Retail Evolution Research Articles

КЛАССИФИКАЦИЯ ВИДОВ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ ТОРГОВЛИ И ФОРМАТОВ РОЗНИЧНЫХ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЙ В УСЛОВИЯХ ЦИФРОВОЙ ТРАНСФОРМАЦИИ

This article examines the dialectic of the retail services market in the context of the evolution of the digital society and the cyclical development of the economy. Particular attention is paid to the historical retrospective of the development of trade forms and formats of retail enterprises since the 17th–18th centuries. The key stages of trade transformation are noted: from the emergence of supermarkets in the early 20th century to the development of modern formats such as hypermarkets and discounters. In addition, the evolution of domestic retail is examined, starting from the Soviet period and ending with the current state of the market, where large chains dominate. The factors influencing the choice of store format and their impact on the competitiveness of retail chains are considered.

The transformation of the commercial activities in West African metropolises: the case of Dakar (Senegal)

The evolution of retail unquestionably justifies the growing interest shown by research in this essential function of the economic system of metropolises, particularly in West Africa. In Dakar, the reshaping of the commercial space has attracted the interest of the government, researchers and economic players, especially in recent years, following the arrival of French food retailers, Auchan in particular. This situation has begun to reshape the structure of retailing, sparking fear among local small-scale retailers, who are adopting adaptive strategies. After all, commerce is both an economic and a social foundation for thousands of manages, including women. While markets, local stores and street stalls continue to be the preferred places for the majority of Dakar residents to do their shopping, the breakthrough of Auchan supermarkets is real for consumers, who are regaining freedom of choice in their purchasing actions.

Food retailing in developing economies: Review of empirical insights and new directions

AbstractFood retailing in developing economies has undergone significant transformations over the past three decades. Progressing in three waves across regions like Latin America, Asia, Africa, and beyond, food retailers have transitioned from traditional open markets to modern supermarkets akin to those in more developed economies. In this article, we provide an overview of the structure of food retailing in developing economies and examine the empirical literature that delves into the reasons behind the evolution of retailers in developing countries worldwide, as well as their impact on suppliers and consumers. We propose avenues for future research, building upon an empirical framework that recognizes the consumer‐driven nature of retail evolution and how the structure of retailing develops as an equilibrium outcome within a dynamic, imperfectly competitive environment. In conclusion, we identify significant gaps in the existing empirical literature and shed light on emerging questions that are likely to gain importance in the future. [EconLit Citations: D43, L13, M31].

Do Retail Evolution Theories Explain Wholesalers’ Responses in Emerging Economies? Evidence from a Wholesale Market in Northern India

Traditional retail markets, such as wholesale markets, continue to be a significant distribution channel across emerging economies. These channel intermediaries are facing unprecedented changes in their retail environments and responding to them to endure. However, these responses are not adequately captured in the extant literature. This study attempts to fill this gap by documenting the responses of wholesalers in one of the oldest markets in northern India and mapping their responses to theories of retail change. The study uses a qualitative approach consisting of in-depth, semi-structured interviews and direct observations. Five themes, that is, the business-mix shift, business expansion and diversification, additional services, improved infrastructure and use of technology, emerged from the wholesalers’ responses to the changes in the retail environment. These responses can be mapped back to four popular retail change theories. Cumulatively, these theories can explain all the responses by wholesalers; however, none of the retail change theories in isolation is sufficient to explain all responses. This study contributes to understanding the evolution and change of a traditional retail marketing system. It also presents a few interesting questions for future research.

Mobile-assisted showrooming behavior and the (r)evolution of retail: The moderating effect of gender on the adoption of mobile augmented reality

The intensive use of smartphones at physical stores has given rise to an increasingly common behavior among omnichannel consumers known as mobile-assisted showrooming (MAS). One of the technologies with the greatest capacity to engage MAS consumers at brick-and-mortar stores is mobile augmented reality (MAR). Studying this combination of customer technology (smartphone) and store technology (MAR) is thus key to reviving physical retail. In this context, this paper tests a Cognitive-Affective-Normative model to explain the intention of MAS consumers to use MAR in a physical store and analyze the moderating effect of gender on this relationship. The model is tested on a sample of 388 MAS men and 417 MAS women. The results show that the main antecedents for MAS men come from the model's cognitive dimension (“performance expectancy,” “effort expectancy”), while MAS women's acceptance is most conditioned by the cognitive dimension (“performance expectancy”) and normative dimension (“social influence”). These findings have theoretical implications for reviving the physical retail sector taking gender differences into account.

Evolution of retail in Russia

This study purpose was to investigate the historical evolution of trade in Russia, spanning three distinct periods: pre-Soviet, Soviet, and post-Soviet eras. In the article authors analyzed the shifts and continuities in Russia’s trade landscape over time and understand how historical patterns influence contemporary trade dynamics. Authors used methods of data collection from primary sources, including archival research and economic statistics, supplemented by a review of scholarly literature. Both qualitative and quantitative analyses were conducted to extract insights into trade practices, regulations, and economic conditions. The results reveal significant transitions, including the dominance of state-controlled trade during the Soviet era and the emergence of retail chains in recent years. Retail chains have evolved to assume distribution functions, blurring the lines between trade and production. In conclusion, this historical analysis elucidates the historical context of Russia’s trade practices, offering insights into its economic evolution. Understanding the impact of historical events on trade structures provides valuable perspectives for comprehending contemporary trade dynamics in Russia.

Elevating Consumer Decision Journey to Increase Consumer Loyalty in Tokopedia and Shopee for PT. SNACK LEZAT Products

Southeast Asia region's digital service growth trend is accelerating, with 60% of new digital users joining in the previous two years. This has an effect on e-commerce sales, which have risen quickly in recent years and are expected to rise further. Edible groceries in Indonesia are expected to increase with compounded annual growth rate 16.9% between 2022 - 2027. This growth is in line with the retail evolution from traditional market, modern market, to digital market PT. SNACK LEZAT is a global snack company and currently is focusing on e-commerce channels that still in an early stage of development and the sales are largely dependent on promotional periods. This research aims to identify the stages of the consumer decision journey to loyalty, so the right marketing strategy can be formulated and increase the repeat buyers to create a higher and sustained sales baseline. This research methodology was carried out using qualitative in-depth interviews and netnography. In-depth interviews were conducted with eight respondents, four of whom had purchased PT. SNACK LEZAT and four of whom had never purchased PT. SNACK LEZAT product. Netnography is carried out using the word cloud analysis based on product reviews in Shopee and Tokopedia platforms. The findings of this study reveal the expectations of each stage in consumer decisions journey to determine purchases on e-commerce platforms.

ИННОВАЦИОННЫЕ СИСТЕМЫ ОБРАБОТКИ ДАННЫХ И АНАЛИТИКИ ДЛЯ РАСШИРЕНИЯ ВОЗМОЖНОСТЕЙ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ПАРТНЕРСКИМИ И КЛИЕНТСКИМИ ОТНОШЕНИЯМИ

Over the past few years, there has been a shift in commerce technologies from multichannel to omnichannel, and more recently to converged. The article analyzes the evolution of consumer preferences, retail and branded commerce ecosystems, some ways they develop and the opportunities they provide, the consequences for organizations to successfully build relationships with customers. Recommendations have been proposed for the development and implementation of a strategy for creating a convergent ecosystem. It is concluded that taking into account the measurability and the possibility of understanding the needs of customers, the importance of developing ecosystem interpenetration of related products is strategically important for most companies, and I understand that more and more of them are strengthening their position in the market.

The impact of COVID-19 on the evolution of online retail: The pandemic as a window of opportunity

Pandemic-related shocks have induced an unexpected volatility into the evolution of online sales, making it difficult for retailers to cope with frequently occurring, drastic changes in demand. Relying on a socio-technical approach, the purpose of this paper is to (a) offer a deeper insight into the driving forces of online sales during the pandemic, and (b) investigate whether pandemic-related shocks accelerate the long-term growth of online retail. Novel, high-frequency data on GPS-based population mobility and government stringency is used to demonstrate how time spent in residential areas and governmental restrictions drive the monthly evolution of online sales in 23 countries. We deconstruct these effects into three main phases: lure-in, lock-in, and phase-out. Lastly, using time series analysis, we show that the pandemic has induced a level shift into the long-term growth trend of the online retail sector in the majority of countries investigated.

Mobile Augmented Reality: The (R)Evolution of Retail in the Omnichannel Era

Mobile Augmented Reality: The (R)Evolution of Retail in the Omnichannel Era

An Evolutionary Historical Perspective of Pakistan Retail Fashion Industry

This study seeks to capture the evolution (emergence, diffusion, and transformation) of the retail fashion industry in Pakistan from largely unorganized to modern commerce retail. In particular, it strives to understand this evolution of "collective activity" as conceptualized by Regina Blaszczyk in terms of interactions among enterprise, culture, consumer, and commerce in the context of emerging economies with an emphasis on past two decades 1998-2018. Narrative analysis is built from Project oral histories (16 in-depth interviews from various experts as well as ordinary consumers, who lived through and witnessed the evolution), supplemented by newspapers, magazines, web articles, and archives. The study demonstrates various political, cognitive, socio-cultural challenges and opportunities faced by early designers/retailers. It also establishes popular culture profound influence in the dissemination of fashion and branding the industry despite political upheavals. Although limited to the Pakistani case, this research outlines the founding feature of the flourishing fashion retail industry in emerging economies and the role of popular culture in the nourishment of creative industries. The evolution of fashion retail in South East Asia in general and Pakistan, in particular, has received very little scholarly attention. The historical analysis contributes a unique perspective in understanding drivers of this evolution as not consumers themselves but the ones who played an active role in the creation of the retail fashion industry in Pakistan build through historical narrative.

Four decades as a downtown professional

Downtown rejuvenation has matured as an industry and a profession. Downtown practitioner Gary Ferguson has served in the field of downtown place management and development for over four decades. This paper presents a synopsis of this 40-year journey, reflecting on four categories of professional reference: salient trends, professional lessons, concerns for the future and observations about the profession. The author notes that 40 years ago the work of downtown rejuvenation was a blossoming industry, melded from marketing, economic development, chambers of commerce and private industry. By 2021, the work of downtown rejuvenation and place making has become its own bona fide profession. Among the topics surveyed are gentrification and the lack of middle market housing opportunities, the dizzying evolution of retail and its impact on downtown centres, and the unending and constant change that occurs in downtown districts. The author reflects upon the continued strength of suburbia, even during the resurgence and boom of the downtown district across the globe. He also notes the importance of partnerships and community champions in fostering strong success in the downtown revitalisation and the critical role of strategic planning in guiding downtown rejuvenation over the long term. The evolution of place making is also addressed. Forty years ago, place making was considered a frivolous and soft exercise; today place making is regarded as a fundamental part of a successful economic development strategy.

Retail change in a context of an overtourism city. The case of Lisbon

Purpose The excess of tourism in some destinations has led to the discussion of overtourism. One of the sectors that most interacts with tourism is retail, a key element in the experience lived by tourists. The purpose of this paper is to analyse how retail evolves in a context of an overtourism city, how it relates with touristification and what are the elements that best characterise such evolution and relation. Design/methodology/approach This research is based on a case study, using the main historic city centre of Lisbon for that purpose. Fieldwork was developed by the author to collect information about the commercial fabric and its main characteristics. Findings The findings show a clear adaptation of the commercial fabric of the analysed area to the tourism industry. Furthermore, the author unfolded that the change of retail is towards a consumption environment based on leisure, involving the adaptation of the public space into terraces, and on the thematisation of stores, using elements seen as “authentically” Portuguese, which bestows on theses spaces a sort of certification of quality and authenticity. Originality/value The mere reference to the homogenisation of the retail fabric is too simple to explain the richness and variety of elements imbedded in the process of retail change in a context of excessive tourism and touristification. In this paper, the author produced novel knowledge by analysing the elements that embody the evolution of retail in such a context.

Retail Evolution in Eastern European Countries: An Overview

Retail has evolved a lot in the last years. Still, compared to more mature markets (such as US, UK, Germany, France, Sweden, the Netherlands), retail in Eastern European countries is less developed, with more balanced supply and demand. According to GfK’s report on European Retail in 2018, in 2017 there was a slight increase (+1.9 percent) in the purchasing power within the European Union (EU28) countries, Romania having the biggest increase (+7.8 percent) [1]. However, Romania’s low per capita purchasing power shows a gap in wealth levels across Europe. Huge differences between Western and Eastern Europe are visible also in terms of per capita values for retail space. Thus, the purpose of this descriptive research study is to analyze and compare how retail has evolved during recent years in Eastern European countries, with the help of several indicators. Data was collected from Eurostat and other industry reports. Results show that in EU28 countries the turnover in wholesale and retail trade has constantly grown (between 2011-2016), trend visible also in Bulgaria and North Macedonia. Per capita sales area increased too (between 2014-2017) in most Eastern European countries. This positive trend is visible also for retail turnover per m2 of sales area in all countries considered, although there are differences among them (with Bulgaria and Romania ranked the lowest and Cyprus and Greece the highest).
 Keywords: Retail, Eastern Europe, secondary data, indicators

Specialisation of retail streets as a result of an evolutionary process

ABSTRACT This article analyses the historical formation of the specialised retail street Santa Ifigênia (São Paulo, Brazil), and links it with concepts based on an evolutionary framework. Testing of the theory is based on historical data of firms from 1857 to 2010. The research has found that the current specialisation in the electro-electronic sector (from the 1940s onwards) is the third one that has taken place in the street, replacing the previous fashion sector (between the 1910s and the 1940s), which in turn outcompeted the original specialisation of the food sector (from the 1870s to the 1910s). It also highlights the historical and contingent events that changed the trajectories of the retail evolution of the street.

Retailing, Consumers, and Territory: Trends of an Incipient Circular Model

The aim of this theoretical research is to analyze the state of retail distribution nowadays, reviewing the dynamics of action that contribute to the move from a linear to an incipient circular retail model. The framework is based on the Retail Wheel Spins Theory and the Retail Life Cycle (RLC), with an extra review of Bauman’s liquid metaphor. We consider two questions. Firstly, are offline retailers ready to disappear as online commerce and digital marketing aggressively break into the retail industry? Secondly, could commercial spaces (in the fifth stage in the evolution of retail and territory) be in the decline stage in the RLC in the near future or can a circular connection take place? Thus, a desk research methodology based on secondary documentary material and sources issued leads to an interpretive analysis that reveals ten trends (e.g., solid retail vs. liquid retail; glocal retail; food sovereignty) and a wide diversity of changes that could involve offline stores recovering territory and entering a circular phase. Our findings suggest that digitalized physical stores are flourishing and our reflections augur changes in pace and the closure of the linear business cycle to recover territory, the city, its local market, and its symbolism, as well as a liquid business steeped in omnichannel formats developing an incipient circular movement. Conclusions indicate that it is possible to perceive a timid change back to territory and retail spaces which, along with phygitalization, will coexist with the digital world.

Service ecosystem perspective in the retail industry

Purpose of the paper: This conceptual paper explains how the retail concept (latent concept) emerges as an ecosystem through the generation of institutional arrangements and, for this reason, through the evolution of specific institutions that affect the retail concept and the actors involved. Methodology: The study is based on the Service-Dominant Logic (S-D Logic) and Viable System Approach (VSA) frameworks. The S-D Logic framework is applied in order to define institutions and institutional arrangements surrounding the ecosystem, and the VSA framework helps to explain the “emergent” nature of the ecosystem resulting from institutional arrangements. Results: The identification of relevant institutions and institutional arrangements within the retail concept highlights the emergence of the retail concept as an ecosystem from the service perspective. Research limitations: The proposed approach in this conceptual paper could be enriched with other theoretical perspectives and empirical explorations. Practical implications: In the process of retail evolution, it is useful for practitioners to manage a systemic view of the retail concept following the ecosystem paradigm because it provides a framework for understanding the entangled relationships among the industrial production, agriculture, logistics, distribution and consumption sectors that integrate resources and exchange value belonging to the same retail system. They follow the shared purpose of surviving and co-creating value through different actors in the market. Originality of the paper: The ecosystem paradigm is used to explain the latent concept of retail and to express the process of interaction among a multiplicity and variety of emerging institutions through resource integrations in the retail market.

Varejo no Brasil – Resgate Histórico e Tendências

Objetivo: Este estudo faz um resgate histrico sobre a evoluo do varejo no Brasil, retratando a trajetria do comrcio varejista desde a descoberta do ouro no interior at os dias atuais, fazendo um paralelo entre as mudanas sociais, econmicas e polticas no pas e as transformaes por que passou o varejo no decorrer desse processo. Mtodo: O estudo foi desenvolvido por meio de extensa pesquisa bibliogrfica em livros, teses, dissertaes, artigos cientficos e peridicos nacionais e internacionais, sob uma perspectiva histrica e um formato cronolgico e descritivo, enfatizando momentos emblemticos para a evoluo varejista no Brasil. Originalidade/relevncia: Este estudo preenche uma lacuna na literatura de marketing sobre a histria do varejo no Brasil, contribuindo para o incremento de novas perspectivas de estudo na rea, lanando luzes sobre aspectos pouco conhecidos do varejo no Brasil. Resultados: O artigo retrata a trajetria do comrcio varejista no Brasil at os dias atuais, descrevendo a evoluo ao longo do tempo. O estudo mostra as transformaes que as novas tecnologias imprimem ao setor, evidenciando o entretenimento e a experincia de compra como os novos indutores para o varejo. Contribuies tericas/metodolgicas: A pesquisa em marketing e negcios sob a perspectiva histrica amplia as possibilidades de pesquisa por meio de novas fontes, problemas e abordagens, contribuindo para expandir as oportunidades de anlise e teorizao no ambiente organizacional. Preenche uma lacuna na literatura sobre varejo no Brasil, dada a escassez de estudos de cunho acadmico na rea de Cincias Sociais Aplicadas sobre o tema com uma perspectiva histrica.

An Economic Model of the Evolution of Food Retail and Supply Chains from Traditional Shops to Supermarkets to E‐Commerce

AbstractFood retail has been in continuous evolution for the past century—both in developing and developed countries—from local traditional stores to supermarkets to e‐commerce. In this paper we analyze the evolution of food retail by building a store choice equilibrium model and providing an illustrated discussion. The patterns in retail in any given time and place of different types of stores (such as traditional shops, supermarkets, and online e‐commerce) depend on two main factors. The first are consumers’ characteristics such as income, tastes, and travel costs of going to different stores and/or shipping costs if purchasing online. The second are the stores’ cost structures, which include item costs from upstream producers, the costs of procurement supply chains (beyond the cost of the item) for perishable items, and the costs of in‐store storage. We show under what conditions in equilibrium the different retail types exist and which can become dominant, and what types of goods (dry packaged foods versus perishables) are distributed by what type of retailers.

The evolving retail structure of mexico city

A recent economic census of Mexico City reveals the complexity of the retail structure, in terms of stores, sales, and location of its various components, ranging from public markets to traditional retail streets to more modern innovations like shopping malls and power centers. Data from an origin–destination survey for transportation identifies the characteristics of customers for various destinations, and permit us to position the city within a general sequence of retail evolution, roughly linked to income, hence level of economic development. Traditional locations such as downtown, the public markets, and retail shopping streets, have a long history in the city and largely serve the low-income population. More modern retail developments such as shopping centers, supercenters, and power retail have recently emerged to serve the well-to-do. This bifurcation of retail facilities and their clients is exacerbated by the extreme income inequality in the city, and by the fact that the automobile has become a fundamental indicator of social class in Mexico City. Without a car, the household depends on the elements of traditional retail—public markets and nearby retail streets—whereas households with a car are able to shop in the facilities of modern retail: supercenters, shopping centers, and big box stores.