Gross Energy Retention Research Articles

Comparative responses of Lohmann Select Leghorn-lite and Shaver Heritage White Leghorn hens when fed diets containing fine and coarse oat hulls

A standard commercial mash (control), or a mixture of control and fine (FOH) or coarse oat hulls (COH) at a ratio of 80:20 w/ w were fed to 57-week old Lohmann Select Leghorn-lite (LSL) and 44-week old Shavers Heritage White Leghorns (SHW) for 28 days. There was no ( P > 0.05) strain and diet interaction or diet effects on egg production indices (EP) and feed intake (FI). However, LSL hens had similar ( P > 0.05) FI but higher ( P > 0.05) EP than SHW. There was no strain and diet interaction observed on apparent retention of gross energy (ARGE) and gizzard weight ( P > 0.05). However, the control hens had higher ARGE, and lighter gizzards compared to oat hull-fed hens ( P < 0.01). In addition, COH hens had higher ARGE and heavier gizzards compared to FOH hens. The SHW hens exhibited greater jejunal crypt depth ( P = 0.011) compared to LSL hens. An interaction ( P = 0.041) between strain and diets on ceca digesta short chain fatty acids (SCFA) was such that oat hulls reduced SCFA in LSL but not in SHW hens. In conclusion, despite differences in age, relative to predecessors the modern hen is adaptable to ingestion of structural material rich insoluble fiber without negative impact on egg production and feed intake.

Productive performance of Mexican Creole chickens from hatching to 12 weeks of age fed diets with different concentrations of metabolizable energy and crude protein

ObjectiveThe study aimed to evaluate the productive performance, carcass yield, size of digestive organs and nutrient utilization in Mexican Creole chickens, using four diets with different concentrations of metabolizable energy (ME, kcal/kg) and crude protein (CP, %).MethodsTwo hundred thirty-six chickens, coming from eight incubation batches, were randomly distributed to four experimental diets with the following ME/CP ratios: 3,000/20, 2,850/19, 2,700/18 and 2,550/17. Each diet was evaluated with 59 birds from hatching to 12 weeks of age. The variables feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG), feed conversion (FC), mortality, carcass yield, size of digestive organs, retention of nutrients, retention efficiency of gross energy (GE) and CP, and excretion of N were recorded. Data were analyzed as a randomized block design with repeated measures using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS, with covariance AR (1) and adjustment of degrees of freedom (Kendward-Roger), the adjusted means were compared with the least significant difference method at a significance level of 5%.ResultsThe productive performance variables BWG, mortality, carcass yield, fat and GE retention and excretion of N were not different (p>0.05) due to the diet effect. In the 3,000/20 diet, the chickens had lower values of FI, FC, crop weight, gizzard weight, retention, and retention efficiency of CP (p<0.05) than the chickens of the 2,550/17 diet.ConclusionThe Mexican Creole chickens from hatching to 12 weeks of age can be feed with a diet with 2,550 kcal ME and 17% CP, without compromising productive parameters (BWG, mortality, carcass yield) but improving retention and retention efficiency of CP.

Standardized ileal digestible amino acids and apparent metabolizable energy content in defatted black soldier fly larvae meal fed to broiler chickens

Standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) and apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen (AMEn) in defatted black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM) were determined in broiler chicks. A total of 180-d-old male broiler chicks (Ross 708) were fed a commercial broiler starter diet to day 13 of age. On day 14, birds were weighed and placed in cages (10 birds per cage; n = 6) and allocated one of two semi-purified cornstarch-based diets. The diets were nitrogen-free diet (NFD) for estimating endogenous AA losses and 20% crude protein test diet with BSFLM as the sole source of AA. All diets had 0.5% titanium dioxide (TiO2) as an indigestible marker and the ratio of cornstarch to sucrose and soy oil in the test diet was identical to NFD to calculate AMEn by difference method. Birds were given feed and water ad libitum. Excreta samples were collected on days 17–20 and ileal digesta on day 21. The SID of lysine, methionine, cysteine, threonine, isoleucine, and valine was 86.3%, 88.7%, 72.8%, 85.5%, 89.6%, and 88.6%, respectively. Apparent retention of gross energy in BSFLM was 64.5% ± 2.27% and AMEn was 2902 ± 101 kcal kg−1 dry matter. The data will aid in accurate incorporation of BSFLM in poultry feeding programs.

A dose–response study to evaluate the effects of pH-stable β-mannanase derived from Trichoderma citrinoviride on growth performance, nutrient retention, and intestine morphology in broiler chickens

The objective of this trial was to determine the optimal supplementation level of β-mannanase preparation enzyme from Trichoderma citrinoviride on growth performance, apparent total tract retention of nutrients and gut health of broiler chickens. A total of 600 broiler chickens (Ross 308) were randomly allotted to four treatments on the basis of similar body weight. The dietary treatments included a corn soybean-based diet supplemented with 0 (control), 1200, 2400, or 4800 MNU/kg β-mannanase preparation. The experimental diets were fed in crumbles in phase 1 (1 to 14 days) and pellets in phase 2 (15 to 35 days). The linear and quadratic contrasts were used to compare effects of increasing dietary β-mannanase preparation levels. The overall result indicated a linear increase (p < .01) in overall body weight gain and feed conversion ratio. The retention of N, GE, soluble none starch polysaccharide, and insoluble none starch polysaccharide linearly improved in the phase 1 and phase 2 (p < .05). A linear response to increasing dietary β-mannanase was demonstrated for the digesta viscosity (p < .01). Increasing β-mannanase level in the diets increased the concentration of mannose, galactose, and glucose in ileum and caecum. An increase in villus height of the jejunum with increasing dietary levels of β-mannanase was observed (linear, p < .05). In addition, villus height of the duodenum and the ileum tended to increase (linear; p = .06) and with increase in dietary β-mannanase. In conclusion, this β-mannanase has potential to improve the growth performance, apparent total tract retention of nutrients and gut health of broiler chickens fed a corn SBM-based diet.HighlightsDietary β-mannanase improved the growth performance of broiler chicks by increasing the retention of gross energy, soluble NSP and insoluble NSP.The viscosity of digesta in ileum was linearly increased as dietaryβ-mannanaselevel increased.An increase in villus height of the jejunum was observed with increasing dietary levels ofβ-mannanase.

β-Mannanase Derived from Bacillus Subtilis WL-7 Improves the Performance of Commercial Laying Hens Fed Low or High Mannan-Based Diets.

A trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary mannan level and β-mannanase supplementation on egg production performance, nutrient retention and blood metabolites of laying hens. Two hundred and forty Hy-Line Brown layers (52 wk-old) were randomly allotted to 6 treatments on the basis of laying performance. Each treatment had 8 replicates with 5 birds (40 birds per treatment). Laying hens were fed low or high mannan diets containing 0, 0.4 or 0.8 g β-mannanase/kg diet in a 2×3 factorial arrangement during 56 d feeding period. Laying hens fed diets supplemented with high β-mannanase level had greater (P<0.05) overall egg production, egg weight, egg mass, retention of gross energy, crude protein and mannan than hens fed the diets without β-mannanase. Laying hens fed diets without β-mannanase or supplemented with high β-mannanase level had greater (P<0.05) retention of dry matter than hens fed diets with low β-mannanase level. Moreover, laying hens fed high mannan diets had higher (P<0.05) feed intake and feed conversion ratio than that of hens fed low mannan diets. Furthermore, laying hens fed diets supplemented with a high level of β-mannanase had increased serum glucose (P<0.05) concentrations but these diets had no effect on total cholesterol, total protein or blood urea nitrogen. The results obtained in the present study indicate that a high mannan content in diets had adverse effect on the performance of laying hens and that dietary supplementation with β-mannanase has the potential to improve laying hen performance and nutrient retention.

Phosphorus utilization response of pigs and broiler chickens to diets supplemented with antimicrobials and phytase.

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the phosphorus (P) utilization responses of pigs and broiler chickens to dietary supplementation with antimicrobials and phytase and to determine if P digestibility response to phytase is affected by supplementation with antimicrobials. Experiment 1 used 4 diets (a basal negative control formulated to contain 0.41% total P and 0.71% calcium [Ca] without added antimicrobials, basal negative control with added carbadox, basal negative control with added tylosin, or basal negative control with added virginiamycin) and six 18-kg barrows in individual metabolism crates per diet. There was no effect of antimicrobials on P and Ca digestibility or retention. Carbadox supplementation increased (P < 0.05) digestibility and retention of gross energy (GE) and supplementation with tylosin increased (P < 0.05) N retention relative to the basal negative control diet. Experiment 2 used eight 19-kg barrows in individual metabolism crates per treatment and 9 dietary treatments arranged in a 3 × 3 factorial of antimicrobials (none, tylosin, or virginiamycin) and phytase (0, 500, or 1,500 FTU/kg). Phytase addition to the diets linearly increased (P < 0.05) apparent total tract digestibility or retention of P, Ca, nitrogen (N) and GE. Supplementation with antimicrobials did not affect apparent total tract digestibility or retention of P, Ca, N or GE. There were linear effects (P < 0.01) of phytase on Ca utilization in diets that were not supplemented with antimicrobials but only tendencies (P < 0.10) in diets supplemented with tylosin or virginiamycin. Phytase linearly improved (P < 0.05) N utilization in diets supplemented with tylosin or virginiamycin but not in diets without added antimicrobials. Experiment 3 was a broiler chicken experiment with the same experimental design as Exp. 2 but feeding 8 birds per cage and 10 replicate cages per diet. Antimicrobial supplementation improved (P < 0.05) feed efficiency and adding tylosin improved (P < 0.05) tibia ash but did not affect nutrient utilization. Dietary phytase improved (P < 0.01) growth performance, tibia ash and apparent ileal digestibility and retention of P regardless of antimicrobial supplementation. Overall, phytase supplementation improved growth performance and nutrient digestibility and retention, regardless of supplementation of diets with antimicrobials. Supplementation of diets with antimicrobials did not affect P digestibility or retention because of a lack of interaction between antimicrobials and phytase, there was no evidence that P digestibility response to phytase is affected by supplementation with antimicrobials.

Nutrient Digestibility and Metabolizable Energy Content of Mucuna pruriens Whole Pods Fed to Growing Pelibuey Lambs.

The nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance and in vivo metabolizable energy supply of Mucuna pruriens whole pods fed to growing Pelibuey lambs was investigated. Eight Pelibuey sheep housed in metabolic crates were fed increasing levels of Mucuna pruriens pods: 0 (control), 100 (Mucuna100), 200 (Mucuna200) and 300 (Mucuna300) g/kg dry matter. A quadratic (p<0.002) effect was observed for dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fibre (aNDF), nitrogen (N) and gross energy (GE) intakes with higher intakes in the Mucuna100 and Mucuna200 treatments. Increasing M. pruriens in the diets had no effect (p>0.05) on DM and GE apparent digestibility (p<0.05). A linear reduction in N digestibility and N retention was observed with increasing mucuna pod level. This effect was accompanied by a quadratic effect (p<0.05) on fecal-N and N-balance which were higher in the Mucuna100 and Mucuna200 treatments. Urine-N excretion, GE retention and dietary estimated nutrient supply (metabolizable protein and metabolizable energy) were not affected (p>0.05). DM, N and GE apparent digestibility coefficient of M. pruriens whole pods obtained through multiple regression equations were 0.692, 0.457, 0.654 respectively. In vivo DE and ME content of mucuna whole pod were estimated in 11.0 and 9.7 MJ/kg DM. It was concluded that whole pods from M. pruriens did not affect nutrient utilization when included in an mixed diet up to 200 g/kg DM. This is the first in vivo estimation of mucuna whole pod ME value for ruminants.

Nutrient digestibility and metabolizable energy content of Mucuna pruriens beans fed to growing Pelibuey lambs

The nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance and in vivo metabolizable energy supply of Mucuna pruriens beans fed to growing Pelibuey lambs were investigated. Eight Pelibuey sheep housed in metabolic crates were fed increasing levels of raw M. pruriens beans. Treatments according to Mucuna inclusion level (g/kg dry matter) were: 0 (control), 100 (Mucuna100), 200 (Mucuna200) and 300 (Mucuna300) g/kg dry matter. The control diet consisted of sorghum grain, soybean meal, Cynodon nlemfluensis grass hay and calcium carbonate. Dry matter (DM), N and gross energy (GE) intakes were similar (P>0.05) across treatments. Increasing M. pruriens beans in the diet resulted in a linear increase (P<0.005) in DM, N and GE apparent digestibility from 0.64, 0.57 and 0.64 to 0.73, 0.69 and 0.72 from 0 to 300 g Mucuna/kg DM respectively. There was no effect of inclusion level of M. pruriens bean on N retention (P>0.05), but GE retention coefficient increased (P<0.01) from 0.55 to 0.63 from diets of 0 to 300 g Mucuna/kg DM respectively. Nitrogen balance was positive and similar across all treatments (P>0.05). The DM, N and GE apparent digestibility coefficients of M. pruriens beans obtained using multiple regression equations were 0.89, 0.82 and 0.87 respectively. In vivo digestible (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) content of Mucuna bean were estimated as 14.1 and 12.6 MJ/kg DM respectively. It was concluded that raw M. pruriens beans ME value compares favorably with ME values of conventional feed resources. This is the first in vivo estimation of the ME value of Mucuna bean for ruminants.

D Lite의 수준별 첨가가 육계의 사양성적, 영양소 소화율, 도체성상 및 육질에 미치는 영향

본 연구는 규산염 광물질인 D Lite의 수준별 첨가가 육계의 사양성적, 영양소 소화율, 도체성상 및 육질에 미치는 영향에 대해 조사하기 위하여 평균 체중이 40 g인 육계(Ross종, 1일령) 640수를 공시하여 4처리 4반복 반복당 40두씩 완전임의 배치하였다. 각각의 처리구는 D Lite를 첨가하지 않은 무첨가 대조구, D Lite 0.15%, 0.30% 및 0.45% 첨가구로 나누고 전기(0~21일)와 후기(21~35일)로 나누어 총 5주간 사양 시험을 실시하였다. 시험 전 기간 동안 증체량 및 D Lite 0.15% 첨가구가 다른 처리구에 비해 증체량 및 사료 섭취량이 유의적으로 높게 나타났으며(p<0.05), 0.15% 이상의 수준에서는 증체량이 감소하는 것으로 나타냈다(p<0.001). 에너지 및 칼슘 소화율은 D Lite 0.15% 첨가구가 다른 처리구에 비해 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 도체성상, 장기 무게 및 가슴살 성분에서는 전처리구 간에 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않았다(p>0.05). 그러나 가슴살 TBARS 분석에서는 저장 8일째까지 전처리구간에 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않았으나(p>0.05), 저장 12일째 D Lite 첨가구가 대조구에 비해 유의적으로 낮게 나타냈으며(p<0.05), D Lite 첨가 수준이 증가할수록 가슴살의 산패도 억제 효과가 나타나는 것으로 관찰되었다(p<0.05). 따라서 이러한 결과를 종합해볼 때, 육계 사료 내 D Lite 0.15% 첨가는 증체량 및 영양소 소화율을 개선시키며, D Lite의 첨가는 가슴살의 산패도 억제 효과가 있는 것으로 판단된다. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of a silicate mineral (D Lite) on growth performance, nutrient retention, carcass characteristics and meat quality in broiler chicks. A total of 640 broiler chicks were randomly allotted to four dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design. Each treatment had four replicates comprising 40 broilers in each replicate. Dietary treatments were as follows: control (0% D Lite), and diets supplemented with 0.15%, 0.30% and 0.45% of D Lite. The starter and finisher diets were fed from d 0 to 21 and d 21 to 35, respectively. Body weight gain during starter (p<0.05), finisher (p=0.057) and overall (p<0.001) experimental period and feed intake (p<0.05) during starter period decreased quadratically with increasing dietary D Lite levels. The birds fed 0.15% D Lite showed the greatest (p<0.05) overall weight gain, feed intake and retention of gross energy and calcium. There were no differences (p>0.05) in carcass characteristics, organ weights and breast meat composition. However, as the level of D Lite was increased in the diet there was a linear decrease in the TBARS values of breast meat (p<0.05) at d 12 of storage. These results suggest that D Lite supplementation at the level of 0.15% is shown to be effective in improving performance and nutrient retention in broilers.

Effect of dietary protein level on growth and body composition of juvenile spotted sand bass, Paralabrax maculatofasciatus, fed practical diets

A preliminary feeding trial was made to determine the effect of dietary protein level on growth and body composition of juvenile spotted sand bass Paralabrax maculatofasciatus (9.5 g). Fish were randomly distributed in nine 600-l circular tanks (42 fish/tank), which were connected to a closed water recirculating system. Fish were fed practical diets for 93 days containing increasing protein levels (40%, 45%, and 50%). Significant lower weight ( P<0.05) was observed in fish fed the 40% protein diet (43.1 g) compared to fish fed higher proteins diets. Growth rates, evaluated by an exponential model Y= ae bX , and gross energy retention (GER) were significantly higher in fish fed the 45% and 50% protein diets than the fish fed the 40% diet ( P<0.05). No significant difference among dietary protein levels was detected for the other growth variables measured, nor for the proximate composition of the whole fish, liver, or muscle. The use of a practical diet containing at least 45% protein is appropriate for growth of spotted sand bass juveniles.

The effect of autoclaving a yeast culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on turkey poult performance and the retention of gross energy, and selected minerals

A study was conducted to determine the effects on nutrient retention in turkey poults fed a diet containing an untreated or autoclaved yeast culture (YC). Isonitrogenous and isocalorific diets consisting of corn-soybean meal (CS, control), CS + YC (10 g kg−1 XP yeast culture®, Saccharomyces cerevisiae) or CS + 10 g kg−1 autoclaved YC (CS + AYC; autoclaved at 121 °C and 0.8 kg cm−2 for 35 min) were fed to Wrolstad Medium White poults from Days 1 to 28. Between Days 21 and 28, the diets were marked with 3 g kg−1 chromic oxide and feed and excreta samples were collected between Days 26 and 28. The samples were analyzed for gross energy (GE), Ca, P, B, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, and Zn. The addition of the untreated and autoclaved yeast culture to the poult diets had no effect (P > 0.05) on weight gains or feed conversion measured between Days 1 and 28. There were increased (P < 0.05) retentions of dietary GE, Ca, P, B, K, Mg, and Mn observed only in poults fed the CS + YC diet when compared with the CS and CS + AYC diets. These results indicate that autoclaving impairs the ability of the YC to increase the utilization of selected nutrients in starting poults.

Effect of fermentable fructo-oligosaccharides on mineral, nitrogen and energy digestive balance in the rat

In the present study, we have assessed the apparent retention of gross energy, nitrogen and Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn and Cu in rats receiving a diet supplemented with fermentable fructo-oligosacharides with high and low degree of polymerization. Feeding 10% Raftilose ® (degree of polymerization: 4.8) or 10% Raftiline ® (degree of polymerization: 10) decreased to the same extent (a) the fecal excretion of all the minerals, despite an increase in total fecal mass excretion leading to an improvement of the absorption of Ca, Mg, Fe and Zn; (b) total gross energy absorption; and (c) led to an increase in the faecal excretion and to a decreased urinary excretion of nitrogen, suggesting a displacement of part of nitrogen excretion towards the large intestine. Feeding fermentable fructo-oligosaccharides may thus constitute a good way to counteract syndroms resulting from hyperammonemia or disturbed Fe, Ca, Mg and Zn homeostasis.

The effect of autoclaving a yeast culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on turkey poult performance and the retention of gross energy, and selected minerals

A study was conducted to determine the effects on nutrient retention in turkey poults fed a diet containing an untreated or autoclaved yeast culture (YC). Isonitrogenous and isocalorific diets consisting of corn-soybean meal (CS, control), CS + YC (10 g kg −1 XP yeast culture®, Saccharomyces cerevisiae) or CS + 10 g kg −1 autoclaved YC (CS + AYC; autoclaved at 121 °C and 0.8 kg cm −2 for 35 min) were fed to Wrolstad Medium White poults from Days 1 to 28. Between Days 21 and 28, the diets were marked with 3 g kg −1 chromic oxide and feed and excreta samples were collected between Days 26 and 28. The samples were analyzed for gross energy (GE), Ca, P, B, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, and Zn. The addition of the untreated and autoclaved yeast culture to the poult diets had no effect ( P > 0.05) on weight gains or feed conversion measured between Days 1 and 28. There were increased ( P < 0.05) retentions of dietary GE, Ca, P, B, K, Mg, and Mn observed only in poults fed the CS + YC diet when compared with the CS and CS + AYC diets. These results indicate that autoclaving impairs the ability of the YC to increase the utilization of selected nutrients in starting poults.

Age-dependent Changes of the Chemical and Energy Composition in Ducks During the First Eight Post-hatching Weeks

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Energy and Protein Utilization in Forages Fed to Dry Cows1,2

Four mature, nonlactating Holstein cows were fed wilted haycrop silage, urea-treated corn silage, field-cured hay, or dairy concentrate as the sole ration in a 4×4 Latin square design. Haycrops were harvested from the same fields; hay was cut June 15, 12 days after haycrop silage. Rations were offered just above maintenance; data were adjusted to equal metabolizable energy intake across rations. Corn silage and haycrop silage were 26 and 35% dry matter as fed. Only the forages are discussed in detail. Percentage of ingested gross energy and nitrogen lost in feces was higher for hay than for the silages. Gross energy excreted in urine was highest for haycrop silage and lowest for corn silage. Percentage of ingested nitrogen lost in urine was higher for haycrop silage than for hay or corn silage. Body retention of gross energy and nitrogen was higher with corn silage than with either haycrop. No differences were between rations in proportion of gross energy lost in methane or heat production. Digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen, and nitrogen-free extract, as well as total digestible nutrients, was higher for silages than for hay. Crude fiber digestibility was similar for all forages, but digestibility of ether extract was higher for silages than for hay. Apparent maintenance metabolizable energy requirements for corn silage, haycrop silage, and hay were 122, 121, and 132 kcalAg W.75. Efficiency of conversion of metabolizable energy to tissue (fat) was low for haycrop silage.