Retail Lighting Research Articles

Colour Preferences and Energy Consumption in Retail Lighting Applications

Colour preference and energy efficiency have long been considered significant characteristics that cannot be maximized simultaneously. Numerous investigations on colour preference and evaluation have been carried out. Sources with larger gamut generally enhance object chroma, which has been found to be preferred by previous studies, however, excessively large gamut may lower preference due to oversaturation. This paper describes a psychophysical experiment for the comparison of the colour preference evaluation among sources of different hue-specific chroma changes and how preference affects energy efficiency. A retail lighting application was created in two side-by-side presentations. A two-metric colour rendering system, consisting of average fidelity and gamut metrics, cannot fully describe colour quality and underscore the importance of a colour rendering graphic. Different spectras with the same correlated colour temperature, average fidelity and average gamut were implemented using an optimized spectral power distributions calculation in order to have systematic variation in gamut shape. Participants of different ages made preference assessments of chromatic objects in a forced-choice protocol, where they evaluated the pairs in a sequential mode. Specific colours strongly influenced participants’ assessments, indicating that gamut shape, additionally to gamut area, is an important component of predicting colour preference and energy efficiency.

Multi-Channel LED Luminaires: An Object-Oriented Approach for Retail Lighting Based on the SOR Framework

In this paper, a method to find the optimum spectrum for the illumination of objects in a retail environment is presented. A variety of familiar objects are illuminated with a number of illuminants of a predefined Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) of 3000 K, strategically selected from the entire range of metamers, which can be generated by the multi-channel luminaire under test. The solution space has been derived by solving basic colorimetric equations using a brute force method. In a paired comparison experiment, observers had to select the most “attractive” appearance for the presented objects. The results illustrate that objects may indeed appear more attractive for a statistically meaningful number of observers under a particular lighting condition. Assuming attractiveness of an object as a stimulus in the SOR framework, this approach facilitates the generation and the selection of the “optimum” spectrum based on the goals of the stakeholders in retail lighting applications.

Microbial Profile Evaluation of Beef Steaks From Different Packaging and Retail Lighting Display Conditions

To date, meat microbiology research has relied on culture-dependent methods. Amplicon sequencing technology provides a deeper look into the microbial community. This study set out to evaluate the bacterial community of fresh beef longissimus lumborum steaks exposed to retail packaging and display conditions. Four packaging treatments were assigned after fabrication 7 d postmortem: high-oxygen modified atmosphere packaging, overwrapped packages within a carbon monoxide tri-gas flushed motherbag, vacuum rollstock pouches, and traditional overwrap. After a 14-d dark storage, carbon monoxide motherbag overwrapped packages were removed from the motherbag, and packages were distributed to a retail lighting condition for 72 h of retail display: fluorescent, light emitting diode, or darkness. Aerobic plate count and psychrotrophic bacteria were enumerated, in addition to 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing of DNA for microbial profile investigation. Sampling occurred at fabrication (7 d), end of dark storage (20 d), and end of retail display (23 d). The V3–V4 regions of the 16S bacterial ribosomal RNA gene were sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq platform (Illumina, San Diego, CA). Counts for aerobic plate count bacteria differed by packaging (P = 0.039) but not lighting (P > 0.05). Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were the dominate phyla identified but were not affected by packaging or lighting (P > 0.05). Traditional overwrapped packages displayed in darkness and fluorescence had a higher abundance of Carnobacterium compared with those displayed under light emitting diode (P = 0.05). Dark-stored samples had more Pseudomonas compared with fluorescent display, regardless of packaging type (P = 0.03). While packaging and lighting conditions had a minimal impact on the community composition, these data positively contribute to a baseline establishing bacterial community profiles of fresh beef steaks subjected to retail display. This foundation suggests that further work is needed to understand whether shifts are more likely to occur during extended shelf life or in other retail beef display conditions.

An exploratory study of retail lighting with continuous modulation of color rendering properties to influence shoppers' spatial range of browsing

This study explores the possibility to dynamically modulate lighting spectra in a continuous manner such that luminous intensity remains constant but color rendering properties fluctuate as a function of time. The objective is for these changes to be subtle enough to not be consciously noticed by retail shoppers, but still stimulating enough so that colorful packaging designs will fluctuate in appearance so that shoppers' eyes may be subconsciously drawn randomly toward products just outside of a shopper's focus of attention. In this way, it is proposed that use of strategically modulated lighting conditions can, on average, increase shoppers' spatial range of browsing. An exploratory eye tracking study with 35 subjects was conducted. Results suggest a gender specific effect and demonstrate how lighting conditions can be used to partially neutralize this gender specific difference.

Human factors in retail lighting design: an experimental subjective evaluation for sales areas

ABSTRACTLighting design has direct relations on space perception, visual stimulus, spatial cognition and user behaviour in retail environments. Quantitative and qualitative perspectives in retail lighting design help to attract the customers, play a role on the time spent in the retail environments, experience the built environment and displayed merchandise and create a suitable corporate identity. This study seeks to broaden the body of research on relationships between human preferences and retail lighting design and aims to investigate the impact of human factors in retail lighting design by means of an experimental subjective approach for sales areas, establishing a connection between luminous environment perception, price perception and quality perception of displayed products. This research emphasizes the necessity of an appropriate lighting design strategy for retail environments and its impact on customer’s space perception.

Attention Guidance, Perceived Brightness and Energy Demand in Retail Lighting

Abstract The presentation of merchandise often happens undifferentiated with a high level of brightness causing high energy demand. For human perception this results in intense light pressure and risk of increased glare. We developed and investigated lighting concepts with various lighting distributions and colour contrasts which were investigated in a perception study. 30 participants rated homogeneous, zonal single-coloured and zonal colour-contrasted lighting scenes regarding their brightness impression at two 1:10 scale shop models. Compared to homogeneous reference lighting scenarios, the zonal lighting scenarios can be operated with about 30% reduced overall room illuminance values while being perceived as similar bright.

Modified Atmosphere Packaging Systems Influence Myoglobin Oxidation of Ground Beef in Led and Fluorescent Lighting

ObjectivesColor is the most important factor in decision making for the consumer in the retail setting. The objective of this study was to determine the color stability of ground beef patties under three different retail lighting conditions in three different packaging types.Materials and MethodsUSDA Choice chuck rolls were first ground through a coarse 10 mm plate and then reground through a fine 4.5 mm plate and then formed into 27 patties (113.4 g). Patties were then assigned into one of three packaging treatments: HO2–MAP (80% O2: 20% CO2), LO2–MAP (20% O2: 20% CO2: 60% N2), or overwrap with polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Then each packaging type was then assigned to deli cases (5°C) with one of three retail lighting conditions: low-UV fluorescent bulbs (FLO) with an average lux of 244, light emitting diode (LED) with an average lux of 732, and no light (DRK). Patties were removed on storage d 1, 3, 7, 10, and 14 for analysis of L* a* b*, lipid oxidation by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and percentage of myoglobin states. The entire experiment was replicated three times. Data was ran using the GLIMMIX fuction of SAS and significance was determined at P < 0.05.ResultsThere was an interaction between package type and storage day for L* (P < 0.0001). Patties packaged in HO2–MAP had an increase (P < 0.05) in L* through storage day but were similar to each subsequent day. L* increased (P < 0.05) on storage d 3, 7, and 10 for patties packaged in LO2–MAP. PVC patties had increase (P < 0.05) in L* from storage d 7 to 10. Patties packaged in HO2–MAP and LO2–MAP had higher (P < 0.05) L* values on storage d 3, 7, 10, and 14 than PVC. Package type had an affect (P < 0.0001) on a* where HO2–MAP > LO2–MAP > PVC, with averages on 15.88, 14.34, and 12.63, respectively. Lighting type also had an affect (P = 0.0005) on a* where DRK = FLO > LED, with averages of 15.32, 14.31, and 13.22, respectively. There was a decrease (P < 0.0001) in a* throughout storage day, 1 > 3 > 7 > 10 > 14, with averages of 23.56, 19.56, 12.98, 8.70, and 6.70, respectively. Lighting type did not affect (P = 0.1045) TBARS. TBARS decreased (P < 0.0001) throughout storage day where 1 < 3 < 7 < 10 < 14, with averages of 0.58, 0.98, 1.67, 2.60, and 4.07, respectively. Packaging had an effect on oxymyoglobin (OMb; P = 0.0012) where HO2–MAP = PVC > LO2–MAP (51.61, 50.84, and 49.45, respectively) and metmyoglobin (MMb; P = 0.0025) where LO2–MAP > HO2–MAP = PVC (47.21, 43.92, and 45.16, respectively). Oxymyoglobin values were impacted by storage day where storage d 1 = 3 > 7 > 10 = 14, with averages of 55.68, 54.6, 50.45, 46.48, and 45.95, respectively. Deoxymyoglobin (DMb) followed the same trend with storage d 1 = 3 > 7 > 10 = 14, with averages of 6.45, 6.33, 3.87, 1.63, and 1.42, respectively. Inversely, MMb increased over time with storage d 1 = 3 < 7 < 10 = 14, with averages of 37.87, 39.07, 45.68, 51.89, and 52.65, respectively. There were no differences between lighting type on OMb (P = 0.2410), DMb (P = 0.5229), or MMb (P = 0.2736) percentages.ConclusionThe use of HO2–MAP in retail settings will increase redness in ground beef patties regardless of lighting source, indicating that a movement toward LED lights in the retail setting will not be detrimental to discoloration in products packaged in HO2–MAP.

Retail lighting and packaging influence consumer acceptance of fluid milk

Little is known about the effect of retail light-emitting diode (LED) exposure on consumer acceptance of milk. The study objective was to determine effects of fluorescent and LED lighting under retail storage conditions on consumer acceptance of milk. Consumer acceptance of milk stored under retail conditions was determined through sensory evaluation (2 studies; n=150+ each) and analytical measures (dissolved oxygen, secondary oxidation products, riboflavin retention). Study 1 evaluated milk stored in high-density polyethylene (HDPE) packages for 4h under LED light (960 lx). Commercially available HDPE package treatments included translucent HDPE (most commonly used), white HDPE [low concentration (1.3%) TiO2], and yellow HDPE; in addition, HDPE with a higher TiO2 concentration (high white; 4.9% TiO2) and a foil-wrapped translucent HDPE (control) were tested. Translucent and control packages also were tested under fluorescent light. Study 2 evaluated polyethylene terephthalate (PET) packages for 4h under fluorescent and LED light (1,460 lx). The PET packaging included 2 treatments (medium, 4.0% TiO2; high, 6.6% TiO2) as well as translucent HDPE (exposed to fluorescent), clear PET (fluorescent and LED), and light-protected control. Overall mean acceptability of milk ranged from “like slightly” to “like moderately” with significantly lower acceptability for milk exposed to fluorescent light. Milk in HDPE and PET packages had comparable overall acceptability scores when exposed to LED light. Only the fluorescent light condition (both PET and HDPE) diminished overall acceptability. Fluorescent light exposure negatively influenced flavor with significant penalty (2.0–2.5 integers) to overall acceptability of milk in translucent HDPE and clear PET. The LED also diminished aftertaste of milk packaged in translucent HDPE. Changes in dissolved oxygen content, as an indication of oxidation, supported the observed differences in consumer acceptance of milk stored under fluorescent and LED light. Consumers like the flavor of fresh milk, which can be protected by selecting appropriate packaging that blocks detrimental light wavelengths.

0532 Comparing fluorescent and light-emitting diode (LED) retail lighting effects on consumer acceptability of fluid milk

0532 Comparing fluorescent and light-emitting diode (LED) retail lighting effects on consumer acceptability of fluid milk

Influence of novel retail lighting on the quality of coffee cream in different types of packaging

The degradation of coffee cream quality, in different packaging and exposed to different lamps, was evaluated. Coffee cream is often retailed in packaging highly permeable to light and oxygen with high surface-to-volume ratio; therefore, riboflavin-containing coffee cream is sensitive to photooxidative reactions. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) or sodium vapour lamps show lower emissions in the critical range for riboflavin-containing products, creating less excitation energy for riboflavin compared with fluorescent lamps. Parameters investigated were the oxygen content and the hexanal concentration in the packaging, as well as riboflavin degradation. The impact on these quality attributes was shown to be higher for coffee cream packaged in light- and oxygen-permeable packaging and when exposed to fluorescent lamps. The quality of dark-stored references was not affected during storage indicating light-induced quality deterioration. The application of LEDs or sodium vapour lamps proved able to maintain the quality of light exposed coffee cream for a longer time.

Retail lighting and textiles: Designing a lighting probe set

This paper investigates the interaction between retail lighting and textiles to provide retailers and lighting designers with a set of physical textile objects that can be used to test the visual effect of a lighting setting. Since the relationships between optical aspects of lighting–textiles interactions and subjective qualities associated with them have not been systematically investigated, we conducted two experiments to study those relationships. The first experiment concerned photometric measurements of textiles in order to categorize the reflectance types. The second experiment examined human observers’ judgments of a range of material-expressing qualities, such as shininess and softness, in two canonical types of lighting. The textiles for which the differences in those qualities were maximal were used in designing a lighting probe set.

Towards Prognostics &amp; Health Management in Lighting Applications

Philips Lighting’s revenue is largely influenced by the change from component supplier to supplier of systems, solutions and services. Philips Lighting differentiates from competition by providing high quality and reliable products as we learned in our traditional lighting business and which we continue in our actual LED lighting business. Reliable products start with understanding the physics-of-failure by using accelerated test approaches such as (Highly) Accelerated Life Testing. A classical reliability approach is to use the results from these tests, verified by failure analysis, to obtain conservative bounds from the failure models, and predict failure rates on a system level. A next step beyond this classical approach is to use data analytics in our installed base to determine degraded performance. The data for this analysis can come either from live connections to ‘intelligent’ systems, or from actively retracted (working) products from the field. This allows us to move into the prognostics (PHM) regime where a detailed understanding of failure mechanisms, usage scenarios, technology and design come together.Until recently costs for implementing PHM in Lighting products or systems was outranging possible cost benefits. Nowadays this is reversing rapidly by the exponential increasing impact of digitization and connectivity of the Lighting Systems. The impact is far beyond the impact on single products, but extends to an ever larger amount of connected systems. Continuously, more intelligent interfacing with the technical environment and with different kind of users is being built-in by using more and different kind of sensors, (wireless) communication, and different kind of interacting or interfacing devices. Especially in professional systems, where many years of use has to be warranted and where system size, cost and complexity are continuously increasing, PHM is required. Where online debugging and adding new features or functions is already common practice, PHM should provide tools to keep the system within its quality and reliability targets. In the presentation we show our road towards prognostics and demonstrate PHM work being done in different professional Lighting applications as Public Lighting, Office &amp; Industry Lighting and Retail Lighting. While data analytic tools are still premature, first results are achieved and improvement tracks are being defined. We will conclude with our strategy and vision on how to embed cost-effective PHM into lighting applications.

Colour-enhanced light emitting diode light with high gamut area for retail lighting

Light emitting diodes with high colour quality were investigated to enhance colour appearance and improve observers' preference for the illuminated objects. The spectral power distributions of the light emitting diodes were optimised by changing the ratios of the narrow band red, green and blue light emitting diodes, and the phosphor-converted broad-band light emitting diode to get the desired colour rendering index and high gamut area index. The influence of the light emitting diode light on different coloured fabrics was investigated. The experimental results and the statistical analysis show that by optimising the red, green, blue components the light emitting diode light can affect the colour appearance of the illuminated fabrics positively and make the fabrics appear more vivid and saturated due to the high gamut area index. Observers indicate a high preference for the colours whose saturations are enhanced. The results reveal that the colour-enhanced light emitting diode light source can better highlight products and improve visual impression over the ceramic metal halide lamp and the phosphor-converted light emitting diode light source.

Exploring the Effects of Lighting on Consumer Responses in a Retail Environment using 3D Walk-Through Animation

Background The primary purpose of this study is to empirically explore how lighting affects consumers’ visual experiences in a retail environment. Lighting designs can both attract consumers’ attention and interest in the merchandise and positively affect consumers’ behavioral intentions. Despite its potential, the impact of retail lighting on consumer perception, emotion, satisfaction, and intention has rarely been examined. Methods The current experimental research followed a 2 x 2 factorial design to identify the effects of contrast and color temperature of display lighting in a retail environment. Four different lighting conditions set in an electronics retail store were developed in a high-fidelity 3D computer simulation and tested using a large screen for a more life-like experience. Results The findings of this study indicate that both the contrast and color temperature of lighting influence subjects’ attention and arousal, whereas only the contrast of lighting influences pleasure and intention. Conclusion This study demonstrates the effects of contrast and color temperature of lighting on subjects’ perceptions and psychological responses. The contributions made by the study include new knowledge about retail lighting, focusing on consumers’ psychological responses, and thereby providing practical guidelines for designers and retailers to effectively plan display lighting in retail environments.

Review of retail store lighting: implications for colour control of products

Lighting variables directly impact all areas of colour science. Lighting is of critical concern to the effective and consistent control of the perceived colour of all products. It is therefore important that all stakeholders involved in managing a commercial supply chain, including product design, colour standards development, manufacture and point of sale, work to understand and control the lighting environment during each stage of a product’s life cycle. New examples of lighting variability in a small and large US retail chain store are presented to illustrate key concepts. Some of the recent published work on retail lighting is reviewed, as well as some of the likely future directions of retail lighting in terms of environmental and technology development.

New Advancements in Medium Wattage Ceramic Metal Halide Lamps

A family of medium wattage ceramic discharge metal halide (CDM) lamps operating on magnetic ballasts was introduced several years ago to the North American market. These medium wattage (MW) lamps (175W – 400W) provide excellent color consistency, high color rendering properties, and long life. However, due to tungsten sputtering and evaporation, wall blackening and consequent lumen reduction is inevitable at late life. Moreover, the efficacy for these lamps is typically in the moderate range of 90 lumens per watt.In this article we present the new technically advanced medium wattage ceramic discharge metal halide lamps that operate on new efficient electronic ballasts. The features and performance for these technically advanced MW ceramic lamps are compared with the three existing metal halide lamps; probe-start (also known as switch-start) quartz metal halide lamp, pulse-start quartz metal halide lamp, and the first generation ceramic metal halide lamp. By utilizing new chemical fillings and an optimized arc tube shape, the new MW ceramic metal halide lamps have high efficacy up to 123 lumens per watt, excellent lumen maintenance, and long service life. The typical color rendering index (CRI) is 90 and the saturated red color index (R9) is 40 or higher. Furthermore, the lamps are compact and suitable for universal operation, which are desirable for improving optical performance and overall fixture efficiency. The lamps are dimmable to 50 percent of the nominal power. With these new and improved features, the next generation of energy efficient MW CDM lamps is ideal for general lighting applications including outdoor, high bay industry, public spaces, and retail lighting.

A Narrow Beam Reflector for a Two-Dimensional Array of Power Light Emitting Diodes

A major problem in solid state lighting is the limited flux emitted by a single power light emitter diode (LED). This flux is insufficient for most lighting applications. A possible solution is using not one but an array of LEDs as a light source. However, the optical control of the flux emitted by such a spatially extended and inhomogeneous light source is difficult, especially if a narrow beam of light is desired and the optics have to be compact. In this paper we discuss a compact narrow beam reflector that enables a two dimensional array of power LEDs to act as a light source for spot lighting in domestic and retail lighting.

Retail Store Lighting for Elderly Consumers: An Experimental Approach

The study presents an investigation of the influence of the color of light on readability by figure to background value contrast, color perception, and overall room‐light estimation for elderly consumers in an experimental setting representing a retail store. A factorial design with repeated measures was used to identify the impact of three independent variables: (a) lamp color temperatures, (b) lamp color‐rendering properties, and (c) age of the participants. The results show that older adults perceived the higher color temperature light source as less cool than did younger adults. Older adults rated their level of comfort and preference higher than the younger participants under all lighting conditions. Regarding readability, higher color‐rendering light sources provide better readability, and older adults have more difficulty with warmer lighting when value contrasts were reduced. Implications from this study can be applied to retail lighting techniques to attract elderly consumers.

Evaluation of Retail Lighting

(1995). Evaluation of Retail Lighting. Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society: Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 33-49.

Trends in retail lighting

Lighting is a highly sophisticated and powerful industry with an increasing number of manufacturers and design consultants. Yet many retailers still do not realise the importance of treating lighting as part of an overall design approach — or the need for “separation” that is, concentrating on lighting the merchandise as opposed to the shop walls.