Results Of T-test Research Articles

Police officer occupational health: a model of organizational constraints, trauma exposure, perceived resources, and agency

BackgroundPolice officers constitute a work force at high risk due to their highly demanding work conditions. In a realistic paradigm, these conditions, and other determinants of their psychological health, can be linked to a multitude of variables that interplay altogether. However, current literature that simultaneously models–quantitatively from observed data–such a multitude of variables is sparse. This study took upon this objective to further theoretical and applied understandings through a measurement framework on empirical data, and allow the data to drive some features of model development, such as variable groupings into factors, and paths between factors.MethodsA total of 1312 officers from various police bureaus fully responded to a questionnaire composed of validated instruments for assessing factors related to psychological and occupational health, consisting of more than 25 variables. Statistical analyses were performed in progressing complexity, namely t-tests, correlations, multiple regression, factor analysis, and path analysis with latent factors.ResultsThe regression analysis identified 10 significant variables, in which decision latitude, organizational justice, and work recognition/meaning were the most protective, and these 10 variables coincided with those found significant in the t-test and correlational results. In higher complexity, the latent path analysis resulted in a model of 6 factors: Psychological Health, Organizational Constraints, Trauma Exposure, Perceived Resources, Sense of Agency, and Esteem. Organizational Constraints (β = -0.32, inferred by psychological demands and role conflict), Perceived Resources (β = 0.31, social support, a self/work-esteem subfactor, and organizational justice), Sense of Agency (β = 0.30, decision latitude, hierarchical position, right to carry a firearm), and Trauma Exposure (β = -0.14, frequency/time since event, used a firearm, years of service) were found significantly associated with Psychological Health. Within each factor, specific variables could be identified as the most associated, such as role conflict for constraints, self/work-esteem for resources, decision latitude for agency, and frequency of and time since trauma for trauma exposure. Our results therefore encourage us to take into account not only agency, but also past professional experiences in models for managing well-being.ConclusionsProviding police officers with social support at work, recognition, work meaning, fair proceedings and pay (organizational justice, especially for female and young officers), decision-making power (decision latitude), and minimizing conflictual information and procedures (role conflict) is of utmost importance. Officers with higher years of service, working in lower population cities, and who recently used their firearm, should be considered for trauma counseling. The degree of psychological demands of police officers should be regularly assessed, and reduced if possible. Reminders of support and integration in the force for officers with variables linked to a perceived lack of agency may be useful in their facing work challenges. Future integrative modeling research may be crucial to better understanding the relative contribution of each variable and their interplay in realistic settings, providing also a framework for measurement.

Enhancing Middle School Teachers' Competence through Training and Mentoring in Artificial Intelligent Technology

SMP Negeri 3 Selat is located in Duda Utara, Selat District, Karangasem Regency, Bali Province, Indonesia. Situational analysis shows that most teachers have not utilized artificial intelligence (AI) technology optimally in education. In fact, artificial intelligence technology has the potential to help teachers' work in improving the quality of learning. The purpose of this study was to see the effectiveness of training and mentoring activities in improving teacher knowledge about AI technology and its utilization, as well as improving teacher skills in utilizing AI technology for compiling learning administration; designing learning processes and compiling teaching materials. The data used were primary data from training and mentoring participants consisting of 20 teachers of SMP Negeri 3 Selat. The data were in the form of quantitative data, namely pretest and posttest scores. The data analysis stage began with a plot of pretest and posttest scores and a bar chart plot of grouped data, both of which showed a significant increase in scores after being given intervention in the form of training and mentoring. Paired t-test. To see how big the effect of the training and mentoring intervention was, Cohen's effect size was calculated, the percentage change in pretest and posttest scores. The paired t-test results show that there is a significant difference between the pretest and posttest scores. Based on Cohen's size, it was found that the training and mentoring intervention had a very strong effect on changes in pretest and posttest scores. In addition, it was also found that the percentage of changes in pretest and posttest was 106.85% and it can be 95% certain that the average posttest score in the population is estimated to be 32.76 to 45.24 points higher than the average pretest score, due to the intervention in the form of training and mentoring. This is reinforced by the pretest and posttest difference plot showing that there was a significant increase in scores after the intervention.

Examining the impact of cultural literacy on students' attitudes of tolerance towards diversity

This study aims to identify the influence of cultural literacy on students' understanding of attitudes of tolerance towards diversity. This quasi-experimental study was conducted using a post-test-only control group design. This study was conducted in an elementary school in Bali involving groups of fourth-grade students, who were students from two different classes and selected using statistical matching techniques. One group became the experimental group, and the other became the control group. The research data were collected using an understanding test of attitudes of tolerance towards diversity. The post-test was given to the two groups after the experimental group had been taught cultural literacy, and the control class was taught using conventional materials commonly used by teachers for eight meetings. The results of the post-test were analyzed quantitatively using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, and Cohen’s d. From the results of the descriptive statistical analysis, it was found that students in the control class had better average scores in terms of understanding attitudes of tolerance towards diversity than the control group. The results of the independent t-test showed that the difference in the average value was proven to be significant. Furthermore, the results of the effect size test also showed that cultural literacy has a large and significant influence on students' understanding of attitudes of tolerance towards diversity. Thus, from these results, it can be concluded that cultural literacy is effective in improving students' understanding of attitudes of tolerance towards diversity.

Investigating the Impact of the Hospital Information System on the Performance of Management Units at Pasteur Hospital in Bam from the Perspective of Managers

Background: The Hospital Information System (HIS) is a comprehensive information management system in hospitals that plays a significant role in the quality of managers' decisions. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the impact of the HIS on the performance of management units at Pasteur Hospital in Bam from the managers' perspective in the year 2023. Method: The present study was an applied, descriptive, and cross-sectional study conducted in 2023. The performance of management units was examined in three clinical, human resources, and financial indicators. The study population consisted of all the managers at Pasteur hospital in Bam at three levels: executive, middle, and top management, who were entered into the study through a census (38 individuals). Information was collected using a standardized questionnaire, and for data analysis, SPSS 27 software and appropriate descriptive and analytical statistical tests (independent t-test and ANOVA) were used. Results: Participating managers were 76.30 % women and 23.70 % men. 73.70 % of them had a bachelor's degree and most of them were in the category of operational and middle managers. From the point of view of the managers of the HIS, the greatest impact on the indicators of the trend of treatment activities (28.60 ± 5.35), cost (50.00 ± 3.60), productivity and training (32.35 ± 12.81) and the least impact on the indicators of information exchange (25.50 ± 4.67), income (32.33 ± 0.57), salary and wages (10.50 ± 5.00). In this study, three components—clinical, financial, and human resources—were examined separately by gender, education level, and management levels. The results of the independent t-test indicated that there was a significant difference only in the clinical component based on gender (p = 0.04) Conclusion: To enhance the effectiveness of the HIS on managers' performance, it is essential to first conduct a comprehensive needs assessment of all management units. This needs assessment should identify the essential tasks and specific needs of each unit, and based on that, the enhancement of the HIS should be aligned with these needs. Moreover, paying special attention to the dimensions and indicators that receive less impact from this system can help improve the overall performance of the system and enhance its effectiveness in all aspects.

The Effectiveness of Team Games Tournament Method on Students’ Vocabulary Mastery in Junior High School

The aim of this research method is to examine whether the implementation of the Team Games Tournament method influences students’ vocabulary mastery when describing extracurricular activities. Many students in areas that rarely use English as a second language find it difficult to master English. The problem that often occurs is the lack of motivation when students want to develop their English skills. The researcher collected data from 2 class VII students at SMP Islam Kunir. The subject of this research was the VII class; VII-A and VII-C had 27 students, and VII-B had 28 students. This research conducted quantitative method with quasi- experimental design . The data were collected using a vocabulary test. The mean of pre-test and post-test on control group are 51.43 and 71.25. While, The mean of pre-test and post-test on experimental gropu are 63.42 and 82.96. The significance of the T-test result is (0,000), which means it is lower than (0,005). That means the null hypothesis (H0) is rejected, and the alternative hypothesis (H1) is accepted. Based on the data results, the researcher found that the team game tournament method can improve students’ vocabulary mastery. This research only used one game, Describe and Mention. Many games can be used in the TGT method. The researcher hoped that future studies would use another game to understand the effect of the TGT method on vocabulary more comprehensively. Also, the researcher hoped that future studies would investigate other contexts, such as speaking, reading, writing, and listening.

The Gewanci Application Media based on Smart Apps Creator on the Material of Imitating Animal Movements

In learning Cultural Arts in the realm of Dance, grade 1 teachers at SD Kanisius Beringin Semarang have not effectively utilized available learning resources; therefore, new media development is needed. The researcher aims to develop, determine the feasibility results, and test the effectiveness of the Smart Apps Creator-based Gewanci application media on the material of Imitating Animal Movements.This kind of study is referred to as development research using the ADDIE model. The research subjects consisted of media experts and material experts. The test was conducted on twenty three students who were in grade 1 of SD. This research use quantitative data to examine development. Data is collected via many methods such as observation, interviews, questionnaires, and testing. Data collection is conducted using a Likert Scale questionnaire. Data analysis encompasses quantitative, qualitative, and inferential statistical methodologies. The result of this research is to produce a learning media in the form of Gewanci Application which distinguishes itself from other applications, namely there are 15 videos of movement imitating rabbit animals, accompanied by attractive images and audio. This application is specifically designed to be in line with the teaching material. The findings of the media and material validation scores indicate that there are a total number of material validation scores with a percentage validation value of 93.7%. This suggests that these scores are very practical. Furthermore, media validation was considered very realistic, with a validation value percentage of 91%. Based on the t-test results, the use of the Gewanci application media has a significant impact. The N-gain test revealed a moderate improvement in learning outcomes from the pretest to the posttest. The findings suggest that the Gewanci app, developed using Smart Apps Creator, adequately meets the needs of dance education.

Factors Influencing Company Value on the Indonesian Stock Exchange: Insights from LQ45 Companies (2019-2023)

This study examines the variables affecting the firm value (Tobin’s Q) of the Indonesian Stock Exchange’s LQ45 Index between 2019 and 2023. We assess sustainability scores (ESG Score) and some financial performances ratios i.e. return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE), and debt to equity ratio, whether each respective of these factors influence the firm value (Tobin’s Q) using quantitative analytical data obtained from the Indonesian Stock Exchange website. 41 of the 45 businesses that meet the study’s requirements are the subject of our analysis, yielding 205 samples in total. Eviews version 11 software was used to do multiple linear regression analysis on the data. All the independent factors (X1, X2, X3, and X4) have statistically significant individual effects on the dependent variable, according to our findings, which are based on the t-test results. The probability values for each of these variables are below 0.05. Furthermore, the F-test indicates that the independent factors taken together significantly affect the dependent variable, with a probability value of 0.000. Based on the determination coefficient test, the adjusted R square value is 63.12% which indicates that the independent variable significantly influences the dependent variable.

MATH DRILL TO IMPROVE THE COMPUTATIONAL FLUENCY OF GRADE 9 STUDENTS IN ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF INTEGERS NUMBERS

The purpose of the study was to determine the impact of the Olympic Integer intervention on the computational fluency of students in adding and subtracting integers. Hence, the purpose of this study was to determine the significant difference between the pretest and post-test scores of the students. A pre-experimental research design was utilized to measure the effect of the intervention. Data were gather from 30 Grade 9 students at Doña Carmen Soriano National High School, selected through purposive sampling. Data collection was done through pretest and post-test administration. Findings revealed a substantial difference in the scores before and after the intervention. The mean pretest score was 9.90 (Moderate), while the mean post-test score was 17.70 (Very High). The paired t-test results indicated a significant improvement in students' scores from the pretest to the post-test, with t (29) = -15.144, p < .001. This substantial difference suggests a strong effect of the intervention on students' ability to add and subtract integers, indicating a highly significant and positive impact on their computational fluency. KEYWORDS: Intervention, Computational Fluency, Olympic Integers, Pre-experimental Design, Integer Operation, Philippines

Selogriyo Temple Deformation Mapping in Three Dimensions (3D) Multitemporal Using Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) Technology

Abstract Historical buildings such as the Selogriyo Temple are an important part of Indonesia’s cultural heritage. This temple is vulnerable to risks such as environmental changes, seismic shocks, changes in load, and natural aging, which can cause structural deformation. This research aims to analyze the deformation of Selogriyo Temple through multitemporal 3D modeling and highlights the importance of better mapping methods to monitor the deformation of historical buildings. Mapping was carried out using Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) technology to produce 3D deformation analysis using the surface-to-surface method, which was tied to coordinates from GNSS measurements using Total Station Reflectorless (X and Y) and waterpass/leveling (Z). This research also includes the development of more accurate and efficient measurement techniques and the promotion of modern TLS technology. The results include the 3D model of Selogriyo Temple for the second epoch and the surface-to-surface method deformation model, showing measurement accuracy with a distance similarity value of 99.70% compared to the Total Station tool and 99.73% compared to the steel meter. The 3D model has RMSE coordinate X of 0.012 m, Y of 0.0099 m, and Z of 0.005 m. Multitemporal deformation analysis was tested using the T-test at the 95% confidence level, showing an average shift of 0.000332 with a standard deviation of 0.0097. The results of the one-sample T-test show a t-statistic of 0.1869, lower than the critical value of t at the significance level α = 0.05, which indicates the statistical insignificance of the shift. Based on the second epoch 3D modeling, the slope of Selogriyo Temple is still relatively light with a value of 0-1°.

Pengaruh Memory Training Permainan Anagram terhadap Kognitif Lansia di Panti Jompo Sumber, Surakarta

Background: One of the problems experienced by the elderly is experiencing a decrease in cognitive abilities such as difficulty remembering, retrieving new information, focusing, making decisions and various aspects such as orientation, visual spatial, memory and language. The problem of cognitive decline will develop into dementia and will affect functional abilities and reduce the quality of life of the elderly. Prevention of cognitive decline in the elderly can be done with cognitive interventions in the form of memory training anagram games. Objectives: This study aims to determine the effect of anagram game memory training on cognitive abilities in the elderly. Methods: This study used a pre-experimental one group pre-test and post-test method with a total sample of 42 elderly people at Aisyiyah Sumber Solo Nursing Home. The research instrument used the Indonesian version of the Montreal Cogntive Assessment (MoCA-Ina). Three stages of the anagram game were given each intervention based on the research module that had been prepared. The data analysis method uses paired t-test with the previous stage, namely data normality test with Shapiro Wilk. Results: The paired t-test results showed that the sig value was <0.05. An increase in moCA-Ina scores occurred after being given anagram game memory training intervention (mean difference 2.48). Memory training of anagram games affects the cognitive abilities of the elderly at Aisyiyah Sumber Solo Nursing Home (????=0.000). The research sample was entirely female, 76.2% dominated by the early elderly age group, 90.5% low-level education. Conclusion: This study shows that memory training intervention in the form of anagram games has a significant effect on the cognitive abilities of the elderly. Keywords: Dementia, Memory, MoCA-Ina, Cognitive games

COMPARATIVE METHODS OF BIOMASS AND CARBON STOCK ASSESSMENT OF SOME SELECTED TREE SPECIES USED FOR CHARCOAL PRODUCTION IN THE GUINEA SAVANNA ECOLOGICAL ZONE OF NIGERIA

Non-destructive method of above-ground biomass (AGB) and carbon stock assessment is the most frequently used method to quantify the amount of carbon sequestered by the trees/vegetation because it involves assessing the biomass and carbon without cutting down the tree species. However, to validate the claim of the biomass and carbon stock of the non-destructive method, the destructive method must be employed to ascertain the real biomass and carbon stock by harvesting the tree species. This study incorporated both the destructive and non-destructive biomass and carbon stock assessment methods. The results of the independent t-test (t = 3.351, p = 0.00475) between the two methods revealed that the destructive method had higher biomass (M=0.425, SD=0.14313) than the non-destructive method (M=0.2338, SD=0.07463) at an alpha value of 0.05. The ANOVA among the tree species harvested for charcoal production further revealed a significant difference in the mean biomass, where Vitellaria paradoxa and Parkia biglobosa had the highest. At the same time, Pterocarpus erinaceus and Daniellia oliveri recorded the least biomass and carbon stock of the tree species used for charcoal production in the study area.

Gangguan pada Sistem Urinaria dan Pengobatan Herbal: Sebuah Studi Meta-Analisis

Urinary tract infection is a type of infection that occurs in one or all organs in the urinary system and is generally caused by bacterial infections, one of which is Klebsiella pneumonia. Treatment of urinary tract infections is carried out by administering antibiotics, however, this method actually increases the incidence of antibiotic resistance. Therefore, alternative treatments are needed to replace the antibiotics used for urinary tract infections. This is a meta-analysis study that aims to obtain information about alternative treatments for urinary tract infections using herbal medicines and their mechanisms. This research begins with a search for relevant references, then selecting the articles that are truly relevant with the topic, and extracting the data. The data used was secondary data extracted from the references, then statistically tested with Ancova t-test and effect size calculation. The extraction results showed that the usage of herbal plant extracts was able to provide an inhibitory zone on the growth of Klebsiella pneumonia, which indicates that herbal plant extracts are able to provide antipathogenic effects for Klebsiella pneumonia. The Ancova t-test results showed a sig. value is 0.000 which indicates that there is a clear and significant effect of the herbal plants extract as an anti-uropathogen of Klebsiella pneumonia. The calculation of effect size also showed a value is 0.882 which means that the herbal plants used as an anti-uropathogen of Klebsiella pneumonia has a very large effect.

Exposure to family violence and school violence among Palestinian high schoolers: The moderating effect of gender and school climate

BackgroundThere is a serious dearth of research on the phenomenon of school violence in the Arab world. Moreover, studies have examined the relationship between students' exposure to family violence (EFV) and school violence. Objective: This study measured the correlation between Palestinian high schoolers' EFV (i.e., witnessing and experiencing family violence) and their violence against both peers and school staff. The moderating effects of gender and school climate were also explored. Participants, setting, and methodA pioneer survey was conducted among 1183 7-12th graders (about 55 % boys) in the Hebron district of the Palestinian National Authority (PNA), using a self-administered questionnaire, and informed by social learning theory (SLT). Their ages ranged from 12 to 19 years (M = 14.64, SD = 1.47). More than a third (38.8 %) attended all-boy schools, 32.5 % attended all-girl schools, and 28.7 % attended co-ed schools. Most (71.2 %) of the participants lived in rural areas, 26.5 % lived in urban areas, 2 % lived as semi-nomads, and 0.3 % lived in refugee camps. ResultsA considerable percentage of students behaved violently towards other students, but the rates of student violence against school staff were lower. Results of t-test show that boys behaved more violently against students and school staff than did girls. Correlation as well as multiple regression analyses revealed significant relationships between EFV and violent behavior against other students and the school staff, which were moderated by participants' gender and perceived school climate (PSC). A negative PSC predicted a higher degree of both types of violence. ConclusionSchool violence is possibly learned as a result of EFV. This learning is more likely to occur among boys than among girls; however, it is less likely to occur where positive PSC prevails. The study's strengths and limitations as well as its implications for future research and for practice are discussed.

Evaluation of clinical effects of Advansync 2 fixed functional appliance in skeletal Class II malocclusion: A retrospective cephalometric study

To evaluate the treatment effects of AdvancSync 2 in patients of skeletal Class II malocclusion in selected skeletal, dental, soft tissue and airway parameters. Pretreatment and post-functional lateral cephalograms of 12 patients (06 males and 06 females with mean age of 14.25+0.75) with skeletal Class II malocclusion treated using AdvanSync 2 were evaluated. Paired t-test and Wilcoxon rank-sum intraclass correlation (ICC) test results were calculated.Statistically significant changes were found in skeletal parameters ofSNB, Wits, maxillo-mandibular differential, Björk’s sum, basal plane angle, Sn-GoGn, lower anterior facial height (LAFH), Na-perp-Pog. Changes in dental parameters U1-NA (angular and linear), L1 to NB (angular and linear), U1-SN angle, IMPA, Inter-incisal angle, L1 to A-Pog and U1 to A-Pog were also observed to be statistically significant at T1. Soft tissue skeletal convexity and nasolabial angle improved significantly post treatment, while, statistically significant change was observed only in posterior pharyngeal airway space among the chosen cephalometric airway parameters.Treatment with AdvanSync 2 corrected the Class II malocclusion by producing skeletal and dentoalveolar changes. Soft tissue facial convexity and nasolabial angle improved with treatment. Further, linear dimension of the posterior pharyngeal airway space showed significant improvement with AdvanSync 2 therapy.

Dampak Kesehatan Mental dan Atmosfer kerja Terhadap Motivasi Kerja Karyawan

Isnawati The Impact of Mental Health and Work Atmosphere on Employee Work Motivation (Case Study on Private Employees in Surabaya City), Institut of Economic Science Pemuda Surabaya, Mentor Nur Farida, S.M., M.M. The purpose of this research is to determine how the working environment and mental health of private employees in the Surabaya City area affect their motivation for their jobs. 150 private workers from a range of industrial sectors made up the research sample. A Likert scale questionnaire survey is employed as the data collection method to gauge factors related to job motivation, workplace culture, and mental wellness. The findings of data analysis using SPSS indicate that private employees' motivation at work is significantly positively impacted by their mental health and the environment in which they operate. The results of the partial t-test indicate that job motivation is significantly impacted to some extent by mental health and the work environment. Simultaneous F tests verify that work motivation is significantly impacted by both mental health and the workplace environment.

Double Materiality Approach and Sustainable Business Model Paradigm: A Three-Fold Analysis

Adopting the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, governments commit to the 17 goals and 169 associated targets in areas of critical importance for humanity and planet, while companies manifest a growing interest in playing a significant role to SDGs prioritisation. Researchers, policymakers, stakeholders, and analysts are all preoccupied about responsible ways of redesigning the business model to mitigate the growing concerns, such as companies’ failures, global multidimensional crisis, and sustainability-related issues. Under the light of institutional theory, legitimacy theory, stakeholder theory, the aim of this research is to investigate how environmental, social and governance (ESG) policies and practices included in a sustainable business model may respond to the double materiality approach in order to contribute to a balance among divergent interests of managers, investors, and other stakeholders. The financial materiality is conceptualized using ESG data, that mainly targets investor’s needs. Stakeholder materiality, is concerned with external impact of companies, embodied in societal-level outcomes measured as the number of SDGs addressed in corporate reporting. In this study, company-year data are collected from Refinitiv Eikon database, starting with 2015, until current reporting period and analysed using frequency, univariate and correlation analyses. Based on Levene homogeneity, the ANOVA parametric t-test results are validated by Mann-Whitney Wilcoxon and Krushkal Wallis non-parametric tests. Three main research questions are responded. First, the findings examine and discuss the evolution of sustainability reporting measured with ESG scores, decomposed by the three pillars and ten categories, along with the SDGs prioritisation. Second, statistically significant differences in ESG and SDGs variables reported by various groups clustered on industry-related corporate characteristics are discussed. Third, the significant associations between ESG measures and SDGs are analysed from the double materiality perspective. The study contributes to the academic and practical understanding of the evolving business model under normative dimension of institutional theory, incorporating the decision to engage in current sustainability frameworks and policies.

An intervention study on the influence of altruistic teaching on L2 learners’ English research article abstract writing

Abstract A large mass of research has reported the significance and power of positive psychology (PP) constructs in second/foreign language (L2) education. As an offshoot of PP, altruistic teaching, which highlights teaching without self-focus, has recently initiated its way into L2 research territory. However, the way altruistic teaching influences L2 students’ academic literacy skills, such as abstract writing, has been left uncharted to date. To bridge this gap, the present study used an experimental design to investigate the contribution of altruistic teaching to 163 university students’ English abstract writing required in research article (RA)s. The results of t-test and ANOVA indicated a statistically significant difference between the learners’ RA abstract writing in the control and experimental groups in both the short and long run in light of altruistic teaching. The study discusses the results and presents the implications of altruistic teaching for L2 research and practice.

The Use of Corrective Feedback to Improve English Speaking and Writing Achievements of The Eleventh Graders of Man 3 Palembang

This study aimed at investigating (1) whether or not there was significant differences in writing and speaking achievements between the students who were given the corrective feedback and those who were not, (2) how much speaking and writing aspects contributed to the students’ English writing and English speaking achievements, (3) the students’ perception on the use of corrective feedback in learning writing and speaking. Quasi-experimental design was used in this study. There were two groups in this study, experimental and control groups. Both groups consisted of thirty four students. English writing and English speaking pretest and posttest were given to both groups, but only experimental group was given the treatment. The data obtained were analyzed by using pair sample t-test, independent t-test, stepwise regression analyses, and percentage analysis to analyze the questionnaires. The result of independent sample t-test showed that there was significance difference in writing posttest (p<0.05) but the writing aspects such as grammar and mechanics had no significant difference (p>0.05). Meanwhile, the result of independent sample t-test of speaking posttest showed that there was significant difference (p<0.05). Based on the result of stepwise regression, grammar contributed 59.1% for student writing achievement. In speaking, corrective feedback contributed 739% to the students’ fluency. Based on the result of questionnaire, the students’ had positive perception towards the corrective feedback.

The Effect of Audio Visual and Booklet to Increase Behaviour of Screening IVA Test at Sukarasa Public Health Center

Introduction: Women's health is an indicator of health achievement in the world, including in Indonesia. Cervical cancer is a female cancer that causes the most deaths due to cancer, especially in developing countries. Objective: The study aims to analyse the effect of audio-visual and booklet in education to increase behavior of screening IVA test at the Sukarasa Public Health Center Area. Method: This research used a quasi-experimental design with a pretest posttest non-equivalent control group design. Data analysis in this study used univariate analysis, bivariate analysis using paired T-test, independent T-test, Mc-Namer, chi-square and multivariate test using multiple logistic regression. Results: The results of this study show that the results of the paired T-test of knowledge have a p-value (p=0.001) in the intervention and the control (p=0.724). In the attitude category, p-value is a (p=0.001) in the intervention and the control (p=0.469) so it can be concluded that there are differences in knowledge and attitudes before and after the intervention. In the practice category using the Mc-Nemar test produced a p-value (p=0.001) in the intervention and control so that there were differences in practice before and after intervention. The results of the independent T-Test showed a p-value for knowledge (p=0.001) and attitude (p=0.001), which means there were differences after the intervention. The results of knowledge and attitudes the chi-square test show (p=0.001), which means there is a relationship between knowledge with practice, and attitude with practice. Multivariate test on knowledge of occupational confounders. In attitude there is a confounder of education, while in practice there are confounders, namely age and education. Conclusion: Audio visual and booklet can increase behaviour of screening IVA Test at the Sukarasa Community Health Center, Bandung City.

Optimizing Volleyball Bottom Passing Skills: Unveiling the Impact of the STAD Learning Model on Learning Outcomes

The study focused on improving the lower passing skills of 8th-grade female students at SMP Negeri 6 Sumedang in volleyball. Recognizing the significance of passing in enhancing team attacks and overall match performance, the researcher employed the student teams achievement division (STAD) learning model to address existing skill deficiencies. The research identified common issues in lower passing execution, including imperfect movement stages, improper ball contact in the hands, ball deviation from the intended target, and an inability to control the ball’s direction. The results indicated a positive impact, with a significant increase in the lower passing skills observed during the volleyball underpassing tests. The t-test results, with T_count = 16.4 > T_table = 1.725, demonstrated a statistically significant improvement, confirming that the STAD learning model contributed to enhanced learning outcomes. In summary, the research concluded that the application of the STAD learning model positively influenced the learning outcomes related to lower passing skills in volleyball among 8th-grade female students at SMP Negeri 6 Sumedang. The findings emphasized the efficacy of employing cooperative learning strategies, such as STAD, to address specific skill challenges in sports education. Keywords: STAD, bottom passing, volleyball