility that the transportation of reused materials by Amenemhat I was a spectacle of construction used to showcase the king's legitimacy and authority at the start of a new dynasty.

Adaptation re-use of traditional cafés in Erbil, Iraq

PurposeThis paper aims to shed light on adaptive reuse in traditional architecture (TA) in Erbil, Iraq.Design/methodology/approachAn inductive approach and qualitative method were used in this study. The inductive research approach was used because there was no clear image of adaptive reuse in traditional cafés (TCs) in Erbil. Besides, there are no studies of TCs in Erbil particularly. Thus, there is a lack of knowledge about what adaptations took place in TCs in Erbil. The qualitative method extracted themes and issues from case studies of four TCs in Erbil citadel's buffer zone. This included a physical survey and observation of the TCs in Erbil and 18 semi-structured interviews with the owners, servers and visitors.FindingsThe analysis shows the flexibility of the TCs in Erbil as a face of adaptive re-use (AR) which is explained through the capacity linked to space modifications, the addition of modern devices, the function linked to space modifications, service addition, the condition linked to space modifications and the addition of modern devices. Also, TCs in Erbil has a spatial identity and architectural value that proves it is worthy enough to be preserved through unique spirituality linked to preserving the place.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings are limited to the cases of TCs in mountain regain and may not be applicable or appropriate to other cafés in other different countries.Originality/valueThere are three aspects of authenticity in the current research. Firstly, the TCs in Erbil have not been studied before. Secondly, TCs that have been discovered have made AR of themselves whilst maintaining their original function-serving beverages, to stimulate creativity. Thirdly, most of the studies of AR have dealt with historical and heritage architecture, whilst the current research paper is dealing with TA.

Adaptive Reuse of Traditional Architecture under the Influence of Intelligent Systems

An intelligent system is a central part of the smart building that enhances adaptable reuse in an existing building. Many researchers agreed on a set of benefits of intelligent buildings, including reducing energy consumption, improving construction efficiency, predictive maintenance, increasing user productivity, better use of resources, and protecting and maintaining security and integrity, in addition to indoor comfort. This study investigates the impact of intelligent systems on the adaptive reuse of traditional cafes in Erbil, Iraq. This is achieved by answering the two research questions: • Are the changes of traditional cafes in line with the needs of today’s customers? • To what extent can an intelligent system enhance traditional cafés in Erbil related to current and future users? Therefore, the main objective of this research was to examine the level of adaptive reuse in traditional cafes in Erbil. To enhance the existing level of adaptation reuse by an intelligent system. An inductive and qualitative research approach was adopted to achieve the defined aim of this research. These methods include an overview of the literature on traditional architecture, adaptive reuse, and intelligent buildings; the data were collected through a physical survey and observation of traditional cafes and interviews with the owners, servers, and visitors in the buffer zone of Erbil Citadel. The key findings: Through this study, we found that the traditional cafes had new themes. The first was spiritual identity through (a) a passive system and (b) spatial aesthetics. Second, there is a need for a new system. The research concluded that adding intelligent systems to traditional cafes through sensors to existing devices makes them intelligent and links them together wirelessly to provide the integration that is the basis of intelligent buildings, in other words, trying to reuse existing devices adaptively. And that traditional cafes deserve to be adaptive and reused continuously and periodically every five years. This will help users to improve the performance of conventional cafes in Erbil.

Digital Transformation of Beekeeping through the Use of a Decision Making Architecture

The use of information and communication technologies (ICT) in agriculture is far from their potential. In this article, we consider how to facilitate and systematize the process of transforming traditional agriculture into digital agriculture; Agriculture 4.0. Among the different technologies, we focus on the IoT aspects. In the article, we propose a new approach for the design of intelligent agricultural management and supervision systems. The proposed approach is illustrated as an example of application in the beekeeping sector. Indeed, this sector is affected by a crisis due to the disappearance of bees and the different actors need support to make their decisions. As an example of decisions that can be made, we can cite: treatment planning or policy planning. An architecture based on sensors and open data is proposed to help them make decisions. An implementation of it is shown; it is based on a device with sensors, as well as an interface to collect the data on beehives and show notifications and alerts to beekeepers. The proposed architecture is flexible, and it can be used in the context of different levels of technology maturity. The final objective is to develop a reusable architecture for Agriculture 4.0.

Area- and Power-Efficient Reconfigurable Architecture for Multifunction Evaluation

In this paper, we propose an area- and power-efficient reconfigurable architecture for multifunction evaluation based on an optimized piecewise linear (PWL) method. The proposed segmentor automatically divides nonlinear functions into the fewest segments with a predefined maximum absolute error (MAE) and fractional bit width of the slope. In addition, a multiplier was optimized via Booth encoding to reduce the number of rows in the partial product matrix. Compressors were used to shorten the critical path. The results of application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) implementation reveal that all metrics of the proposed architecture are improved for single functions, without any compromise. Moreover, reconfigurable technology was introduced for implementing multiple functions while reusing computing resources. Compared to a corresponding architecture without reuse, the area and power of this reconfigurable architecture are reduced by 37.48% and 45.60%, respectively, at the same frequency.

Refuse Usage and Architectural Reuse in the Field

Based on the mostly unpublished finds of a 1970s excavation and the initial results of a 2020 survey and excavation of the remains of an Early Islamic Plot-and-Berm (P&B) agroecosystem south of ancient Caesarea/Qaysariyya, this study discusses the agricultural incorporation of refuse in a pristine aeolian sand environment. The P&B agroecosystem, characterized by anthro-terrain/earthworks of sunken agricultural plots delimited by sand berms, comprises an innovative initiative to cultivate dunefields on a high groundwater table. The key element for the sustainability of this unique agrotechnology was refuse. The refuse, extracted from nearby town dumps, included ash, carbonate, trace elements and artifacts. It was probably sorted into small artifacts and grey loam. It was then brought to the fields, not only combined to stabilize the erodible and initially unvegetated berm surface until today, but also partly altered the physical and chemical properties of the sand and increased its fertility, mainly in the plots, to form sandy loam anthrosols. The pristine aeolian sand substrate enabled a clear and quantitative stratigraphic and pedological differentiation of the refuse additions. The transportation of human waste to the fields and its incorporation into the natural sediment to form an anthrosol formed part of the "waste stream" of Caesarea's Early Islamic population. Such human-modified soil environments by means of manuring, gained a specific signature and would have been considered "soil places" which became part of the local onomasticon of placenames and probably created "cultural soilscapes." The clear aeolian sandy substrate makes the P&B agroecosystems an excellent case study on soil enrichment by refuse, and enlightens us about the relative amounts and methodologies of refuse extraction, sorting, transportation, and incorporation.

Adaptive Ephemeral Interiority: Upcycling Site Specific Interiors

Adaptive reuse in architecture refers to the process of redesigning, converting, and reappropriating existing spaces for functions different from the ones they were originally designed for. This research is a case study showing an alternative to this concept, re-purposing aviation parts and finding new programmatic functions in the design learning studio. The pedagogy approach, adopted by a design studio in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), presents the fluidity of adaptive interiority against rigidity and site specificity. The research results in the creation of adaptive modular spaces and ephemeral interiority through upcycling design, flexibility, materiality, reusability, recyclability, and connectivity while simultaneously showcasing the rigorous interplay of innovation, research, science, and technology. The case study design studio was based at Zayed University and partnered with Etihad Airways, the national carrier of the UAE, highlighting the importance of industry and education as interdisciplinary collaborations. The paper looks at the pedagogical approach and examines the conducted process and evaluates the outcomes and shortcomings, including those inflicted by the COVID-19 world health pandemic. It argues for ‘adaptive interiority,’ inclusion in the adaptive reuse framework and a further reflection on the large vision and possible future impact within the UAE’s social and architectural context.

Assessing the sustainability of architectural reclamation processes: an evaluation procedure for the early design phase

ABSTRACT Managing the outdated building stock through more efficient circular processes such as reuse appears to be a sustainable strategy to undertake in limiting the environmental impacts of the building sector. Nevertheless, neither the ties between sustainability and circularity are clear, nor the convenience of architectural reuse processes in environmental and economic terms. The study developed a decision-making tool, a fast self-assessment procedure supporting designers in understanding the convenience in using reclaimed building elements from the project concept. Using desk study and case study methods, and adopting a comprehensive sustainability perspective, the investigation focused on the parameters to use and on the characteristics of the evaluation. Five parameters were identified for the environmental, economic and social assessment. Two scenarios were then compared, the workflows and the boundaries for the evaluation defined, and the direct and indirect impacts on the overall processes evaluated. The results of the case study allowed validating the procedure developed, in both its ease of performing and the comprehensive sustainability perspective. Although the research would benefit from further field testing, it provides an alternative tool for evaluating the circular outcomes in the architectural field, and to develop the sustainability of the built environment.

Low Noise Amplifier Design with Current Reuse Architecture and Pre-distortion Technique for Nanoelectronic Sensors Operating at 2.4 GHz

Low Noise Amplifier Design with Current Reuse Architecture and Pre-distortion Technique for Nanoelectronic Sensors Operating at 2.4 GHz

Tendency to Circular Economy

Urbanization and building production that accelerate with globalization, cause excessive resource consumption and waste generation. The circular economy concept which is a contemporary economy approach, has been developed to solve this environmental and economic problem. The construction sector and architectural practice that provide building production need innovative solutions through the circular economy concept, as they consume different resources and produce waste crises. The circular economy concept is applied with the "adaptive reuse" approach in the field of architecture. One of the important applications of the concept of adaptive reuse is the reuse of architectural elements and materials. However, the relationship between the concept of circular economy and the reuse of architectural elements can be developed by examining several recent projects and its advantages. In this article, it is aimed to examine the relationship of this architectural reuse approach with the circular economy concept and to emphasize its importance. For this purpose, the theoretical perspectives and effects of circular economy were examined in the first part of the article, and the reflections of the circular economy concept on architecture were given in the second part. This section continues with description of the comparative analysis methodology that relates the building life cycle and circular economy principles to examine the architectural projects built as an example of circular economy paradigm. In the third chapter, two architectural sample projects built in China and France were selected and introduced. Being pioneers in their countries in circular economy approaches and the different environmental policies of countries have been effective in the selection of examples from different geographies. The fourth part consists of analyzing the projects according to circular economy parameters using comparative analysis method. In the last section, analysis results show that although China is one of the pioneers in adopting circular economy principles with architectural design and building life cycle, it has been found that France considers circular economy design from a broader perspective. Also, the design approach with circular economy criteria in different stage of building life cycle is gaining momentum over the years through national and local governments and collaborations. It is recommended that technological design systems such as BIM can be developed as integrated cloud systems that can share information from other sectors. Because the building life cycle is not only related to the architecture and construction sector. It is a cyclical system and economy that works with different sectors such as supply and waste management.

Different Fates of Architectures

This paper aims to problematize the issue of reuse and reoccupation of architectures and building materials in the Near East. So far, the vast majority of research and published work dealing with this topic (not only in the field of Islamic Archaeology and Art History) have focused on the monumental complexes of urban centres. In this framework, the concept of spolia has been at the centre of a long and still heated transdisciplinary debate. Vernacular architecture and rural contexts have, for the most part, been neglected. Frequent episodes of reoccupation of earlier structures, even if thoroughly described in archaeological reports are almost automatically branded as the result of pragmatic behaviour of local communities benefitting from the availability of abundant building materials from ruined structures. However, the vast number of ways in which reuse and reoccupation might have occurred is often overlooked. Even conceding that most of the evidence is likely due to some form or other of “pragmatism,” the different ways in which these appear need to be more fully explained and interpreted. This paper, which builds on existing scholarship of reuse and reoccupation, argues for a rethinking of the methodology. Other experiences, most notably those investigating the late Antique and early Medieval western Mediterranean, provide a useful point of reference for where to start the discussion. This paper will demonstrate how extending the perspective from the single building to the broader context, including the surrounding landscape, is ultimately the only way to fully comprehend the archaeological evidence and possibly better understand and explain the different “fates” of architectures.