Plaque Retention Research Articles

Gingival Health Status among Patients Wearing Fixed Orthodontic Appliance in Erbil City

Objectives and background: People have increasing demand for orthodontic treatment and it became a common treatment plan nowadays that may affect the gingival health. However, the correlation between orthodontics and periodontal health is not clear, which troubles the clinical orthodontist during planning of the treatment. So many studies showed previously a relationship between orthodontic appliance and the dental diseases that it may cause. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between gingival health status and the duration of wearing fixed orthodontic appliance. Method: The study included 40 patients wearing fixed orthodontic appliance. Patients’ folders were analyzed according to the duration of wearing the appliance and route of breathing then comparing these two factors and their effects on plaque index, gingival index and gingival sulcus depth. Results: As the duration of wearing the appliance increased, there was an increase in the plaque accumulation and gingival bleeding on probing, except for the forth group of duration (more than 12 months with the appliance). As for breathing factor, the findings were as the following (In order from less plaque accumulation to the most, respectfully): nasal, both (nasal and mouth) and finally mouth, while with the gingival index, the data showed the opposite. Conclusion: Prolonged orthodontic treatment was associated with an increased plaque retention and increased bleeding on probing; however, the magnitude of the difference in gingival sulcus depth in both duration of wearing the appliance and different breathing routes was of no clinical significance. Breathing orally had negative effect on the oral hygiene.

The Impact of Lingual Orthodontics on Gingival and Periodontal Health; A Systematic Review of Controlled Clinical Trial Studies.

Linguistic orthodontics is a highly successful and visually pleasing treatment method for addressing malocclusions. It possesses a multitude of advantages in addition to potential disadvantages, including speech impairments, mastication restrictions, and oral agitation. Lingual braces can cause gingival hyperplasia and impact the health of the gums and periodontal tissues. This study conducted a systematic review following the PRISMA standards, specifically examining lingual orthodontic treatments that were the subject of randomized controlled trials. The study found that lingual brackets are more advantageous than buccal brackets for flat surfaces. Both types of brackets have been found to be associated with an elevation in plaque retention, gingival irritation, and S. mutans count. Because of an increased demand for adult orthodontic care, there are designed discrete treatment options such as lingual bracket systems. The demand is largely driven by appearance and cosmetics. Apparently, lingual brackets proved to be more efficacious for the prevention of caries on flat surfaces. Additional research is necessary to gain a comprehensive understanding of lingual orthodontic efficacy and safety compared to its counterpart

Fixed appliances orthodontic therapy as a risk factor for caries development: Systematic review.

Orthodontic treatment is often mandatory to improve the patient's health condition. However, the fixed appliance can create additional plaque retention areas, which can increase the risk of caries development. Clinically, one can observe various effects of fixed appliance treatment on caries prevalence. This study aims to analyze to what extent orthodontic therapy with fixed appliances is a risk factor for developing caries in pediatric and adult patients. The keywords used in the search strategy were as follows: ("caries" AND "caries risk" AND "caries experience" AND" "orthodontic treatment" OR "fixed appliance" ") and ("caries experience" AND "orthodontic treatment").From 808 potential articles, 15 were included in the review. In individuals undergoing fixed orthodontic therapy, several factors can increase the risk of car-ies during fixed orthodontic treatment, such as salivary composition, oral dysbiosis and plaque accumulation. On the other hand, factors that reduce caries risk are, i.e., oral hygiene self-awareness and previous orthodontic treatment. In most studies which used the Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) index, there were no significant differences between the values obtained before orthodontic treatment and after the treatment. Moreover, it is easier for a patient with aligned teeth to remove plaque.In the young population, fixed orthodontic treatment appears to reduce the incidence of caries. In the adult population, fixed orthodontic treatment increases the risk of dental caries. However, education on proper oral hygiene during orthodontic treatment can reduce the risk of dental caries. The study protocol was registered in the PROSPERO database [PROSPERO CRD42022356628].

Evaluation of oral health status for a group of orthodontic patients

Background: Malocclusion and fixed orthodontic appliance convoluted the ordinary oral hygiene measures, which may lead to accumulation and prolonged retention of dental plaque on tooth surfaces particularly around the orthodontic brackets and auxiliaries of the fixed orthodontic appliance. Objective: To evaluate the oral health status among a group of orthodontic patients by evaluating the plaque, gingival, calculus, and Enamel Decalcification indices. Patients and Methods: This study was conducted among 128 persons (64 with fixed orthodontic appliance as a study group and 64 without fixed orthodontic appliance as a control group. An assessment of related clinical parameters as plaque, gingival, as well as enamel decalcification indices were done. Results: The present study revealed that the mean plaque, gingival, as well as enamel decalcification indices for the total sample were (1.182±0.356), (1.230±0.269), and (1.329±0.413) respectively. Additionally, all of these indices were higher among study group (fixed orthodontic patient) than among control group (persons without orthodontic appliance) with statistically significant difference among groups for each. Conclusion: Fixed orthodontic appliance is an effective plaque retentive factor that accumulate dental plaque which is the main causative factor for development of enamel white spot lesion and periodontal disease.

Evaluation of oral health status for a group of orthodontic patients

Background: Malocclusion and fixed orthodontic appliance convoluted the ordinary oral hygiene measures, which may lead to accumulation and prolonged retention of dental plaque on tooth surfaces particularly around the orthodontic brackets and auxiliaries of the fixed orthodontic appliance. Objective: To evaluate the oral health status among a group of orthodontic patients by evaluating the plaque, gingival, calculus, and Enamel Decalcification indices. Patients and Methods: This study was conducted among 128 persons (64 with fixed orthodontic appliance as a study group and 64 without fixed orthodontic appliance as a control group. An assessment of related clinical parameters as plaque, gingival, as well as enamel decalcification indices were done. Results: The present study revealed that the mean plaque, gingival, as well as enamel decalcification indices for the total sample were (1.182±0.356), (1.230±0.269), and (1.329±0.413) respectively. Additionally, all of these indices were higher among study group (fixed orthodontic patient) than among control group (persons without orthodontic appliance) with statistically significant difference among groups for each. Conclusion: Fixed orthodontic appliance is an effective plaque retentive factor that accumulate dental plaque which is the main causative factor for development of enamel white spot lesion and periodontal disease. Keywords: Oral health status, Fixed orthodontic appliance, white spot lesion, periodontal disease.

CONTRIBUTION OF CORRECTIVE ORTHODONTICS PRIOR TO PROSTHETIC REHABILITATIVE TREATMENT: literature review

Today's dentistry has increasingly sought treatments that involve a multidisciplinary approach to specialties. Therefore, orthodontics is the branch that deals with the prevention and correction of occlusal problems, acting in many cases in the pre-prosthetic treatment of patients. For this, the most used movements are, in general, extrusion, intrusion and verticalization. Thus, the justifications for this research consist of bringing updated information through a literature review, on the importance of multidisciplinary treatment in the rehabilitation of partially edentulous patients, with removable partial dentures, fixed prostheses or dental implants, correlating pre-prosthetic treatment with orthodontics. corrective. To this end, the general objective is to discuss the role of orthodontics in establishing a stable occlusion in patients who will undergo prosthetic rehabilitation. Specifically defining the advantages of orthodontics as an integral part of rehabilitative treatment, explaining the principles of malocclusion in partially edentulous patients. It is concluded, therefore, that there is a constant improvement in techniques and the possibility of success in the treatment of each patient. Intensive studies on mini implants are a factor of great importance in resolving cases requiring orthodontic adjustment. Therefore, orthodontic maneuvers, when planned before the prosthesis, can provide better hygiene, less plaque retention, elimination of unnecessary wear, correction of the occlusal relationship, distribution of occlusal forces, greater preservation of dental structures and better periodontal condition.

The Effect Decontamination of Sodium Hypochlorite 0.5% on shear strength buccal tube orthodontic

Background: The use of fixed orthodontics has a risk of increasing plaque retention, especially the gingival margin area. The decontamination material commonly used is sodium hypochlorite 0.5%, but this antibacterial agent requires further research on the shear strength of the buccal tube attachment. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of 0.5% sodium hypochlorite on the shear strength of buccal tube attachment after decontamination 
 Method: The research design used was the post test only control group design. The total research sample amounted to 52 samples and was divided into 4 groups: group I Clorhexidine 2% for 1 minute, group II Clorhexidine 2% for 5 minutes, group III 0.5% NaOCl for 1 minute and group IV NaOCl 0, 5% for 5 minutes. Post Decontamination of Buccal Tube and bonding shear strength was carried out using Universal Testing Machine. The Kruskal Wallis test was carried out to see the differences in the four groups in the shear strength of attachment and the Mann Whitney test to find out the differences between groups. 
 Result: The shear strength of the attachment by decontamination using 2% chlorhexidine for 1 minute was higher than the other 3 groups, which was 25.3 J/mm2, the lowest shear strength was for the 0.5% sodium hypochlorite group for 5 minutes, which was 16.5 J/mm2. Kruskal Wallis test results p value 0.000 (p

Roughness and Wear Resistance in the Process of Selecting Composite Resins

"Due to the the multitude of composite materials available, choosing the most adequate ones is a difficult task. Apart from most relevant characteristics such as aesthetics and mechanical strength, it is just as important to obtain smooth restorations, given the negative effects of bacterial plaque retention on the stomatognathic system. We have considered four of the composite resins most frequently used by dentists in Romania and we used laboratory tests to analyse the wear resistance and surface roughness after applying 3 finishing systems. We show that finishing systems have a powerful impact on composite materials roughness, and the best results are obtained with a microhybrid composite. As for wear resistance, nanohybrid composites proved to be superior to microhybrid ones. The results of the study suggest that the structure of the composite material counter-balances its roughness. From a clinical perspective, the quality of the surface of dental restorations is important not only functionally, preventing their wear and bacterial plaque retention, but also from an aesthetical point of view. "

EVALUATING CHANGES IN SALIVARY FLOW RATE, PH & MICROBIAL COUNT DURING FIXED ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT - AN IN VIVO STUDY

Aim of the study: Aim of this study is to assess the changes in salivary flow rate, salivary pH, plaque index, Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus, and Candida albicans in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment, before and after placement of fixed orthodontic appliances. Materials and Method: In present study salivary samples from 60 patients (30 Males and 30 Females) with age group of 14-25 years would be undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment at the department of orthodontics. Salivary flow rate, pH, plaque index and microbial colony count were measured. Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus and Candida albicans colony counts were measured using mitis salivarius agar, rogosa agar and sabouraud dextrose agar respectively. Saliva collected for 5 mins and measured in ml/min. salivary pH measured with digital pH meter. Salivary samples obtained from the same patients at intervals of 8 weeks and 16 weeks after commencement of orthodontic treatment and evaluated for the same. Result: This study showed fixed orthodontic appliances increases salivary flow rate (p=0.0001), decreases salivary pH (p=0.03), increases plaque index (p=0.0001), also increases Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus and Candida albicans colony count (p=0.0003, p=0.0001and p=0.019 respectively). Independent t test reported salivary flow rate significantly increases more in male patients at 16 weeks interval (p=0.03). Conclusion: The results of this study confirmed that after placement of fixed orthodontic appliances plaque retention increases, which sequentially decrease the salivary pH and decreased salivary pH promote the growth of microbiota.

Prevalence of oral complications in the course of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection under mechanical non-invasive ventilation

BackgroundThe management of oral health during severe symptoms of Covid-19 is still a challenge, especially in intensive care units under invasive/noninvasive ventilation in hospital. Understanding the cause-and-effect relationships may allow for individual adjustment of oral care recommendations during Covid-19 disease. The study’s objective was to assess Covid-19 patients’ oral health status under hospital treatment due to pulmonary adverse Covid-19 outcomes.Material and methodsCovid-19 patients (mean age 74.4 ± 15.4; n = 120, male n = 50/female n = 70) were admitted to hospital in the acute phase of Covid-19 between January and March 2022 who required oxygen therapy due to pneumonia, rapid respiratory failure, low saturation. Blood and radiological tests were taken according to National Health Fund guidelines. The condition of teeth (Decayed, Missing, Filled teeth as DMFT index), dental hygiene (Plaque Control Record as PCR index), periodontal status (probing depth PD, clinical attachment CAL, bleeding on probing BOP) and oral mucosa (BRUSHED and Beck scores) were examined.ResultsCharateristics of the teeth (dental caries 35.2%, DMFT Median 22), plaque retention (83.4%), advanced periodontitis (48.3%), xerostomia (74.2%), oral mucosa inflammation (80.8%), angular cheilitis (53.3%), hemorrhagic (21.7%) showed a high incidence of harmful oral conditions. BRUSHED model and Beck score indicated moderate oral dysfunction and need for oral care every 8 h. Spearman’s analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between pneumonia and neutrophile, interleukin-6 IL-6, C-reactive protein CRP (p = 0.01, p < 0.001, p < 0.001), negative to lymphocyte count (p < 0.001). Multiple and logistic regressions selected the following risk predictors for pneumonia as IL-6, CRP, obesity and for severe COVID-19 symptoms D-dimer level and a lack of targeted vaccination (p < 0.001). Among oral predictors, the PCR index and Beck score were significant for both outcomes (respectively p < 0.001, p < 0.012). Patients who received oxygen therapy with face masks had more often angular heilitis and debris (p = 0.025, p = 0.035).ConclusionsCOVID-19 hospitalised patients with severe symptoms crossing with poor oral health-related conditions. This may exacerbate a response for COVID infection, and play a role in cytokine storm. For Covid-19 management, to inhibit extraoral/intraoral complications, it is recommended to adjust oral hygiene procedures, including antibacterial, protective, moisturising agents after individual oral health assessment.

Effect of nanoparticle addition on antimicrobial properties for acrylic removable orthodontic appliance

Removable orthodontic appliances have acrylic resin-based plate components that often result in plaque retention and bacterial build-up, leading to dental and periodontal problems. Several studies have tried adding nanoparticles to acrylic resins to over-come these problems. This review discusses the effect of nanoparticle addition on the antimicrobial properties of orthodontic removable acrylic resin. A literature review was conducted on 10 articles obtained from PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar by determining inclusion, exclusion and keyword criteria. Literature search using boolean search based on inclusion criteria obtained data that the addition of various nanoparticle materials such as zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, magnesium oxide produces good antimicrobial properties, especially in the process of inhibiting microbial adhesion. It is concluded that the addi-tion of nanoparticles to acrylic resin orthodontic appliances provides effective antimicrobial properties so that it can be applied clinically to prevent diseases in the oral cavity such as gingivitis and dental caries.

Application of periodontal regeneration strategy by treating both symptoms and primary cause in natural tooth preservation

Teeth with severe periodontitis always have occlusal trauma, local anatomical abnormalities, mucogingival deformities or other factors that aggravate plaque retention or periodontal tissue damage. For these teeth, the author put forward the strategy of treating both symptoms and primary cause. That is, carrying out the periodontal regeneration surgery on the basis of analyzing and removing the primary cause factors. Through literature review and case series analysis, this paper discusses the therapeutic effects of strategy by treating both symptoms and primary cause on teeth with severe periodontitis, in order to provide reference for clinician work.

Periodontally accelerated osteogenic orthodontics: A narrative review

The orthodontic patient has evolved in recent years, leaving an important place for adult patients. These patients most often require special management, they are demanding aesthetic orthodontic treatments, but also shorter. The acceleration of orthodontic movement has long been sought for its multiple potential contributions, including the reduction of treatment time, a reduction of side effects linked to the maintenance of orthodontic equipment in the oral cavity (such as bacterial plaque retention, root resorption, and the open spaces of the gingival embrasure), an improved tooth movement envelope, differential tooth movement, and improved stability after treatment. Numerous surgical techniques have been developed to speed up orthodontic movements. The aim of this study was to review the current literature regarding the periodontally accelerated osteogenic orthodontics technique.

MANAGEMENT OF BILATERAL CERVICAL GROOVE – AN EXQUISITE CLINICAL ENTITY

Developmental grooves are anatomical considerations that present accessibility problem. They initiate on enamel and can extend a signicant distance on the root surface, providing a plaque retentive area, that is difcult to instrument. When radicular grooves are presented with bone loss and attachment loss, removing the groove through odontoplasty or reducing its depth helps to minimize the plaque retention. This case report describes the appearance of Facial radicular grooves on maxillary central incisors extending from CEJ to middle third of the root in a 41-year-old female patien

CORRELATION BETWEEN MALOCCLUSION SEVERITY LEVEL AND CARIES STATUS OF 12-14 YEARS OLD STUDENTS IN SMPN 5 MARABAHAN

ABSTRACTBackground: South Kalimantan is one of the provinces in Indonesia that occupies the highest second of dental and oral health problems. One of the dental and oral health problems that often faced in school age group is malocclusion that is 15,6%. Malocclusion is an occlusion condition that is not right or an occlusion that deviates from normal condition. The said condition can be happened because tooth shape abnormalities and jaw size. The crowded tooth position can cause caries occurrence, because the overlapped tooth position can complicate in the process of tooth brushing. The food remains that accumulated formed plaque retention and if it’s left alone continually, it will form a cavity in the tooth, causing email demineralization called caries. Purpose: To find out the correlation between malocclusion severity levels and caries status of 12-14 years old students in SMPN 5 Marabahan Material and Methods: This research was an analytic observational with cross sectional approach. The respondents were 12-14 years old students in SMPN 5 Marabahan that were taken with simple random sampling method. The respondents were 47 people. Results: The malocclusion severity level on mild category was 24 people (51%) and the caries status on moderate category was 19 people (40%). The result of Spearman test is p=0,000 &lt; 0,05. Conclusion: There is a correlation between malocclusion severity level and caries status of 12-14 years old students in SMPN 5 Marabahan.Keywords : Caries status, DMF-T Index, Index (MAL I),Malocclusion severity

Histomorphological study of gingival recession in the experiment

Among periodontal diseases, one of the most common forms is gingival recession, which is a progressive displacement of the marginal gingiva in the apical direction. Studies by a number of authors indicate an increase in the prevalence and intensity of recession from 9.7 % to 99.3 % (at the age of 15 years to adult age, respectively) [1–3]. The reasons for the development of recession may be the following factors: anatomical and physiological features of the structure of the alveolar process, anomalies of teeth, dentition and dental occlusion, microbial factor (hard and soft dental deposits), acute or chronic gum injury, bad habits, and iatrogenic causes [10, 9, 11, 17]. Gingival recession is the cause of dentin sensitivity, as well as a factor in additional plaque retention, which stimulates further loss of periodontal attachment [11, 17]. Any aesthetic violations significantly reduce the quality of life. In this aspect, gum recession, which causes exposure of the roots of the teeth, has an extremely negative effect on the psycho-emotional state of a patient. An integrated approach to the problem under consideration is of great importance, in particular, in elderly and senile people, where systemic disorders of mineral metabolism often come to the fore [4, 8, 12, 14, 15, 16]. Experimental modeling of periodontal pathologies is of great clinical and rehabilitation significance [6, 7, 10, 11, 13]. Currently, there are various methods of treating gingival recession using a complex of therapeutic, surgical, orthodontic, and orthopedic methods. However, the results of observations and monitoring of the effectiveness of known methods of treating gingival recession do not indicate long-term restoration of periodontal tissues [5, 10, 11, 17]. Thus, the foregoing indicates the feasibility of conducting experimental and clinical studies to find methods aimed at activating recovery processes in periodontal tissues and allowing to increase the effectiveness of treatment of patients with gingival recession.

THE IMPACT OF ORAL HYGIENE MAINTENANCE ON THE GINGIVAL HEALTH OF PATIENTS HAVING FIXED ORTHODONTIC APPLIANCES

Abstract &#x0D; Objective: to evaluate the oral hygiene habits among patients experiencing fixed orthodontic treatment&#x0D; Material and method: The study was conducted in the orthodontic department of Multan medical and dental college, Multan. One hundred and five patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment were included in the study. Duration of study was 5months and 12 days. Patients were asked to fill out a questionnaire about the reason for undergoing treatment, the importance of orthodontic treatment in life, and oral hygiene practice after having fixed orthodontic treatment. Statistical data were analyzed by SPSS version 22 to determine the frequency distribution and percentage ratio for each variable. A Chi-square test was applied to compare gingivitis and frequency of brushing and a p-value ≤ 0.05 was considered significant.&#x0D; Results: The mean age of participants was 20± 4.7 years, with females predominant (71%). Most of the patients were undergoing treatment due to a friend’s suggestion (32%) and a dentist’s suggestion (17%). Most patients brushed twice daily (25%) or after every meal (24.4%) and still have gingivitis which represents brushing alone is not enough. Chi- square test was utilized between frequency of brushing and gingivitis and p- value was &gt; 0.05 which is considered insignificant. The most preferred toothbrush was the general toothbrush (28%) and unspecified brush (23%). Which means proper knowledge of the type of brush was lacking. Only 41% of patients were sure about using fluoridated toothpaste which again shows a lack of awareness. 35% of patients were using a toothpick and 22% were using pins to clean their teeth in absence of a brush which again shows a lack of proper knowledge. 37% of patients were using their mouth wash and 24% were using interdental brushes occasionally.&#x0D; Conclusion: orthodontic treatment itself causes plaque retention and gingivitis so in order to maintain good oral hygiene self-motivation and proper knowledge given by the care provider is very necessary to improve gingival outcomes.&#x0D;

Potential Impact of Prosthetic Biomaterials on the Periodontium: A Comprehensive Review.

The success of a prosthetic treatment is closely related to the periodontal health of the individual. The aim of this article was to review and present the importance of prosthetic restorative materials on the condition of the periodontium, the changes that occur in the composition of the subgingival microbiota and the levels of inflammatory markers in gingival crevicular fluid. Articles on the influence of different prosthetic restorative materials on subgingival microbiota and proinflammatory cytokines were searched for using the keywords "prosthetic biomaterials", "fixed prosthesis", "periodontal health", "subgingival microbiota", "periodontal biomarkers" and "gingival crevicular fluid" in PubMed/Medline, Science Direct, Scopus and Google Scholar. The type of material used for prosthesis fabrication together with poor marginal and internal fit can result in changes in the composition of the subgingival microbiota, as well as increased accumulation and retention of dentobacterial plaque, thus favoring the development of periodontal disease and prosthetic treatment failure. Biological markers have helped to understand the inflammatory response of different prosthetic materials on periodontal tissues with the main purpose of improving their clinical application in patients who need them. Metal-free ceramic prostheses induce a lower inflammatory response regardless of the fabrication method; however, the use of CAD/CAM systems is recommended for their fabrication. In addition, it is presumed that metal-ceramic prostheses cause changes in the composition of the subgingival microbiota producing a more dysbiotic biofilm with a higher prevalence of periodontopathogenic bacteria, which may further favor periodontal deterioration.

Comparison of Plaque Retention in Different Commercially Available Clear Aligners Using An ATP Bio-Luminometer

Comparison of Plaque Retention in Different Commercially Available Clear Aligners Using An ATP Bio-Luminometer

Association of orthodontic treatment and aspiration pneumonia

Foreign body aspiration or ingestion is an uncommon potential complication during orthodontic dentistry, and it can produce a medical emergency. Obstruction of the airways can be life-threatening, and delayed recognition and management can result in pulmonary complications such as recurrent pneumonia. Dental treatment has been identified as an important cause of the misplacement of foreign bodies in the airway. Objects used in orthodontic treatment are mainly used due to their manufacturing limitations, such as their shape and size, and because they are made of radiolucent materials, which make them easy to aspirate or ingest and difficult to detect with a radiograph. However, few reports have been published on orthodontic dentistry-related foreign body aspiration and pulmonary complications. Furthermore, micro-aspiration due to poor oral hygiene in patients undergoing orthodontic procedures has been investigated in this review since poor oral hygiene is a well-established risk factor for aspiration pneumonia in the elderly population. The association between the aspiration of orthodontic material and aspiration pneumonia is not well established. Aspiration pneumonia is a secondary symptom of misdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis of dental material aspiration. Additionally, poor oral hygiene can also increase the risk of aspiration pneumonia in elderly patients since poor oral hygiene during orthodontic treatment leads to plaque retention, which can lead to increased development of hyperplastic gingivitis and periodontal breakdown, established risk factor for aspiration pneumonia.