SEM Test Results Research Articles

Digital Transformation and Efficiency of Sharia-Based HR Management on MSME Performance with Organizational Culture Moderation: A Quantitative Study in Cileungsi

Digital transformation has become a crucial factor in enhancing the competitiveness of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in the era of globalization. Digital technology enables MSMEs to innovate, improve efficiency, and expand markets. However, many MSMEs face challenges in adopting this technology, such as limited resources and resistance to change. Sharia-based human resource management (HRM), which emphasizes justice and welfare, can provide solutions in creating a productive and harmonious work environment. This study aims to fill the gap in the literature regarding the interaction between digital transformation and Sharia HRM on MSME performance, with the moderation of organizational culture. The research method uses a quantitative approach with a case study on MSMEs in Cileungsi, involving 100 randomly selected respondents. Data were collected through questionnaires and analyzed using SEM-PLS. The SEM test results show that digital transformation and Sharia HRM have a significant effect on MSME performance. Organizational culture has a strong moderating role, strengthening the positive impact of digital transformation and Sharia HRM on MSME performance. The results indicate that the integration between digital transformation and Sharia HRM, supported by a strong organizational culture, can enhance productivity, operational efficiency, as well as employee satisfaction and motivation. This study emphasizes the importance of adopting digital technology and applying Sharia principles in HRM to improve MSME performance, with organizational culture as an essential supporting factor. These findings provide practical guidance for MSME actors in developing strategies that improve efficiency and employee welfare.

Study on the thermal runaway behavior and mechanism of 18650 lithium-ion battery induced by external short circuit

This study investigated the external short circuit (ESC) characteristics of 18650-type NCM lithium-ion batteries under different states of charge (SOC) and short-circuit currents. The research includes the macroscopic electro-thermal characteristics, microscopic morphology, structural damage, and internal damage evolution mechanism of short-circuited batteries. The tests provided an in-depth study of external short circuit (ESC) failure and thermal runaway (TR) behavioral characteristics. The results indicate that all the temperature changes of the short-circuit batteries were found to be in an upward and then downward trend. The surface temperature rise rate of batteries with low SOC were faster, and the maximum surface temperature rise of batteries with high SOC were higher. And with the increase of short-circuit current rate, the temperature rise gradually increased. In particular, thermal runaway occurred at 25C and the maximum temperature exceeds 500 °C. Different SOC batteries showed different degree of voltage fluctuation. The voltage curve of low SOC batteries showed “falling-rising-falling” trend with a brief platform. High SOC batteries formed a distinct voltage platform near 2.75 V. As the short-circuit current increased, the voltage platform shortened, followed by the rapid drop to zero. X-ray CT and SEM test results showed that the deformation of the battery jelly roll was mainly due to the separator shrinkage and tearing. Major changes occurred in the cathode and separator, including secondary particle rupture and irreversible pore blockage in the separator. The damage mechanism of ESC and its evolution are revealed. The results of this study can provide support for the research work on the thermal safety design of lithium batteries.

Tuning the morphology and surface structure of MnOx@GF through Ce for high-efficiency degradation of Rhodamine B by electro-Fenton

Widespread and ineffective dye treatment in aquatic environment leads to serious pollution problems, threatening ecology and human health. Herein, manganese cerium bimetallic oxide cathode material (MnCeOx@GF) was prepared by hydrothermal method combined with calcination, and the electrochemical Fenton degradation performance of a typical dye Rhodamine B (Rh B) was investigated. The results show that the degradation of Rh B by MnCeOx@GF can reach 96.5 % within 2 h in acidic environment and continue to perform effectively after 4 repeated experiments. Combined with SEM and electrochemical test results, it can be seen that the bimetallic composite oxides formed by manganese and cerium on the surface of the support can effectively enhance the catalytic activity of the material, the addition of cerium changes the morphology of manganese oxides and promotes the generation of multiple valence composite oxides of transition metals, and improves the degradation of Rh B. Based on the free radical masking experiments, hydroxyl radical (·OH) is the main active substance in the electro-Fenton degradation process. This work not only provides a way to design and manufacture cathode materials for in situ electrosynthesis of H2O2, but also provides an important reference for improving the reusability of cathodes for sustainable dye wastewater treatment.

Effects of tree species pore structure characteristics and CO2 activation on the performance of their derived carbon electrode for supercapacitors

Herein, we investigated the effects of tree species selection on the specific surface area and electrochemical properties of wood-derived carbon electrodes. The SEM, Raman spectra and aperture distribution test results showed that compared with BCW and ZCW, CW had a more complex hierarchical porous structure and more defects. The N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms and electrochemical test results showed that CW had the largest specific surface area and the best electrochemical performance, with a specific surface area of 495.3 m2g−1 and an areal capacitance of 3079 mF cm−2 at 5 mA cm−2. The specific surface area and electrochemical properties of ACW, ABCW and AZCW electrodes obtained by CO2 activation were significantly improved compared with CW, BCW and ZCW electrodes. Among the activated electrodes, the ACW electrode had the highest specific surface area (558.4 m2g−1) and the highest areal capacitance (3727 mF cm−2 at 5 mA cm−2).

Waste cigarette filters-based polymer blends membrane for filtration of high loaded natural organic matter river water

Waste cigarette filter (WCF) is one of the most common wastes found in the environment. Cigarette filters contain up to 96% cellulose acetate (CA), which can be used as a material for membrane fabrication. However, the CA-based membrane from WCF posed a weak mechanical property (brittle). Therefore, the objective of this work is to improve mechanical property of CA-based membrane from WCF by preparing blend membranes with polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) polymer and evaluate their performance for filtration of real river water containing high natural organic matter (NOM) concentrations. The variations of WCF and PVDF used were 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100. The membranes were then characterized to determine the morphology, pore size and pore size distribution, hydrophilicity, mechanical properties, and filtration performance of the membrane using clean water and river water. The SEM test results showed the presence of spherulites on the surface of the blend membrane, indicating that crystallization occurred during membrane formation. The spherulites resulted in smaller pore size, narrower pore size distribution, higher hydrophilicity, and mechanical properties. Meanwhile, the filtration test results showed that blend membranes produced higher permeability compared to pristine WCF, PVDF, and commercial-based CA membranes, where the result of river water permeability was in the range of 875–1062.5 L/m2.h.bar. The membrane fouling formation was aligned well with the result of permeability and is dominated by irreversible fouling formation from the dynamic cake layer built on the membrane surface, with NOM rejections of 26.6–33.8%, suggesting the need for further developments.

Pemanfaatan Limbah Ban Bekas untuk Sintesis Nanokomposit MnO2/C dengan Metode Hidrotermal sebagai Material Superkapasitor

Activated carbon from waste tires is used as MnO2 metal oxide doping in making MnO2/C-based nanocomposites into high-density and environmentally friendly supercapacitor electrodes. The MnO2/C nanocomposite synthesis process was carried out using the hydrothermal method by varying the mass of activated carbon by 1.25 g, 2.5 g and 3.75 g to determine the optimum results. Based on the results of research that has been carried out, it shows that MnO2/C can be used as a high density supercapacitor electrode. This is in accordance with the XRD test results which show that the MnO2 nanocomposite with the addition of C was successfully synthesized and has an orthorhombic crystalline phase. The SEM test results show that the material has almost the same morphology, namely many protrusions which make each particle have high roughness. The most optimal results were obtained from the MnO2/C-50 variation because it has the highest C element content, namely 39.93%, so it has the highest capacitance value of 5.791 f/g during the CV test. The GCD test shows that electrodes with a carbon variation of 2.5 g have a much longer and constant charge-discharge measurement time. In the EIS test, this variation shows a resistance value that is not too high and not too small, materials that have good storage capacity or capacity have moderate resistance.

Synthesis of MgAl-LDH from three alkali sources for boosting flame retardancy of EP with APP

Epoxy resin (EP) is used in construction materials due to its low curing shrinkage, excellent chemical stability, and mechanical properties. However, its flammability limits applications in the field of construction. Co-precipitation method with sodium hydroxide as the alkali source and hydrothermal method with urea as the alkali source are the common ways to prepare MgAl-LDH. In this study, MgAl-LDH1 (abbreviated as LDH1) was prepared by using NaOH as the alkali source at 65 ℃ for 12 h, MgAl-LDH2 (abbreviated as LDH2) by using urea as the alkali source at 120 ℃ for 12 h, and MgAl-LDH3 (abbreviated as LDH3) was prepared by using triethanolamine as the alkali source at 100 ℃ for 2 h. Then, LDH1, LDH2, LDH3 were compounded with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) to synergistically enhance the flame retardant properties of EP (Composite material abbreviated as LDH1-APP-EP, LDH2-APP-EP, LDH3-APP-EP). The results showed that the best flame retardant effect was achieved after compounding APP (5 wt%) with LDH3 (5 wt%) prepared with triethanolamine as the alkali source. Compared with Pure-EP, the peak exothermic rate and peak smoke production rate of LDH3-APP-EP prepared with triethanolamine as the alkali source decreased by 74.54 % and 67.44 %, respectively. Compared with LDH prepared with NaOH and urea as the alkali source, LDH prepared with triethanolamine as the alkali source has a larger layer spacing and a higher weight loss percentage which releases more gases, moisture, and carbon layers formed by triethanolamine during the combustion process to reduce the heat release from the fire. It’s evident that LDH3-APP-EP prepared with triethanolamine as the alkali source has higher residual carbon densities and the lowest residual carbon values based on SEM and Raman test results. This result proves that the LDH3 with triethanolamine as the alkali source has a good effect on EP flame retardation in this paper which provided a new way to design new efficient flame retardants.

First-principle and experimental investigation into the interfacial characters of Ti-doped ZTA and high chromium cast iron

Ti doping can improve the interfacial wettability and bonding condition between ZTA ceramic and high chromium cast iron (HCCI), but the underlying mechanism is still unclear. Therefore, the effects of Ti doping on the interfacial characters between ZTA and HCCI were investigated by experiment and first-principles calculations. Results of XRD, SEM, and high-temperature drop test indicate the presence of Ti at the interface and its effect on the formation of interfacial diffusion layer to improve the interface wettability and bonding obviously. The heat of segregation and work of adhesion obtained by first-principle calculations shows that the improvement in interface wettability and bonding is due to the promotion of dopped Ti atoms on the diffusion of Fe, Al, and Zr elements, but not the diffusion of Ti itself. Further investigation from the electronic level reveals that the doped Ti changes the charge distribution and orbital hybridization, and thus makes the formation or enhancement of strong ionic bonds and covalent bonds at the interface, improving the bonding strength and wettability of interfaces in ZTA/HCCI. The findings of this research can offer new insights into the modification of ceramics and enlarge the application of advanced ceramic materials.

Pembuatan Arang Aktif Nanopartikel Kulit Nangka Menggunakan High Energy Milling dengan Aktivator H3PO4

Activated charcoal is a compound formed from the arrangement of C atoms with a porous internal structure so that it has adsorption properties. One of the materials that can be used to make activated charcoal is jackfruit peel which contains cellulose (52.739%), lignin (10.599%), and hemicellulose (16.913%). Grind it to size of 100 mesh and put it in milling nanoparticles using tools HEM at a speed of 1200 rpm for 2 hours. Next, the activation process was carried out with phosphoric acid compounds and variables of 1 hour, 6 hours, 12 hours, 18 hours, 24 hours and concentrations of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%. Samples in powder form were characterized by size, SEM, ash content and water content. Size test results with method Particle Size Analyzer (PSA) was found to be 1.22 nm. SEM test results show that jackfruit peel activated charcoal is composed of particles of diverse size, irregular shape and porous. EDX results showed that the chemical components of activated charcoal were C (57.08%), O (33.30%), Mg (1.33%), Si 1.57%, K 5.73%. Analysis of water content and ash content is the smallest, namely 0.18% and 0.2%.

Sintesa dan Karakteristik Karbon Aktif dari Batang Pisang Kepok (Musa acuminata) Sebagai Adsorben pada Penjernihan Minyak Goreng Bekas

Kepok banana stems have a cellulose content of 58.6466%. The cellulose content means that Kepok banana stems can be used as a basic ingredient for making active carbon. Activated carbon is a material that has high porosity and can be used for absorption which can remove impurities liquid or gas. Process for making activated carbon is cutting banana stems into small pieces and washed, then drying with sun during 7 days. After that, carbonized at 300℃ for 1 hour. Carbonizasition product were ground and sieved with a 100 mesh sieve and activated with NaOH 0.5; 0.75; 1; 1.25 and 1.5 N for 12; 18; 24; 30; and 36 hours. Then, drying in oven at temperature of 100℃ until constant weight. The best activated carbon is activator concentration of 1.5 N NaOH for 12 hours with a water content of 7.8496%, ash content of 9.7186%, and bound carbon content of 65.3479%. SEM test results of activated carbon from banana stems before application have a porous morphological structure and after application the active carbon pores are seen to be closed. Percentage reduction FFA reach 94.8057% and the reduction peroxide reach 86.8978%.

The influence of variations in salinity levels on the biocementing process on soil improvement of liquefaction potential

Abstract This article presents an innovative method of soil improvement cementing to increase the shearing strength of very loose sand with 10% relative density (Dr) in saline conditions. Salt in saline soils destroys the stability of stable soils. In contrast, the salt content reduces the level of homogenization of unstable soils, causes technical problems in calcareous soils, and affects their stability, especially if the salt content is more than 3.0%. The variations in salinity levels can determine the optimal percentage of salt levels in the stabilized soil. The application of biocementation to saline soil can drastically increase the shear strength of soil in soil with potential liquefaction in coastal areas due to earthquakes. Calcium carbonate deposition (MICP) in the microbial-induced biocementing process is a new method that utilizes the metabolic processes of microorganisms in this study using Bacillus sp. In the MICP process, microbes need Ca2+ ions obtained from fly ash, which can produce SiO2 and CaO to produce CaCO3 for binding between particles. Soil improvement was carried out by combining initial soil, fly ash, mycobacteria, and variations in salinity obtained from NaCl with varying percentages of 0%, 1%, 2%, and 3,4% after testing at curing times 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. The research samples from the UCS and direct shear tests showed that the shear and UC strength that were treated increased. The highest increase in shear strength was at 3,4% salinity at 28 days of 80.9°. CaCO3 production resulting from the binding between particles in the biocementing reaction can be seen from the results of SEM tests. Soil improvement using biocementing in this study resulted in an effective increase in the strength of loose sand soil in salinity condition.

The Influence of Peat Water on the Physical Properties of Underwater Concrete

Casting concrete underwater is concrete used for structural work underwater. The main problem in underwater casting is the separation of concrete constituent materials. Casting underwater also does not involve compaction. This study will examine the effect of peat water on the physical properties of underwater cast concrete. The additive used in this study is in liquid form, with a mixture of anti-washout material 1.8% and self-compacting concrete 5% to the weight of cement. The obtained slump flow value is 470 mm. The results of volume weight testing on variations of clean water mixtures immersed in clean water for seven days are 2248,14 kg/m3 and 2258,96 kg/m3 for 28 days, variations of clean water mixtures immersed in peat water for seven days are 2224,49 kg/m3 and 2219,39 kg/m3 for 28 days, and variations of peat water mixtures immersed in peat water for seven days are 2202,50 kg/m3 and 2191,08 kg/m3 for 28 days. The decrease in volume weight occurs in variations immersed in peat water. The results of porosity testing on 7-day and 28-day concrete age variations of peat water mixtures immersed in peat water are 9,94% and 10,78%, variations of clean water mixtures immersed in peat water are 9,84% and 10,28%, and variations of clean water mixtures immersed in clean water are 9,73% and 8,70%. The SEM test results show the surface shape of concrete using a magnification of 1000x, more pores on variations of peat water mixtures immersed in peat water, and variations of clean water mixtures immersed in peat water have uneven surfaces and pores. In contrast, variations of clean water mixtures immersed in clean water have better surfaces. The additive used can work well with peat water and clean water.

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ACTIVATED CARBON PREPARED FROM RICE HUSK BY PHYSICS-CHEMICAL ACTIVATION

Activated carbon is an amorphous carbon material predominantly composed of free carbon atoms with high adsorption capacity. The amorphous structure in activated carbon affects its adsorption capacity; the higher the percentage of amorphous carbon, the greater the adsorption capacity of the activated carbon. Activated carbon can be obtained from rice husk waste containing 30-40% C in cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Therefore, this study was conducted to observe activated carbon's phases, morphology, elemental composition, and particle size. Activated carbon was synthesized using a physics-chemical activation method, which began with washing the rice husk samples, followed by air drying, carbonizing into charcoal, and grinding it finely. The rice husk charcoal powder was then physically activated at a temperature of 500℃. The physically activated product was then chemically activated using 6M HCl with a charcoal-to-activator ratio of 1:10 (m/V), stirred at 250 rpm for 1 hour, and then allowed to settle for 24 hours. It was then washed and dried to produce activated carbon powder. XRD test results showed diffraction peaks at 2θ = 22.23° without sharp or pointed peaks, indicating that the activated carbon has an amorphous structure. SEM test results showed the morphology of rice husk-activated carbon with spherical particle shapes and a particle size distribution of 20-70 nm. EDX test results showed that the rice husk activated carbon is predominantly composed of C, O, and Si with respective percentages of 54.31%, 40.04%, and 2.49%.

High‐performance, semi‐bio‐based degradable epoxy resins and their application to recyclable carbon fiber composites

AbstractEpoxy resins containing dynamic covalent networks enable recycling of carbon fiber composites. However, the simultaneous realization of high performance and mild condition recycling of composites is still a challenge. In the present work, we mixed citric acid epoxy resin with bisphenol A epoxy resin to form a hybrid resin (DER) that meets the requirements of medium temperature curing epoxy resin, and prepared a carbon fiber reinforced resin composite material (DER@CF) that can rapidly degrade and recycle carbon fibers under mild conditions. The Tg of the DER was 125.67 °C, and the tensile strength (79.63 MPa) was comparable to that of the bisphenol A epoxy resin (79.90 MPa). It degraded rapidly after 2 h in ethylene glycol solution at 120 °C. The tensile strength of DER@CF was 825 MPa, and clean fibers could be obtained after 8 h of treatment in ethylene glycol solution at 120 °C. The results of SEM, Raman and tensile tests showed that the recycled fibers were similar to the original fibers in terms of morphology, chemical structure and mechanical properties. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Utilization of durian peel waste and young coconut waste into biobriquettes as a renewable energy source

The increase in durian fruit production in Indonesia in 2021 by 19.40% and coconut fruit production by 1.47% which will be directly proportional to the increase in durian skin waste and young coconut waste produced. These wastes have not been optimally utilized so that their availability is quite a lot in the environment. Both wastes contain large amounts of cellulose, namely 50%-60%. The cellulose element will affect the carbon value so that with this content, waste and young coconut waste can be utilized as raw materials in making briquettes. This utilization is one of the efforts in utilizing waste into renewable energy sources. This study aims to obtain the best briquette characteristics from a mixture of durian peel charcoal with young coconut charcoal in accordance with the briquette characteristics in SNI 01-6235-2000, and to determine the economic value of briquettes. This research method was conducted experimentally, by mixing durian peel charcoal with young coconut charcoal as raw material for briquettes as many as six variations, namely (90% : 10%), (75% : 25%), (60% : 40%), (45% : 55%), (100% durian peel charcoal) and (100% young coconut charcoal). The results showed that sample 3 (60% : 40%) was the best briquette with the highest fix carbon value (72.81%), calorific value (22,124 J/gr or 5,284.23 cal/gr), moisture content (13.83%), volatile content (1.69%), ash content (11.67%) and compressive strength (0.752 kgf/cm2). The SEM test results showed a clean morphological structure of the briquettes with tight voids. The characteristics of biobriquettes produced through six briquette samples meet the standards of volatile content and calorific value of briquettes, and the moisture content, ash content, fixed carbon content, and compressive strength do not meet the characteristics of briquettes according to SNI 01-6235-2000.

The Effect of Corn Cob Size as a Substrate and Fermentation Time on Carotenoid Production by Neurospora sitophila

Natural pigments are recommended to reduce the use of synthetic pigments, one of which is the primary color yellow. Carotenoids are natural yellow to red pigments that are produced naturally by plants and microorganisms. Fermentation of carotenoids by the microorganism Neurospora sitophila is one solution to the challenges of plant based pigment which compete with the needs of food, land, and dependence on weather and seasons. Corn cobs are one of the cellulotic wastes that can be used as a carbon source. This research aims to examine the effect of corn cob size (60, 20, 8 mesh) and fermentation time (3, 6, 9 days) on the carotenoid pigments produced. The spectrophotometer analysis show that fermentation increase the initial carotenoids concentration in corn cobs. The smaller the substrate and the longer fermentation time, the greater the concentration of carotenoids produced. The highest concentration was obtained on 60 mesh substrate with 9 days fermentation at 31.79 ppm. FTIR analysis shows the presence of carotenoid pigments by the C=C and C-H, and the O-H functional group which represent zeaxanthin, astaxanthin and neurosporaxanthin compounds. Based on SEM test results, the average particle size of corn cob powder was 50 μm with porosity of 67.93%.

Synthesis of Silica Nanoparticle Made from Lampung Pumice Modified with Sonication Parameters for Size and Purity

This study aims to determine the effect of sonication process parameters on the formation of the size and purity of silica from the synthesis of pumice. Pumice reflux process using NaOH for 24 hrs. Titrate using 5M H2SO4 solution to pH 7 and a white gel is formed. The residue was washed using distilled water and dried at 100 oC for 24 hrs. The residue was then stirred with 1M HCl solution for 4 hrs. After the synthesis process, the silica powder was then subjected to a sonication process with temperature variations of 30, 60, and 80 oC for 1, 2, and 3 hrs. The purity of silica was evaluated from the results of x-ray fluorescence, x-ray defragment, and SEM test results. The results of the analysis of variance showed that the independent variable temperature contributed 67.25% and had a significant effect on the SiO2 concentration. The two sonication variables, temperature and time, contributed 50.31% and 46.24%, respectively. The variables significant effect on particle size. Other independent variables affect the SiO2 concentration by 10.36%. The sonication process can increassed concentration and reduced particle size of silica synthesized by selecting the appropriate independent variable.

Karakterisasi Pasir Besi (Fe3O4) Sungai Seruai Kabupaten Deli Serdang

In this research, iron sand was obtained from the Sei Serayu river in Deli Serdang Regency. The method for extracting iron sand is by manual extraction using a permanent magnet. The samples that have been obtained are then given temperature treatment with variations of 500 o C, 600 o C and 700 o C so that the iron sand undergoes oxidation. Next, the samples that have been heat treated are characterized using XRD, SEM and XRF. From the XRD test results it was found that the sample consisted of Fe3O4 with a magnetite phase. XRD diffraction peaks were obtained at angles 2θ: 17.26 o, 29.98 o, 35.4 o, 43.16 o, 57.08 o, and 62.56 o. SEM test results show that sample D contains magnetite (Fe3O4) with a silver color. Based on the analysis of test results, it can be concluded that the most optimal results are found in sample D with a sintering temperature of 700o C.

Effect of milkfish skin gelatin on properties of vegetable wet noodle

Vegetable wet noodles are one of the healthy noodles which have been part of a functional noodle. Wet noodles are a type of noodle with a chewy texture that are usually served immediately after production. However, the low tensile strength makes the noodles easily break, therefore it is necessary to mix it with gelatin to get noodles with good quality. Fish skin gelatin could improve physico-chemical, nutritional and functional quality of vegetable wet noodles. Consequently, the purpose of this study is to examine the effect of milkfish skin gelatin on the properties of vegetable wet noodle. Various concentration of milkfish skin gelatin (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2% and 2.5%) were added to vegetable wet noodle dough. Physico-chemical properties of vegetable wet noodle were analyzed including tensile strength, Scanning electron microscope, proximate, color, total pigment, amino acid content and antioxidant activity. The addition of 2.5% of fish skin gelatin exhibited the highest tensile strength or breaking strength (0.18 MPa). SEM test results showed a dense matrix structure, uniform and compact cavities. Value of water content was 59.49%, protein content was 8.92%, ash content was 0.4%, fat content was 1.06%, carbohydrate content was 30.13%. Whereas, total pigment with chlorophyll value a was 3 mg/g, chlorophyll b was 2.46 mg/g and carotenoids was 1.32 mg/g. The color test obtained the results of the parameters L* 70.51, a* -5.37, and b* 11.56, respectively. There were major essential amino acids such as leucine, phenylalanine, and arginine. Furthermore, hedonic analysis showed that the consumer prefers to choose wet vegetable noodle after 2.5% gelatin addition due to bright green appearance, the specific aroma and the chewy texture of noodle.

Biofunctionalization of chitosan/gelatin composite films reinforced Phyllanthus niruri extract for wound healing application

To ensure public health comfort and safety, developing biofunctionalized wound dressing films using natural extract and optimizing their efficiency are gaining great interest in the field of biomaterials rather than synthetic drug-loaded film. In this regard, the preparation and evaluation of ethanolic extract of Phyllanthus niruri (PN) incorporated chitosan/gelatin composite films (CGP) using solvent casting method for wound healing application were proposed. Initially, FT-IR and XRD analysis has shown the existence of secondary interactions between PN extract and chitosan/gelatin matrix. SEM and mechanical test results of CGP composites depicted smooth, crack-free surfaces and amplified mechanical strength (∼466.6%) respectively. The swelling study, water vapor transmission rate, surface wettability, and in-vitro degradation assay results illustrated a modest but, slightly decreasing trend with an increase in the inclusion of PN extract. Cytotoxicity assay and morphological study of cells on CGP composites revealed their non-toxicity (>82% viability) and biocompatible nature. Films containing higher PN extract showed increased antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacterial strains E. coli (∼142.8%) and S. aureus (∼200%). In addition, in-vitro scratch test and cell adhesion demonstrated enhanced wound healing (∼60.39%), and cell adhesion in 24 h proved its cytocompatibility and promising potential to be applied as antibacterial wound healing material.