Retinal Fluorescein Angiography Research Articles

Optic nerve hypoplasia and bilateral persistent fetal vasculature due to TUBA1A tubulinopathy.

To describe a case of TUBA1A-associated optic nerve hypoplasia and persistent fetal vasculature. Observational case report. A female, full term infant was found to have a Dandy-Walker malformation with cerebellar and brainstem hypoplasia, ventriculomegaly, and lissencephaly. Her ophthalmic exam was notable for persistent fetal vasculature, optic nerve hypoplasia, vitreous hemorrhage, and peripheral retinal non-perfusion. Subsequent genetic testing revealed a TUBA1A genetic variant. Persistent fetal vasculature, peripheral retinal vascular abnormalities, and optic nerve hypoplasia may be associated with TUBA1A variants. These patients should be carefully evaluated with dilated retinal exam and fluorescein angiography to detect retinal perfusion abnormalities requiring treatment.

Multimodal Imaging Features of the Posterior Segment in Ocular Syphilis and HIV Co-Infection: A Single Center Case Series

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the frequent multimodal imaging features in posterior syphilitic uveitis. Purpose Syphilis infection has re-emerged as a global health problem. Multimodal imaging approach has been proposed for diagnosis and follow-up; there are not previous reports dedicated to the anatomic and visual outcomes in patients diagnosed with ocular syphilis and concomitant HIV infection. Methods All demographic information was recovered; a complete ophthalmological examination and multimodal imaging evaluation (retinal fluorescein angiography (FA), autofluorescence (AF), optical coherence tomography (OCT)) were performed on initial visit and 1 month after antibiotic therapy. Results 18 eyes of 9 patients were included. The most frequent features observed were: Hyperfluorescence on optic disk on FA, Hyperautofluorescence punctate pattern on AF, Vitritis on SD-OCT. After treatment, there was a functional and anatomical improvement. Conclusion Ocular syphilis represents a diagnostic challenge. Multimodal imaging approach allows identification of structural changes, follow-up and early detection of complications.

An Analysis of the Usage of Retinal Imaging Technology in the Detection of Age-Related Macular Degeneration.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a disease that worsens the central vision of numerous individuals across the globe. Ensuring that patients are diagnosed accurately and that their symptoms are carefully monitored is essential to ensure that adequate care is delivered. To accomplish this objective, retinal imaging technology is necessary to assess the pathophysiology that is required to give an accurate diagnosis of AMD. The purpose of this review is to assess the ability of various retinal imaging technologies such as optical coherence tomography (OCT), color fundus retinal photography, fluorescein angiography, and fundus photography. The statistical methods that were conducted yielded results that suggested that using OCT in conjunction with other imaging technologies results in a higher detection of symptoms among patients that have AMD. Further investigation should be conducted to ascertain the validity of the conclusions that were stated within the review.

RETINAL FLUORESCEIN ANGIOGRAPHY IN SUSAC SYNDROME: A SHIFTING PATTERN OF ARTERIOLAR WALL HYPERFLUORESCENCE-A REPORT OF TWO CASES.

Susac syndrome consists of the triad of encephalopathy, branch retinal artery occlusion, and hearing loss and is believed to be an immune-mediated endotheliopathy. Arteriolar wall hyperfluorescence (AWH) on retinal fluorescein angiography (FA) has been described in the literature as a classic ophthalmic sign for Susac syndrome. In this article, we report a pattern of distally shifting segments of AWH on FA over time that was observed in two cases. Two cases of Susac syndrome are presented with an emphasis on FA findings, obtained at frequent intervals during follow-up. In both cases, FA displays a shifting pattern of segments of AWH distal to the localization of the AWH observed on the previous FA. In patients with Susac syndrome, FA plays an important role in aiding diagnosis and monitoring the efficacy of treatment and disease activity during follow-up. In these two cases, the angiography revealed how the AWH can migrate along the vessel over time. This is the first published report showing an evolving distally shifting pattern of AWH in patients with Susac syndrome.

High Positive Predictive Value of Fluorescein Angiography Contiguous, Perineural Retinal Vascular Leakage Pattern for Birdshot Chorioretinopathy

ABSTRACT Purpose To determine the sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) of a contiguous, perineural retinal vascular leakage fluorescein angiography (FA) pattern in birdshot chorioretinopathy (BSCR) patients. Methods Patients with BSCR and other posterior uveitis/retinal vasculitis and a FA were identified. Two graders reviewed the first FA for leakage primarily around the optic nerve and along the larger arcade vessels. We compared the rates of this pattern in BSCR and non-BSCR patients and calculated sensitivity and PPV. We compared clinical characteristics of BSCR patients with and without this pattern. Results 64 BSCR and 98 non-BSCR patients were identified. The FA pattern’s sensitivity, specificity, and PPV were 57.8%, 91.8%, and 82.2%. This pattern was significantly more common in BSCR patients earlier in their disease (p = .004). Conclusions A contiguous, perineural retinal vascular leakage FA pattern can help identify potential BSCR patients for further testing. This pattern is more common closer to symptom onset.

The Eye as a Window to the Brain: Prominent Retinal Vasculopathy Points to Neuro-Behcet Diagnosis for an Undifferentiated Solitary Brain Lesion

Objective To report a perplexing case of Behcet disease (BD) presenting as a focal parenchymal lesion that reached a diagnosis after noting a prominent retinal vasculopathy, highlighting the importance of ophthalmologic evaluation in undifferentiated CNS disease. Background BD can have variable systemic manifestations driven by a vasculitis, including oral or genital ulcers, pulmonary aneurysms, and uveitis. Neurologic involvement is present in less than 10% of patients, most commonly as a meningoencephalitis. Design/Methods We present the case of a woman who developed asymmetric sub-acute sensorineural hearing loss at age 31 followed by transient right facial weakness at age 40, and most recently presented with right facial numbness and arm weakness at age 47. Brain MRI revealed a left frontal enhancing lesion with associated T2/FLAIR hyperintensity extending from the periventricular to the juxtacortical area with a thin rim of a reduced diffusion. CSF and serum studies were negative for inflammation, infection and malignancy except for elevated ESR and CRP. Brain biopsy revealed non-specific gliosis. Persistent enhancement on MRI was noted over 3 months, with spontaneous clinical improvement. Patient endorsed insidious vision changes over recent years, and visual testing was performed. Results Dilated ophthalmic examination demonstrated striking peripheral attenuation and sclerosis of retinal vasculature, with evidence of nonperfusion and skip lesions on retinal fluorescein angiography (FA). Findings of occlusive retinal peripheral vasculopathy suggested an underlying vasculitis as the etiology of the brain lesion and prior deficits, raising the likelihood of BD. Patient was homozygous for HLA-B*51, further supporting this diagnosis even with lack of mucosal ulcers and negative history of pathergy. Conclusions Neurologic manifestations of BD can be diverse including retinal occlusive vasculopathy; ulcers are not universally present. Ophthalmologic examination, even when minimally symptomatic, can inform the diagnosis of CNS lesions. Patient was started on Prednisone, Infliximab and Methotrexate, achieving disease remission.

A preliminary observation on rod cell photobiomodulation in treating diabetic macular edema

PurposeTo evaluate the safety and effectiveness of photobiomodulation (PBM) in the treatment of diabetic macular edema (DME). MethodsIt was a single-center, self-controlled prospective study. The clinical records of 12 diabetic retinopathy patients (5 males and 7 females, 20 eyes in total) who were treated with PBM for DME at the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, were analyzed. The mean age was 56 (26–68) years. All the participants received PBM treatment during darkness at night in no less than 5 days per week and no less than 8 ​h per day. In the baseline check and follow-up checks (1, 2, 6, 10, and 12 months after the start of treatment), the best-corrected visual acuity, the thickness of the retina in the macula, and the changes of the fundus lesions were observed. Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to compare the results before and after treatment. P ​< ​0.05 was considered statistically significant. ResultsNo fundus complication was observed during follow-up checks. In baseline and 12-month follow-up checks, the best-corrected visual acuity was 71.75 ​± ​12.47 and 79.50 ​± ​10.85, maximal retinal thickness in macular area was 390.95 ​± ​77.12 ​μm and 354.13 ​± ​55.03 ​μm, average retinal thickness in macular area was 334.25 ​± ​36.45 ​μm and 314.31 ​± ​33.28 ​μm, foveal thickness was 287.00 ​± ​46.79 ​μm and 265.63 ​± ​67.14 ​μm. The best-corrected visual acuity, average retinal thickness in macular area in consecutive follow-up results except that in the 1st month showed significant difference compared with baseline results. There were significant difference between every follow-up result and baseline result of maximal retinal thickness in macular area (P ​< ​0.05). All follow-up results of foveal thickness were not significantly different (P ​> ​0.05) from the baseline result, except that in the 6th month (P ​= ​0.049). Obvious improvement could be observed in retinal fundus fluorescein angiography images. ConclusionsPBM is a safe and effective treatment of DME, which deserves further investigation.

Retinal vessel changes in pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is classically considered an isolated small vessel vasculopathy of the lungs with peripheral pulmonary vascular obliteration. Systemic manifestations of PAH are increasingly acknowledged, but data remain limited. We hypothesized that retinal vascular changes occur in PAH. PAH subjects underwent retinal fluorescein angiography (FA) and routine disease severity measures were collected from the medical record. FA studies were analyzed using VESsel GENerational Analysis (VESGEN), a noninvasive, user‐interactive computer software that assigns branching generation to large and small vessels. FAs from controls (n = 8) and PAH subjects (n = 9) were compared. The tortuosity of retinal arteries was higher in PAH subjects compared to unmatched controls (1.17, 95% confidence interval: [1.14, 1.20] in PAH vs. 1.13, 95% CI: [1.12, 1.14] in controls, p = 0.01). Venous tortuosity was higher and more variable in PAH (1.17, 95% CI: [1.14, 1.20]) compared to controls (1.13, 95% CI: [1.12, 1.15]), p = 0.02. PAH subjects without connective tissue disease had the highest degree of retinal tortuosity relative to controls (arterial, p = 0.01; venous, p = 0.03). Younger PAH subjects had greater retinal arterial tortuosity, which attenuated with age and was not observed in controls. Retinal vascular parameters correlated with some clinical measures of disease in PAH subjects. In conclusion, PAH subjects exhibit higher retinal vascular tortuosity. Retinal vascular changes may track with pulmonary vascular disease progression. Use of FA and VESGEN may facilitate early, noninvasive detection of PAH.

Susac syndrome: challenges in the diagnosis and treatment.

Susac syndrome is a disorder thought to be mediated by an autoimmune response towards endothelial cells, leading to a characteristic clinical triad of encephalopathy, visual disturbances due to branch arterial occlusions and sensorineural hearing impairment. Although it is a rare disease, three reasons make it important. First, given its variable presentation, Susac syndrome is underdiagnosed. Second, it is considered an important differential diagnosis in different neurological, psychiatric, ophthalmological and hearing disorders, and consequently is frequently misdiagnosed. Third, in many cases, Susac syndrome is diagnosed and treated late, with significant irreversible sequelae including dementia, blindness and hearing loss. Neuropathology findings derived from both Susac syndrome patient tissue and novel transgenic mouse models indicate cytotoxic CD8+ T cells adhere to microvessels, inducing endothelial cell swelling, vascular narrowing and occlusion, causing microinfarcts. Anti-endothelial cell antibodies are present in serum in 25% of Susac syndrome patients, but it is unclear whether they are aetiologically related to the disease, or an epiphenomenon. The clinical triad comprising encephalopathy, branch arterial occlusions, and sensorineural hearing impairment is considered pathognomonic, although great variability is found in presentation and natural course of disease. At first evaluation, only 13-30% of patients exhibit the full clinical triad, making diagnosis difficult. Retinal fluorescein angiography, optic coherence tomography, MRI and tonal audiometry are helpful methods for diagnosing and monitoring disease activity during treatment. By contrast, there are no reliable objective immune markers to monitor disease activity. Immunosuppression is the current treatment, with high-dose corticosteroid therapy as the mainstay, but additional therapies such as intravenous immunoglobulins, cyclophosphamide, rituximab and mycophenolate mofetil are often necessary, because the disease can be devastating, causing irreversible organ damage. Unfortunately, low rates of disease, variability in presentation and paucity of objective biomarkers make prospective controlled clinical trials for Susac syndrome treatment difficult. Current immunosuppressive treatments are therefore based on empirical evidence, mainly from retrospective case series and expert opinion. In this review, we draw attention to the need to take consider Susac syndrome in the differential diagnosis of different neurological, psychiatric, ophthalmological and hearing disorders. Furthermore, we summarize our current knowledge of this syndrome, in reference to its pathophysiology, diagnosis and management, emphasizing the need for prospective and controlled studies that allow a better therapeutic approach.

730. Ocular Involvement Associated with Rickettsial Infection

BackgroundRickettsiosis, a re-emerging disease, is characterized with a myriad clinical symptoms and various manifestations. Ocular involvement is often misdiagnosed since it’s rarely symptomatic. It especially involves the posterior segment. We aimed to study the clinical, laboratory and therapeutic features of ocular involvement associated with rickettsial infection.MethodsWe encountered a retrospective study including all patients hospitalized for rickettsial infection with ocular involvement in the infectious disease department between 2007 and 2020. The diagnosis was confirmed based on serology (seroconversion) and/or positive polymerase chain reaction for Rickettsia in skin biopsy.ResultsA total of 24 patients were included with a mean age of 40±12 years. There were 13 women (54.2%). Sixteen patients sought medical care during the warm months, from June to October (66.6%). The revealing clinical signs were febrile maculopapular skin rash (79.2%), cephalalgia (54.2%) and arthralgia (33.3%). Five patients had visual loss (20.8%). Physical examination revealed conjunctival hyperemia (37.5%) and pathognomonic eschar (29.1%). Laboratory investigations revealed elevated liver enzymes (79.1%), thrombocytopenia (75%) and cholestasis (58.3%). Ocular involvement was unilateral in 14 cases (58.3%). Retinitis was the most common manifestation (70.8%), followed by anterior uveitis (20.8%). Retinal fluorescein angiography, performed in ten cases (41.6%), confirmed retinitis in 8 cases (80%). Both retinal vasculitis and papillary hyperfluorescence were noted in two cases (20%). Patients received doxycycline in 21 cases (87.5%) and fluoroquinolones in three cases (12.5%). The median duration of treatment was 7[6-15] days. The disease evolution was favourable in all cases (100%). No ocular sequelae were noted. Complications were noted in two cases (8.2%) represented by thrombophlebitis (one case) and recurrent seizures (one case). ConclusionSystematic fundus examination should be performed in front of suspected rickettsiosis, even in the absence of ocular symptoms and signs. It provides clinical clues to promptly diagnose and treat rickettsiosis.Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

Recurrent Toxoplasma Retinitis Treated with Long-Term Oral Antibiotics

Purpose: The purpose of this case was to report the inhibition of toxoplasma retinitis reactivation with long-term, low-dose antibiotics.Case summary: A 76-year-old woman complained of poor vision and floaters in her right eye. The corrected visual acuity (LogMAR) of the right eye was 0.5, and there was an area of yellow infiltration and dye leakage on the retinal fluorescein angiography images. Toxoplasma IgG were detected in the serum, the patient was diagnosed with toxoplasma retinitis, and the patient was advised oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, clindamycin, and steroids. Her visual acuity improved and the inflammation resolved. However, she again had decreased visual activity and retinal inflammation in her right eye after 5 months. The inflammation improved with oral steroids, but she was shifted to intravitreal dexamethasone because of the side effects of systemic steroids. Although the inflammation improved initially, there was worsening of inflammation (evidenced by vitreous opacity) after 2 months, which was treated with oral antibiotics. After vitrectomy for the removal of residual vitreous opacity, antibiotics were stopped because of the stable disease course. After discontinuation of the antibiotics, inflammation was noted again, and low-dose trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was administered. Low-dose antibiotics were continued for 5 months and the disease remained stable without any retinal inflammation.Conclusions: Long-term, low-dose oral antibiotics may prevent reactivation of recurrent toxoplasma retinitis.

Clinical course of choroidal neovascular membrane in West Nile virus chorioretinitis: a case report

BackgroundThis report describes the clinical course of choroidal neovascular membrane (CNV) in West Nile virus-associated chorioretinitis.Case presentationA 28-year-old Italian woman was referred to our institution because of reduced visual acuity in the left eye dating back 4 months. A diagnosis of retinal vasculitis in the right eye and chorioretinitis with CNV in the left eye was made. A complete workup for uveitis revealed positivity only for anti-West Nile virus immunoglobulin M (IgM), while immunoglobulin G (IgG) was negative. Whole-body computed tomography and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of the brain were also negative. Therefore, the patient was treated with a combination of oral prednisone (starting dose 1 mg/kg per day) and three intravitreal injections of bevacizumab 1.25 mg/0.05 ml, 1 month apart. Fourteen days from starting corticosteroid therapy and after the first intravitreal injection, the patient experienced increased visual acuity to 0.4. Response to therapy was monitored by clinical examination, ocular coherence tomography (OCT), OCT angiography and retinal fluorescein angiography. Three months later, resolution of CNV in the left eye was achieved and no signs of retinal vasculitis were detected in the right eye, while serum IgM for West Nile virus turned negative and IgG positive.ConclusionCNV may be a complication of West Nile virus-associated chorioretinitis, and only subclinical retinal vasculitis may also be found even in non-endemic regions.

Hybrid registration of retinal fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography images of patients with diabetic retinopathy.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common ophthalmic disease among diabetic patients. It is essential to diagnose DR in the early stages of treatment. Various imaging systems have been proposed to detect and visualize retina diseases. The fluorescein angiography (FA) imaging technique is now widely used as a gold standard technique to evaluate the clinical manifestations of DR. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging is another technique that provides 3D information of the retinal structure. The FA and OCT images are captured in two different phases and field of views and image fusion of these modalities are of interest to clinicians. This paper proposes a hybrid registration framework based on the extraction and refinement of segmented major blood vessels of retinal images. The newly extracted features significantly improve the success rate of global registration results in the complex blood vessel network of retinal images. Afterward, intensity-based and deformable transformations are utilized to further compensate the motion magnitude between the FA and OCT images. Experimental results of 26 images of the various stages of DR patients indicate that this algorithm yields promising registration and fusion results for clinical routine.

Stellar Neuroretinitis as Presenting Sign of Behcet’s Disease

A 40-year-old One-eyed patient (right eye) acuity history of post-traumatic burst in his left eye at the age of 6 years. Consult for a decrease of vision on his right eye that has progressed for 3 weeks. Ophthalmic examination found visual acuity: 2/10 P10 in the right eye, the left eye presents enophthalmos with an opacified cornea; the anterior segment was normal in the right eye, fundus examination shows hyalitis graded 1+, papillary edema, peripapillary hemorrhages and stellar macular exudates, cottony nodules, copper arteries with vascular sheathing of the superior temporal branch and areas of retinal ischemia (Figure 1). The inflammatory and serological assessment is negative. Fluorescein retinal angiography shows papillary diffusion of fluorescein and vasculitis (Figure 2). We find serous retinal detachment on OCT (Figure 3). The general examination found bipolar aphthosis. The diagnosis of Behçet’s disease is retained. Treatment with immunosuppressants allowed the regression of papillary edema with persistence of some macular exudates and great improvingin visual acuity.

A Rare Presentation of Bilateral Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) Disease in a Patient with Unilateral Limbal Stem Cell Deficiency (LSCD) with Corneal Perforation

Purpose-To report a rare presentation of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease in a 55 year old female patient with unilateral limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) with corneal perforation. Observations-Patient presented to the out patient department with recurrent episodes of watering, pain, redness in the left eye. Examination revealed LSCD with areas of pannus and infiltration. She was treated medically. Patient came back after a year with a corneal perforation in her left eye. The perforation was sealed using cyanoacrylate glue. Six weeks later, she presented with a drop in vision in both eyes. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) in both eyes showed multiple sub retinal fluid pockets and Fundus Fluorescein Angiography (FFA) revealed multiple pinpoint leakages typical of Harada disease. The patient was investigated for systemic associations, which were found to be normal. She was managed with tapering doses of oral steroids. OCT showed resolution of fluid pockets at one month. There was a good control of the disease, with no signs of recurrence at 6 months follow up. Conclusion-The clinical association between the two entities has not been published in literature till date. Further data or reports on such cases would help throw light on any possible association between LSCD and VKH disease.

Deep Learning-Based Segmentation and Quantification of Retinal Capillary Non-Perfusion on Ultra-Wide-Field Retinal Fluorescein Angiography.

Reliable outcome measures are required for clinical trials investigating novel agents for preventing progression of capillary non-perfusion (CNP) in retinal vascular diseases. Currently, accurate quantification of topographical distribution of CNP on ultrawide field fluorescein angiography (UWF-FA) by retinal experts is subjective and lack standardisation. A U-net style network was trained to extract a dense segmentation of CNP from a newly created dataset of 75 UWF-FA images. A subset of 20 images was also segmented by a second expert grader for inter-grader reliability evaluation. Further, a circular grid centred on the FAZ was used to provide standardised CNP distribution analysis. The model for dense segmentation was five-fold cross-validated achieving area under the receiving operating characteristic of 0.82 (0.03) and area under precision-recall curve 0.73 (0.05). Inter-grader assessment on the 20 image subset achieves: precision 59.34 (10.92), recall 76.99 (12.5), and dice similarity coefficient (DSC) 65.51 (4.91), and the centred operating point of the automated model reached: precision 64.41 (13.66), recall 70.02 (16.2), and DSC 66.09 (13.32). Agreement of CNP grid assessment reached: Kappa 0.55 (0.03), perfused intraclass correlation (ICC) 0.89 (0.77, 0.93), non-perfused ICC 0.86 (0.73, 0.92), inter-grader agreement of CNP grid assessment values are Kappa 0.43 (0.03), perfused ICC 0.70 (0.48, 0.83), non-perfused ICC 0.71 (0.48, 0.83). Automated dense segmentation of CNP in UWF-FA images achieves performance levels comparable to inter-grader agreement values. A grid placed on the deep learning-based automatic segmentation of CNP generates a reliable and quantifiable method of measurement of CNP, to overcome the subjectivity of human graders.

Prospective, Single-Center, Six-Month Study of Intravitreal Ranibizumab for Macular Edema with Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy: Effects on Microaneurysm Turnover and Non-Perfused Retinal Area.

PurposeTo analyze the effects on microaneurysm (MA) and perifoveal perfusion in nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) patients with macular edema (ME) after early intensive treatment using intravitreal ranibizumab (IVR) injections.Patients and MethodsProspectively, 25 eyes of 25 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with ME were included between August 2016 and February 2019. For 6 months, patients were administered 0.5-mg IVR injections monthly. Ocular evaluation, including best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA; using the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study chart), central retinal thickness (CRT; using optical coherence tomography), fundus photography, and fluorescein angiography, was performed for all participants. Results obtained at baseline were compared to those observed after 6 months.ResultsMean BCVA increased significantly from 67.6±3.29 letters at baseline to 76.36±1.61 letters after 6 months (P=0.002) of IVR therapy. CRT decreased significantly from 479.12±16.66 µm at baseline to 369.12±13.02 µm at 6 months. Similarly, the total number of MAs decreased significantly from 5.68±3.41 to 1.60±1.73 (P<0.0001). MA turnover, calculated by adding the MA formation rate to the MA disappearance rate (both calculated as MA number/month) also decreased significantly from 6.88±3.83 to 1.92±1.75 after treatment (P<0.0001). Perifoveal non-perfused area decreased from 2.517±0.456 mm2 at baseline to 2.495±0.293 mm2 at 6 months, but the results were not statistically significant (P=0.954).ConclusionTreatment with early intensive IVR therapy in NPDR patients with ME not only improved BCVA and CRT but also decreased MA turnover. However, in the study period of 6 months, IVR therapy did not show significant improvement in perifoveal non-perfused area.

Association Between Atherosclerosis and Diabetic Retinopathy in Chinese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

AimTo explore the association between the atherosclerosis and diabetic retinopathy (DR) in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).MethodsThis hospital-based cross-sectional study included 949 patients (700 males and 249 females) with T2DM. The atherosclerotic parameters were assessed using the cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI), ankle-brachial index (ABI), and carotid plaque. DR was assessed and graded using digital retinal photography and fundus fluorescein angiography as either nonproliferative DR (NPDR) or proliferative DR (PDR). Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the associations between the atherosclerotic parameters and DR status.ResultsThe prevalence of DR was 23.6% in total patients, including 167 (17.6%) patients with NPDR and 57 (6.0%) patients with PDR. Patients with NPDR and PDR were more likely to have higher prevalence of increased CAVI, increased ABI, and carotid plaque than those without DR. In multivariable adjusted logistic regression analysis, patients with NPDR showed an odds ratio (OR) of 2.59 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.61–4.19] for increased CAVI, 1.99 (0.62–6.34) for increased ABI, and 1.75 (1.13–2.71) for carotid plaque. Patients with PDR showed an OR of 7.83 (3.52–17.41) for increased CAVI, 10.65 (3.33–34.04) for increased ABI, and 11.40 (2.67–48.63) for carotid plaque.ConclusionBoth NPDR and PDR were independently associated with increased CAVI and presence of carotid plaque in Chinese patients with T2DM.

Récidive de l’œdème maculaire compliquant l’occlusion veineuse centrale de la rétine : penser à refaire l’angiographie rétinienne à la fluorescéine

The goal of our study is to highlight, through a series of 4 cases, the importance of retinal fluorescein angiography in monitoring the retinal periphery in retinal vein occlusions, particularly in cases of recurrent macular edema. This is a series of 4 patients aged between 50 and 90 years with ischemic central retinal vein occlusions in 2 cases and branch retinal venous occlusions in 2 cases. Fluorescein angiography was performed in two of our patients, and optical coherent tomography in all cases, showing cystoid macular edema with an average macular thickness of 439μm. All patients received a complete etiological assessment and intravitreal anti-VEGF injections with an initially favorable course in all cases. A recurrence with aggravation of the edema compared to the initial appearance was observed in all cases, with a delay varying between 9 and 16 months (mean 11.25 months). Fundus examination revealed an increased number of retinal hemorrhages in each case, with the appearance of cotton wool spots in one case, suggesting ischemic conversion. This was confirmed by performing fluorescein angiography, which revealed large areas of retinal ischemia. Retinal photocogulation of the ischemic areas was thus indicated, along with a second series of intravitreal injections. Macular edema is the principal cause of visual acuity decline in retinal vein occlusions; its prognosis is similar to that of retinal venous occlusions in general, hampered by the possibility of ischemic conversion. The diagnosis of retinal vein occlusion is clinical and does not require angiography. This remains, however, a useful exam to better analyze the retinal periphery as well as for the detection of various modalities during spontaneous progression.

Retinochoroidal findings and lung cancer: First report in Mexican population

Abstract Introduction Lung cancer (LC) is the most common tumor, and the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Although cases of choroidal metastasis and cancer-associated retinopathy have been reported in LC, no studies have been conducted on the Mexican population to describe retinochoroidal findings during the course of LC, and the relationship with its stage. Objective To evaluate patients with a diagnosis of LC, and to describe the posterior segment findings in relationship to the stage of LC. Materials and methods A cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted on 50 patients with LC (100 eyes). The demographic data included age, gender, histological type, evolution time, stage, treatment, and comorbidities. The measurement variables included visual acuity (LogMAR), anterior segment biomicroscopy, retinal photography, fluorescein retinal angiography, optical coherence tomography, and electroretinogram. All patients were evaluated by two ophthalmologists. Results The study included a total of 26 men and 24 women, with a mean age of 65 years, and a mean time from LC diagnosis of 6 months. The principal histological type was adenocarcinoma (70%), and most (50%) were in stage II at the time of evaluation, with 15 (30%) patients having a metastasis (stage IV). The changes in the posterior segment included choroidal metastasis (16%), retinal metastasis (10%), cancer-associated retinopathy (6%), and vascular occlusions (4%). The majority of patients who presented with posterior segment alterations were in stage IV. Conclusions Vascular occlusions, cancer-associated retinopathy, choroidal and retinal metastases may be found in LC, with an incidence higher than that reported in the literature, especially in advanced stages of LC, although they can be found from stage II in asymptomatic patients.