Retirement Attitudes Research Articles

Older Workers’ Perception of Exoskeletons and the Impacts on their Retirement Intentions

Advancing worker assistive technology, such as exoskeletons, has been increasingly implemented in broad workplaces due to its potential to improve worker health and safety, as well as retain and increase productivity, especially among workers with limited physical capabilities and older workers. Exoskeletons available at physically demanding workplaces may enable older workers to have a positive outlook and motivation for their jobs, affecting their retirement attitudes. This study examined how industrial exoskeletons impact older workers’ retirement intentions. Results showed that older workers whose jobs involve physical demands are likely to have increased retirement age expectations and intentions to delay their retirements when knowing that exoskeletons are potentially available to assist them with their jobs. The findings suggest that worker assistive technology has the potential to improve older worker retention in the workforce and contribute to older adults’ health, safety, and well-being.

Community Environment and Attitudes Toward Retirement Among Chinese Older Adults: A Moderated Mediation Study.

This study explored the effects of community environment on older adults' attitudes toward retirement based on a sample survey of 1,979 retired workers in a suburban district of Beijing, China. After controlling for demographic characteristics, it is found that older people's satisfaction with the community environment has a positive and direct effect on their retirement attitudes; community participation plays a mediating role in the relationship; and the mediating effect of community participation is moderated by a higher level of self-efficacy. Our results have practical significance for improving the quality of retirement life among older adults.

An Exploratory Study on the Factors Affecting Retirement Planning among Working Women in the City of Bengaluru

Purpose of the research: Retirement Planning is a crucial aspect of Financial Well-being of an individual after active working life of that individual. Women; face numerous challenges in their quest for financial independence, one such challenge is to be prepared for their financial well-being after their retirement. Women are not very prudent in planning for finances and especially with respect to planning for retirement. An attempt has been made with respect to identifying the role of various factors involved in retirement planning of women. Methodology: The present study is analytical in nature, aims to identify the influence of demographic factors, Financial Literacy, Financial Risk Tolerance and Attitudes of women towards retirement planning affecting the Retirement Planning Behaviors. A sample of 402 working women from different parts of the Bengaluru City were administered with a structured questionnaire prepared for the research and the data obtained was analyzed using ANOVA and Regression Analysis. Findings: While the analysis using ANOVA found that age, marital status, annual income, number of financial dependents and occupation where the demographic factors affecting Retirement Planning and further, Regression Analysis indicated an adjusted R square of 0.47, indicate the predictive power of the model and the importance of the Financial Literacy, Financial Risk Tolerance and Attitudes towards retirement planning impacting the Retirement Planning Behaviour of working women in Bengaluru. Implications: This research not only concentrates on demographic factors affecting Retirement Planning, but also identifies the impact of Financial Literacy, Financial Risk tolerance and Retirement Attitudes affecting the crucial behaviour of Retirement Planning behaviors. Novelty: This is a very unique research in the Indian context with respect to women, aimed at studying not only demographic factors, but also the crucial impact of Financial Literacy and Risk tolerance, aimed at developing intervention strategies at ground level to target women to empower them in planning and investing for their retirement requirements.

Islamic Retirement Planning Among Indonesian Bankers

<p><em>This study aims to analyze differences in demographic factors towards retirement planning behavior according to Islamic perspective. This research wants to analyze the influence of clarity of purpose, retirement attitude and potential conflict towards retirement planning behavior according to among the Muslim who is working in a conventional bank and the Islamic Bank. The sample used in this study as many as 270 respondents of both conventional & Islamic Banker in Indonesia. There are two methods that are used in this research which are ANOVA and Multiple Linear Regression. The results identified several demographic variables that were significant such employment status (either working in the conventional bank or Islamic Bank) and income level. Furthermore, some demographic variables do not significant including age, number of dependents and level of education. This research also shows that non-demographic variables such as clarity of purpose, retirement attitudes and potential conflicts affect significantly to influence the behavior of bankers in retirement planning according to Islamic perspective. In conclusion, the conventional Muslim bankers know that they should manage their retirement according to the Shariah value. However, some of them didn’t believe that the Shariah investment instrument can fulfill their desired retirement goals. </em></p>

Retirement funding adequacy: The influence of provisions, attitudes and intentions

Orientation: Individuals are encouraged to start saving for retirement as early as possible to ensure that sufficient retirement funding is accumulated. However, few individuals are financially independent at retirement. Research purpose: To examine the influence of provisions, attitudes and intentions on the retirement funding adequacy of black individuals, as the majority of the South Africans are black individuals. Motivation for the study: Despite the increased access to financial services and products, many black individuals reach retirement age destitute. This research investigated how provisions for retirement, attitudes towards retirement and retirement intentions influence the retirement funding adequacy of black South Africans. Research approach/design and method: A quantitative approach was applied, whereby questionnaires were distributed to a sample of 441 black individuals in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa through stratified sampling and convenience sampling. Main findings: The results of the research revealed that retirement provisions and retirement attitudes exert the most influence on the retirement funding adequacy of black South Africans. This suggests that black South Africans should focus on amassing retirement savings and fostering a positive attitude towards retirement to ensure that they reach retirement age with adequate financial resources for retirement. Practical/managerial implications: Financial institutions and financial planners should be aware that individuals’ provisions for retirement and attitudes towards retirement are significant contributors in ensuring that retirement funding adequacy is ascertained. Contribution/value-add: This study made a contribution in understanding the aspects that influence the retirement funding adequacy in the South African context, particularly amongst black South Africans.

Erratum

Journal of Social IssuesVolume 74, Issue 3 p. 652-653 ErratumFree Access Erratum This article corrects the following: Retirement as Meaningful: Positive Retirement Stereotypes Associated with Longevity Reuben Ng, Heather G. Allore, Joan K. Monin, Becca R. Levy, Volume 72Issue 1Journal of Social Issues pages: 69-85 First Published online: March 9, 2016 First published: 13 September 2018 https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12288Citations: 1 This article is part of the Special Issue “Work as a Masculinity Contest,” Jennifer L. Berdahl, Marianne Cooper, and Peter Glick (Special Issue Editors). For a full listing of Special Issue papers, see: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/josi.2018.74.issue-3/issuetoc. AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Additions and Citation Revisions for Ng, Monin, Allore, and Levy (2016). Retirement as meaningful: Positive Retirement Stereotypes Associated with Longevity. Journal of Social Issues, 72(1), 69–85. (1) Page 76, Analytic Plan section: We followed a three-step plan. First, we conducted a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on the retirement stereotypes scale to show factor consistency with previous validations (Lakra, Ng, & Levy, 2012). (2) Page 82, paragraph 3: Moreover, other studies in this issue reported links between negative age stereotypes and psychopathology: aging anxiety (Ramırez & Palacios-Espinosa, 2016) and depression (Bai et al., 2016). (3) Page 82, after paragraph 3: More broadly, future studies could consider measuring retirement attitudes through different means and test it against health outcomes to ensure that the link between both factors are replicable. Other widely known techniques include Implicit Association Test (IAT; e.g., Hummert, Garstka, O'Brien, Greenwald, & Mellott, 2002; Karpinski & Hilton, 2001), and Situational Judgement Test to measure the dynamic nature of cognitions across different cultures and life scenarios (e.g., Lievens, Peeters, & Schollaert, 2009; Ng & Rayner, 2010). Second, future studies could investigate the mediators of the retirement attitudes—mortality link. Resilience could be a potential mediator as shown by different studies across age groups—young (Ng, Ang, & Ho, 2012), and old (Guccione, 2014). References Guccione, A. A. (2014). Resilience and self-efficacy as mediators of quality of life in geriatric rehabilitation. Topics in Geriatric Rehabilitation, 30(3), 164– 169. https://doi.org/10.1097/TGR.0000000000000022 Hummert, M. L., Garstka, T. A., O'Brien, L. T., Greenwald, A. G., & Mellott, D. S. (2002). Using the Implicit Association Test to measure age differences in implicit social cognitions. Psychology and Aging, 17(3), 482– 495. https://doi.org/10.1037//0882-7974.17.3.482 Karpinski, A., & Hilton, J. L. (2001). Attitudes and the implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(5), 774– 788. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.81.5.774 Lievens, F., Peeters, H., & Schollaert, E. (2008). Situational judgment tests: A review of recent research. Personnel Review, 37(4), 426– 441. https://doi.org/10.1108/00483480810877598 Ng, R., Ang, R. P., & Ho, M.-H. R. (2012). Coping with anxiety, depression, anger and aggression: The mediational role of resilience in adolescents. Child & Youth Care Forum, 41(6), 529– 546. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-012-9182-x Ng, R., Monin, J., Allore, H., & Levy, B. (2016). Retirement as meaningful: Positive retirement stereotypes associated with longevity. Journal of Social Issues, 72(1), 69– 85. Ng, R., & Rayner, S. (2010). Integrating psychometric and cultural theory approaches to formulate an alternative measure of risk perception. Innovation-the European Journal of Social Science Research, 23(2), 85– 100. https://doi.org/10.1080/13511610.2010.512439 Citing Literature Volume74, Issue3Special Issue: Work as a Masculinity ContestSeptember 2018Pages 652-653 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Navigating Retirement Life: Retirement Attitudes, Transitions, and Experiences

This symposium will discuss a research program aimed at addressing the important questions around retirement as a life transition. The participants in this panel symposium will discuss, and will explore with symposium attendees, their data and their findings, focusing on four main topics: (1) Vision and Methods of the Retirement Attitudes, Transitions, & Experiences Study (The RATE Study); (2) Understanding Processes and Patterns of Life Structure in Retirement; (3) Identity Bridging across the Retirement Transition; (4) Death Awareness: Its Relationship to Retirement Attitudes, Decisions & Adjustment

A Study on the Structural Relationship between Motive of Participation in Leisure, Retirement Attitudes, and Life Satisfaction of Social Workers

이 연구는 사회복지사들의 여가활동참여동기와 퇴직태도 그리고 생활만족도와의 구조적 관계를 파악하기 위해 2017년 11월 1일부터 2017년 12월 15일까지 서울과 경기지역에 근무하고 있는 사회복지사를 대상으로 연구를 진행하였다. 자료분석은 SPSS 20.0 for Windows 통계 패키지와 AMOS 7.0 프로그램을 활용하여 분석하였고, 이에 따른 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 여가활동참여동기가 사회적응성에 미치는 영향을 분석한 결과에서 문화적 활동은 사회적응성에 유의한 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 파악되었다. 그러나 정신적 활동, 신체적 활동, 사교적 활동은 사회적응성에 유의한 영향력이 있는 것으로 파악되었다. 둘째, 여가활동참여동기가 자아통합감에 미치는 영향을 분석한 결과에서 문화적 활동, 정신적 활동, 신체적 활동은 자아통합감에 유의한 영향을 미치지 않았지만 사교적 활동은 자아통합감에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 분석되었다. 셋째, 퇴직태도가 생활만족도에 미치는 영향을 분석한 결과, 사회적응성은 생활만족도와 별다른 영향을 미치지 않았지만 자아통합감은 생활만족도에 직접적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 분석되었다. 따라서 사회복지사들의 퇴직태도를 긍정적인 방향으로 변화하고, 생활만족도를 높이기 위해서는 다양한 여가활동의 개발이 필요하고, 이에 대한 인식 변화가 있어야 할 것이다.The purpose of this study was to investigate the structural relationships between social workers motive of participation in leisure, retirement attitudes and life satisfaction. The results of this study are as follows: First, social worker in Seoul and Gyeonggi area from November 1, 2017 to December 15, The research was conducted. The analysis method of research data was analyzed using SPSS 20.0 for Windows statistical package program and AMOS 7.0 program, and the analysis results are as follows. First, as a result of analyzing the effect of leisure motivation on social adaptability, cultural activities did not have a significant effect on social adaptability. However, mental, physical, and social activities were found to have significant influence on social adaptability. Second, the results of analyzing the effect of leisure activity type on ego integrity showed that social activities, mental activities, and physical activities had no significant effect on ego integrity, but social activities had a significant effect on ego integrity. Third, as a result of analyzing the effects of retirement attitude on life satisfaction, it was analyzed that social adaptability had no significant effect on life satisfaction, but ego integrity directly affected life satisfaction. Therefore, in order to change the retirement attitude of social workers to positive direction and increase life satisfaction, it is necessary to develop diverse leisure activities and change their perception.

Assessing the Process of Retirement: a Cross-Cultural Review of Available Measures.

Retirement research is now expanding beyond the post-World War II baby boomers' retirement attitudes and plans to include the nature of their workforce exit and how successfully they adjust to their new life. These elements are collectively known as the process of retirement. However, there is insufficient research in developing countries to inform the management of their ageing populations regarding this process. This review aims to facilitate national and cross-cultural research in developing and non-English speaking countries by reviewing the existing measures of the retirement process published in English and Portuguese. The review identified 28 existing measures assessing retirement attitudes, planning, decision making, adjustment and satisfaction with retirement. Information on each scale's item structure, internal reliability, grammatical structure and evidence of translations to other languages is presented. Of the 28 measures, 20 assessed retirement attitudes, plans and decision-making, 5 assessed adjustment to retirement and only two assessed retirement satisfaction. Only eight of the 28 scales had been translated into languages other than English. There is scope to translate measures of retirement attitudes and planning into other languages. However there is a paucity of translated measures of retirement decision-making and adjustment, and measures of retirement satisfaction in general. Within the limitations of this review, researchers are provided with the background to decide between translating existing measures or developing of more culturally appropriate assessment tools for addressing their research questions.

언론인의 은퇴 태도가 노후준비와 삶의 만족도에 미치는 영향 -광주·전남지역을 중심으로-

본 연구는 언론인의 은퇴 태도가 노후 준비에 미치는 영향 및 삶의 만족도의 매개효과를 검증하고, 언론인의 은퇴 태도를 강화하여 노후준비를 위한 언론인 복지 정책과 실천의 방안을 제언하기 위해 수행되었다. 조사 대상은 광주, 전남지역 언론사에 근무하는 언론인으로 총 233부가 분석에 사용되었다. 연구 결과를 도출하기 위해 SPSS 18.0과 AMOS 20.0 프로그램을 사용하였으며, 변수에 대한 요인분석과 신뢰도 검증을 실시하였고, 가설 검증을 위해 구조모형분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과, 언론인의 은퇴태도가 노후준비와 삶의 만족도에 유의한 영향을 미쳤으며, 노후준비는 삶의 만족도에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 언론인의 은퇴태도가 노후준비의 매개효과를 통해 삶의 만족도가 극대화 된다고 나타났다. 이와 같은 연구결과를 토대로, 언론인의 은퇴 태도와 노후준비를 증진 시킬 수 있는 실천적 정책적 함의를 제안하였다. The purpose of this study was to retire attitude of journalists verify the mediating effect of impact and satisfaction of life in old age, and prepare, perform and enhance the retirement attitudes of journalists to suggest journalists welfare policies and practices preparing for retirement. Surveyed a total of 233 additional analysis was used to journalists working in Gwangju, Jeonnam media. We used the SPSS 18.0 and 20.0 AMOS program to derive a result, a factor analysis was performed with reliability test for the variables, the model was subjected to structure analysis for the hypothesis testing. The results were the retirement attitudes of journalists had a significant impact on satisfaction with life in retirement preparation, retirement preparation had significant influence on life satisfaction. In addition, the journalists were retired through the mediating effect of attitudes that are ready to maximize retirement life satisfaction. Based on such findings, we propose a practical. Policy implications that can enhance the retirement attitudes and preparation for retirement journalists.

기혼중년남성이 지각한 회복탄력성 및 은퇴태도가 의미있는 삶에 미치는 영향

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of resilience and retirement attitudes perceived by middle-aged married men on a meaningful life, and provide basic data based on empirical research for reexamining meaningful lives of middle-aged married men. For the study, a survey was conducted with middle-aged men aged between 40 and 60 who were married with children and employed and live in Seoul or Gyeonggido. A total of 476 copies of data were analyzed. For the analysis, SPSS 20.0 was used to perform frequency analysis, descriptive statistics, t-test, and one-way ANOVA, and the Duncan multiple range test and multiple regression analysis were performed. The result was as follows: First, Levels of resilience, retirement attitudes and meaningful life were moderate. Second, middle-aged married men had significant differences according to education, job, religion, Monthly family income, Wife's employment, marital status and Subjective health condition on meaningful life. third, middle-aged married men had an impact on resilience and retirement attitude on a meaningful life. In particular, the Affirmation of the resilience of the sub-region and the Transition to Old Age part of the retirement attitudes were significantly affected. Therefore, it is necessary to consider enough family support and social support for middle aged men.

Does poor health raise preferences for retirement?

The objective of this study is to examine the associations of health status with retirement attitudes in terms of retirement leisure preference and worry for retirement. Data are from the 2003 Survey of Health and Living Status of the Middle Aged and Elderly in Taiwan. Our results show that older workers with poor health actually do not prefer retirement leisure that much and are more worried about retirement life. The findings suggest that older workers with poor health derive lower relative utility from leisure and higher relative utility from work/consumption. Given that poor health is associated with a relatively lower preference for leisure than for work/consumption, the early retirement behavior of older workers with poor health might be due to factors other than preferences, namely the two other channels: poor health depressing wages and poor health as an indicator of shorter life expectancy.

Why do older adults avoid seeking financial advice? Adviser anxiety in the Netherlands

ABSTRACTWhy is it that many people fail to seek retirement planning advice when doing so is clearly indicated? Distrust of financial intermediaries is often presented as the common answer. But this paper shows that trust issues are only part of the answer; an appreciable proportion of individuals experience anxiety at the prospect of visiting a financial adviser. In the present investigation, financial adviser anxiety is studied among 950 Dutch adults over the age of 50. Anxiety levels were measured using a six-item scale that was administered as part of a larger nationwide investigation on retirement attitudes and behaviour. Findings revealed that nearly one-third of respondents reported having moderate to severe levels of anxiety at the prospect of visiting a financial professional. Furthermore, a hierarchical regression analysis revealed that strong predictors of anxiety included one's educational level, income, age, level of future time perspective, risk tolerance, financial knowledge and scepticism regarding whether advice from a financial professional can be trusted. A cluster analysis using demographic and psychological covariates identified three separate groups of older adults that were found to differ in terms of their mean level of anxiety. Those who had low levels of education and low incomes were found to disproportionately display high levels of financial adviser anxiety.

한국 치과기공사의 은퇴태도

Purpose : The purpose of the study is to investigate the need for the retirement attitude of korean dental technicians. Retirement attitude is important in the study of retirement planning. Methods: A total of 778 dental technicians were selected by proportional stratified by region compared to extraction sampling from a list of korea dental technician association in 2012. The final sample size was 386. Questionnaires consisted of 10 questions general characteristics, 9 questions for the current life satisfaction and retirement preparation, and 4 questions about retirement attitudes on a Likert 5 scale. Cronbach's alpha was 0.812 in the study. All statistical analyzed were performed using SPSS 14.0(Statistical Packages for Social Science Ver. 14.0. Chicago, IL, USA). Results: An average of 3.01 ± 0.8 dental technicians were retirement attitude. To affect retirement attitude marital status, age, subjective health status, assets satisfaction, job type, job satisfaction and the economic outlook was living after retirement (p <0.05). Conclusions: This study suggested that retirement attitude of korean dental technicians was very important and the preparation must be connected with the social welfare policy.

Young at heart, old at work? Relations between age, (meta-)stereotypes, self-categorization, and retirement attitudes

The aims of this study were to examine how workers' negative age stereotypes (i.e., denying older workers' ability to develop) and negative meta-stereotypes (i.e., beliefs that the majority of colleagues feel negative about older workers) are related to their attitudes towards retirement (i.e., occupational future time perspective and intention to retire), and whether the strength of these relationships is influenced by workers' self-categorization as an “older” person. Results of a study among Dutch taxi drivers provided mixed support for the hypotheses. Negative meta-stereotypes, but not negative age stereotypes, were associated with fewer perceived opportunities until retirement and, in turn, a stronger intention to retire. Self-categorization moderated the relationships between negative age (meta-)stereotypes and occupational future time perspective. However, contrary to expectations, the relations were stronger among workers with a low self-categorization as an older person in comparison with workers with a high self-categorization in this regard. Overall, results highlight the importance of psychosocial processes in the study of retirement intentions and their antecedents.

Factors Affecting Retirement Attitude among Elementary School Teachers

This study investigated the relationships of teacher efficacy, perceived organizational control, and the teacher-student age gap with teachers’ retirement attitudes. Stratified random sampling was adopted to collect survey responses. A total of 498 valid surveys from 33 elementary schools were collected. Correlational analyses revealed significant positive correlations of efficacy for classroom management (teacher efficacy subdomain), efficacy for student engagement (teacher efficacy subdomain), efficacy for instructional strategies (teacher efficacy subdomain), and the teacher-student age gap with three subdomains of teacher retirement attitude. In addition, there were significant positive correlations of efficacy for instructional strategies and perceived organizational control with the cognitive and behavior subdomains of retirement attitude. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that efficacy for classroom management can positively predict the affective and cognitive subdomains of retirement attitude. Perceived organizational control can positively predict retirement attitude and its cognitive and behavior subdomains. Finally, the teacher-student age gap can predict retirement attitude and all its subdomains. Discussion of the results and recommendations for future research are provided.

Exploring The Gender Effect On Europeans’ Retirement Savings

ABSTRACTThis paper investigates whether European women have the same probability of saving for retirement as European men and if driving factors for this saving behavior differ by gender. The evidence is based on a sample of 6,036 individuals from eight European countries (France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom). The results show that European women are less likely to save for retirement than men, although the determinants of this decision are similar for both genders. Moreover, the results suggest that country-level institutional factors play a more important role on the individual's retirement attitudes than gender differences.

Il lavoro oltre il pensionamento. Profili sociali, valori e motivazioni dei working retiree italiani

The paper investigates the issue of work beyond retirement in Italy by analysing data from a national survey conducted in 2013-2014 on a sample of 900 respondents aged 65to74. Research questions at the base of the paper concern the description of the socio-anagraphic characteristics of working retirees in Italy, their value orientations, their wellbeing, the motivations that sustain work beyond retirement and social attitudes toward this topic. From the theoretical point of view, the paper is based on contributions from the sociological life-course theories to the analysis of processes of destandardization of the life-courses in general and, more specifically, of retirement.

Change of Retirement Attitudes and Retirement Planning: A Latent Growth Modeling Approach

Retirement presents a major life transition for older workers. Today, retirement is defined as a dynamic process that starts with retirement planning and decision making which may occur long time before the actual exit from workforce. By adopting a latent growth modeling approach, the present study aims to explore the change patterns of positive and negative attitudes toward retirement during pre-retirement period, and examine the relationship between retirement planning (i.e., financial, health, interpersonal, and work planning) and the change trajectories of retirement attitudes. Longitudinal data were collected from a sample of 464 Chinese older workers. Results indicated an increasing trend of positive attitudes toward retirement and a decreasing trend of negative attitudes toward retirement during the last year before expected retirement. Supporting the existence of promotion-focused and prevention-focused regulatory motives, the initial levels of both positive and negative retirement attitudes encouraged older workers’ engagement in retirement planning activities. In turn, retirement planning in health and interpersonal domains buffered the increase of negative attitudes toward retirement across time.

Pathways to retirement: A career stage analysis of retirement age expectations

In western economies with aging populations, organizations are increasingly challenged to understand and manage employees’ retirement expectations. At the same time, employees’ relationships to retirement decisions and the age at which they expect to retire are likely to change as their careers unfold. This article seeks to inform the careers and management literatures on factors contributing to retirement intentions at different career stages. Using a sample of mid- and late career professionals with MBAs, we find that mid-career professionals expect to retire three years earlier than those in late career (age 62 versus age 65.) Work centrality is associated with intentions to retire later, while positive retirement attitudes and higher income are associated with intentions to retire earlier. Furthermore, the expected retirement age is more sensitive to income at mid-career (than at late career) and is more sensitive to work centrality at late career (than at mid-career). We discuss implications for careers research and for human resource management practice.