Results Of Satellite Monitoring Research Articles

Oil Рollution of the Barents Sea Based on Мonitoring with SAR in 2017–2019

The results of satellite monitoring with SAR of oil pollution in the Barents Sea conducted in 2017–2019 are presented. The statistics and summary maps of oil pollution of different type, detected and mapped are analyzed.

Кораблекрушение на границе морского заповедника. Результаты спутникового мониторинга

Кораблекрушение на границе морского заповедника. Результаты спутникового мониторинга

The Information Content of Spectral Vegetation Indices in the Interpretation of Satellite Images of Cultivated Fields

Abstract—The results of satellite monitoring of vegetation on unused agricultural lands during the growing season of 2018 are presented. Sod fields of different ages (2, 7, and 20 years) and bare fallows on the land used by the Krasnoyarsk Research Institute of Agriculture were the objects of the study. Satellite data with high spatial resolution (Sentinel-2 Earth remote sensing satellites) at the pre-processing Level-1C ( https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/ ) were used for the interpretation of sod field and fallow images. These data were used to calculate the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Normalized Difference Soil Index (NDSI). Algorithms and software for the processing of Sentinel-2 satellite data were developed. The possibility of using NDVI dynamics for assessment and monitoring of the condition of sod fields and bare fallows has been demonstrated. The applicability of the NDSI soil index for assessment of the status of arable land has been demonstrated.

Irregular variability of spatiotemporal distributions of wildfires and emissions of harmful trace gases in Europe based on satellite monitoring data

Based on the results of satellite monitoring, the anomalies of spatiotemporal distributions of wildfire areas, as well as the volumes of caused emissions of carbon-containing trace gases (CO, CO2) and aerosols (PM2.5), for the territory of European Russia and Eastern and Central Europe from 2005 to 2018 are detected. It is found that, for 2005-2013, the annual areas of wildfires shrank for the territory of European Russia by almost a factor of 10, and the volumes of emissions of harmful gas traces into the atmosphere decreased by a factor of 7. However, starting from 2014, they were recorded to increase. The seasonal (spring and summer) maxima occurred in the distributions of the burned areas and the emission volumes in the time period under study. An anomalously large number of fire sources was recorded on the territory of Ukraine in 2014-2018 (70% of all fires in Eastern and Central Europe) where the specific density of fire sources, their relative areas, and the relative volumes of emissions increased by a factor of 3-5.7 compared to 2010-2013 and grew by a factor of 5-7.5 in August 2014-2018 compared to other territories of Eastern, Central Europe, and European Russia.

Irregular Variability of Spatiotemporal Distributions of Wildfires and Emissions of Harmful Trace Gases in Europe Based on Satellite Monitoring Data

Based on the results of satellite monitoring, the anomalies of spatiotemporal distributions of wildfire areas, as well as the volumes of caused emissions of carbon-containing trace gases (CO, CO2) and aerosols (PM2.5), for the territory of European Russia and Eastern and Central Europe from 2005 to 2018 are detected. It is found that, for 2005–2013, the annual areas of wildfires shrank for the territory of European Russia by almost a factor of 10, and the volumes of emissions of harmful gas traces into the atmosphere decreased by a factor of 7. However, starting from 2014, they were recorded to increase. The seasonal (spring and summer) maxima occurred in the distributions of the burned areas and the emission volumes in the time period under study. An anomalously large number of fire sources was recorded on the territory of Ukraine in 2014–2018 (70% of all fires in Eastern and Central Europe) where the specific density of fire sources, their relative areas, and the relative volumes of emissions increased by a factor of 3–5.7 compared to 2010–2013 and grew by a factor of 5–7.5 in August 2014–2018 compared to other territories of Eastern, Central Europe, and European Russia.

Influence of Irregularities of Water Vapor Field in Surface Layer of the Atmosphere on the Results of Satellite Monitoring of Hydropower Structures in Region of Reservoirs

Results are presented for the modeling of coordinate errors in the projected GNSS system of monitoring the Zagorsk GAES-2 that are caused by local atmospheric irregularities in the surface layer. It has been established that for mean meteorological conditions, these errors can reach 0.8 mm for elevation and 0.1 mm for horizontal position. It is noted that actual instantaneous irregularities exceed mean values by an order of magnitude and can thus cause larger errors in coordinates.

Peculiarities of Polluted Water Spreading from a Submarine Source in Stratified Coastal Environment

We study the spreading of wastewaters from an underwater source in a stratified coastal environment using the results of satellite monitoring and mathematical modeling. The problem is considered as applied to deepwater discharge in the region of Golubaya Bay of the Black Sea near Sebastopol. The main factors preventing upwelling of pollution to the sea surface are analyzed on the basis of a numerical model. It is shown that peculiarities of wastewater spreading depend on the character of stratification and velocity of the background current. The main factor influencing the uplift of these waters to the surface is the existence of water layers with high vertical gradients of water density. We reveal the structure of the wastewater field consisting of a plume and a jet extended in the direction of the background current, which is located in the density interface. If stratification is weak, the plume may reach the sea surface and form a local region of water pollution, which is recorded in multispectral satellite images. It is found that the mass of polluted waters is characterized by negative anomalies of temperature and salinity.

Monitoring of the droughts consequence by high resolution satellite images

The State of California is one of the least abundant with fresh water in the United States, while having high water consumption – the drought in the state has reached catastrophic proportions. January 2015 was the driest month in California for the whole period of observations since 1895. Two thirds of the state's population depend on the centralized water supply – about 25 million people and more than 400 thousand hectares of agricultural land. The level of ground waters and the snow cover have become record low – this can be explained by pumping groundwater out for irrigation of agricultural land. The water level in the reservoirs of California is close to the critical notch. State authorities are forced to tighten measures to save water, the supply of which is sometimes insufficient to satisfy the priority needs of citizens. The solution of the problem of rational use and protection of water resources can only be based on an integrated systemic approach to the study of spatial and temporal patterns of natural and anthropogenic factors on the quality and quantity of surface water with the use of satellite and ground data. In the study of the water regime of land one of the most important input parameters of hydrological models is the surface area of the reservoirs. Regular receiving of information about this parameter with the use of ground data is challenging and labor intensive. Using satellite data can greatly simplify this task and accomplish it with shorter latent periods, more frequently and at lower costs. The results of satellite monitoring of certain areas of California shown to assess the impact of the drought in 2011–2015 on the large freshwater bodies, based on high resolution satellite images. To quantify the effects of drought in 2011–2015 on selected large freshwater bodies (Lake Folsom and Lake Oroville) processing of multispectral images was performed. Changes of Lake Oroville in 2011–2015 according to high resolution satellite images was detected. The shift of the coastline near Foreman Creek amounted to 2.5 km. The shift of the coastline near Lampkin Road amounted to over 1.2 km. Changes of Lake Folsom in 2011–2015 according to the high resolution satellite images was detected. The shift of the coastline near the Beal's Point made 1.2 km. The shift of the coastline near Peninsula Campground made over 3.4 km. Large-scale consequences of drought shown for lakes Oroville and Folsom are also typical for other fresh water bodies of California, the majority of which have the status of water reservoirs, and also for water bodies of other US states. For instance, Lake Mead covering 90 % of water requirements of Las Vegas has the water level by 145 feet below normal. It is expected that this level will go down by another 20 feet by June, 2015. This is not only about water, but also about electricity supply – dams of hydropower plants are almost dry. Therefore, in the recent years an acute necessity has appeared for creation of a web-service for regular space monitoring of fresh water bodies – now this has become possible owing to availability of satellite images and modern technologies of their processing. The users of such a service may be: – state regulating structures (water supplying enterprises, forest, environment, agricultural services and so on); – state and private companies of water transport (unbiased evaluation of the consequences of the drought for fresh water navigation); – tourist companies (monitoring of recreational territories); – municipal services, private companies, farmers (carrying out measures for minimizing water consumption); – TV and radio companies and other mass media (propaganda of rational water use); – population living near territories affected by the drought (obtaining of unbiased and reliable information as for the scale and severity of the consequences of the drought).

Studying Seasonal Processes in the Volga Mouth Area with the Use of Remote Sensing Data

Monitoring of the following hydrological processes was carried out: breakup in the mouth areas of rivers in the northern European Russia, the propagation of the spring flood wave and inundation in the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain and the Volga delta, a catastrophic flood in the Terek mouth area, and ice phenomena in the Volga mouth area and in the northern Caspian Sea. The results of satellite monitoring of seasonal processes in the Volga mouth area are presented.

Assessment of sea‐ice conditions using two‐channel active and passive microwave systems1

Abstract An algorithm is developed and tested for assessing the types and concentrations of sea ice on the basis of data obtained from two‐band active and passive microwave sensors, using a priori values of the scattering parameters and natural emission of basic types of ice for the corresponding characteristics of the observation system—frequency, polarization, and observation angle—and a linear mixture model for the measured radiobrightness temperature and specific effective scattering area. The results of satellite monitoring with a side‐looking radar with a real SLR aperture and an RM‐08 microwave radiometer, of the region of the Barents‐Kara‐Laptev seas and the adjacent Arctic Ocean, were used in organizing a satellite database for the period October 1995–March 1996, in compiling digital mosaic charts of the ice cover, and in making a comparative analysis with the corresponding charts prepared by the U.S. Navy and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.